BackgroundTryptase, a mast cell protease, has been identified as a potential therapeutic target in managing patients with refractory asthma. We assessed the efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of MTPS9579A, an anti‐tryptase antibody, in a phase 2a randomized trial for patients with uncontrolled asthma and a phase 1c trial to understand activity within the lower respiratory tract

BackgroundReasons for Th2 skewing in IgE‐mediated food allergies remains unclear. Clinical observations suggest impaired T cell activation may drive Th2 responses evidenced by increased atopic manifestations in liver transplant patients on tacrolimus (a calcineurin inhibitor). We aimed to assess differentiation potential, T cell activation and calcium influx of naïve CD4+ T cells in children with IgE‐mediated

BackgroundViral infection is a common trigger of severe respiratory illnesses in early life and a risk factor for later asthma development. The mechanism leading to asthma could involve an aberrant airway immune response to viral infections, but this has rarely been studied in a human setting.ObjectivesTo investigate in situ virus‐specific differences in upper airway immune mediator levels during viral

BackgroundDelabelling pathways offer confirmatory diagnosis and can prevent unnecessary second‐line therapies or drug desensitization procedures after chemotherapeutic hypersensitivity reactions (CHT‐HSRs). However, these pathways rely on risky in vivo tests. Data on whether in vitro tests could be helpful are scarce. We assessed the role of basophil activation test (BAT) in the diagnosis of HSRs to

Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) is the deepest component of the three‐layered cutaneous integument. While mesenteric adipose tissue‐based immune processes have gained recognition in the context of the metabolic syndrome, SAT has been traditionally considered primarily for energy storage, with less attention to its immune functions. SAT harbors a reservoir of immune and stromal cells that significantly

BackgroundStudies of childhood diet diversity and allergic disease have not examined additional associations with an offspring allergy‐linked maternal diet index during pregnancy. We studied both associations in a pre‐birth cohort.MethodsOffspring allergic disease diagnoses were obtained from electronic medical records. Maternal and infant diet were self‐reported. Adjusted parametric Weibull time‐to‐event

Type I hypersensitivity, also known as classical allergy, is mediated via allergen‐specific IgE antibodies bound to type I FcR (FcεRI) on the surface of mast cells and basophils upon cross‐linking by allergens. This IgE‐mediated cellular activation may be blocked by allergen‐specific IgG through multiple mechanisms, including direct neutralization of the allergen or engagement of the inhibitory receptor

Background15‐oxo‐eicosatetraenoic acid (15‐oxo‐ETE), is a product of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in the 15‐lipoxygenase‐1 (15‐LOX‐1) pathway. 15‐oxo‐ETE was overproduced in the nasal polyps of patients with nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug–exacerbated respiratory disease (N‐ERD). In this study we investigated the systemic biosynthesis of 15‐oxo‐ETE and leukotriene E4 (LTE4) and assessed their

BACKGROUND Registries can yield important insights on allergen immunotherapy (AIT) outcomes in daily clinical practice. However, systematic recordings of adverse events (AE) due to AIT in real-life are lacking. METHODS The Allergen Immunotherapy Adverse Events Registry (ADER) is a prospective, multicenter registry on real-life AIT safety. Data on adults (>18 years old) with respiratory allergies receiving

BackgroundNeuropilin‐1 (NRP1) is expressed on the surface epithelium of respiratory tract and immune cells, demonstrating its possible function in regulating the immune response in airway disease. However, its role in patient with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the role of NRP1 in CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP).MethodsSinonasal biopsy specimens were immunohistochemically

BackgroundDupilumab is the first and only biologic agent approved for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) in pediatric patients aged from 6 months to 17 years. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of dupilumab on the occurrence of comorbidities in pediatric patients with AD.MethodsIn this population‐based cohort study, we utilized electronic health records from multiple healthcare organizations

BACKGROUND Infantile colic is a common condition with limited knowledge about later clinical manifestations. We evaluated the role of the early life gut microbiome in infantile colic and later development of atopic and gastrointestinal disorders. METHODS Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood2010 cohort was followed with 6 years of extensive clinical phenotyping. The 1-month gut microbiome

BackgroundThe field of drug development is witnessing a remarkable surge in the development of innovative strategies. There is a need to develop technological platforms capable of generating human data prior to progressing to clinical trials.MethodsHere we introduce a new flexible solution designed for the comprehensive monitoring of the natural human skin ecosystem's response to immunogenic drugs

BackgroundNoninvasive biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) are currently lacking. This study evaluates 20 biomarkers in serum and saliva, aiming to assess their diagnostic potential in pediatric EoE patients and healthy individuals.MethodsBlood and saliva from children undergoing upper endoscopy were analyzed for biomarkers, including absolute eosinophil count (AEC)

BackgroundThe airway microbiome in severe asthma has not been characterised at species‐level by metagenomic sequencing, nor have the relationships between specific species and mucosal immune responses in ‘type‐2 low’, neutrophilic asthma been defined. We performed an integrated species‐level metagenomic data with inflammatory mediators to characterise prevalence of dominant potentially pathogenic organisms

BackgroundAlopecia areata (AA) is a chronic, nonscarring hair‐loss disorder associated with significant quality‐of‐life impairment and limited treatment options. AA has been recently linked to atopy and shown to exhibit both Th1‐ and Th2‐driven inflammation. However, a comprehensive molecular and cellular characterization across blood and scalp compartments in both atopic and nonatopic patients is

BackgroundEosinophils are key therapeutic targets in severe asthma that are suppressed by IL5 (mepolizumab) and IL5 receptor (benralizumab) blockade. The effect of IL5 pathway biologics on recently described homeostatic (hEOs) and inflammatory (iEOs) eosinophil subsets is unknown. We aimed to determine the relative impact of mepolizumab and benralizumab treatment on eosinophil subset and phenotype

BackgroundThe consequences of drug allergy remain a global health concern. Drug allergy is often a neglected topic and many non‐specialists lack sufficient knowledge or confidence in evaluating or managing this common condition. Evidence‐based interventions to better equip non‐specialists to tackle drug allergy are needed. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of an intensive educational

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a prevalent chronic inflammatory condition affecting the nose and paranasal sinuses, posing a significant socio‐economic impact with substantial challenges in management. Biologics targeting type 2 inflammation such as dupilumab, have emerged as promising options. This study addresses a critical knowledge gap by comprehensively evaluating

The 4th Davos Declaration was developed during the Global Allergy Forum in Davos which aimed to elevate the care of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) by uniting experts and stakeholders. The forum addressed the high prevalence of AD, with a strategic focus on advancing research, treatment, and management to meet the evolving challenges in the field. This multidisciplinary forum brought together

The impact of human IgE glycosylation on structure, function and disease mechanisms is not fully elucidated, and heterogeneity in different studies renders drawing conclusions challenging. Previous reviews discussed IgE glycosylation focusing on specific topics such as health versus disease, FcεR binding or impact on function. We present the first systematic review of human IgE glycosylation conducted

BACKGROUND Few studies have examined long-term outcomes following oral immunotherapy (OIT); none have examined long-term risks and benefits associated with distinct clinical outcomes (desensitization, remission). METHODS Participants completing the probiotic and peanut oral immunotherapy (PPOIT) -003 randomized trial were enrolled in a follow-on study, PPOIT-003LT. Peanut ingestion, reactions, and

BackgroundWhile food allergy (FA) can be fatal, the greatest public health impact of FA arguably lies in its detrimental effect on quality of life (FAQOL). Understanding the factors that contribute to FAQOL at different ages is essential to develop personalized interventions that will improve FAQOL.ObjectiveTo determine the most influential factors that impact FAQOL across ages in well‐phenotyped participants

BackgroundRecently, we have identified a dysregulated protein signature in the esophageal epithelium of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) patients including proteins associated with inflammation and epithelial barrier function; however, the effect of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment on this signature is unknown. Herein, we used a proteomic approach to investigate: (1) whether PPI treatment alters

The role of eosinophils in airway inflammation and asthma pathogenesis is well established, with raised eosinophil counts in blood and sputum associated with increased disease severity and risk of asthma exacerbation. Conversely, there is also preliminary evidence suggesting antiviral properties of eosinophils in the airways. These dual roles for eosinophils are particularly pertinent as respiratory

BackgroundHen's egg exposure through impaired skin barrier is considered a major mechanism of sensitization to eggs. However, the impact of filaggrin (FLG) gene loss‐of‐function mutations on the natural history of egg sensitization lacks consensus among studies.ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between the natural course of egg sensitization and FLG mutations.MethodsWe used Japanese and the UK birth

BackgroundApproximately 70% of individuals allergic to birch pollen (Bet v 1.01 [Bet]) develop a secondary food allergy (e.g., hazelnut: Cor a 1.04 [Cor]), due to allergen cross‐reactivity. However, standard immunotherapy for type I allergies often does not improve the food allergy sufficiently. We analyzed the allergen‐specific and cross‐reactive suppressive capacity of primary human regulatory T

BackgroundLimited information is available on the use of omalizumab (OMA) updosing since its introduction as a second‐line therapy in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) in 2014. Practical guidelines from health authorities are lacking, and the specific characteristics of patients requiring higher doses remain unknown. Our objectives were to characterize the patterns of OMA updosing (defined as changes

BackgroundRecently, it has been questioned whether vaccination of patients with inflammatory (auto)immune diseases under anti‐tumor necrosis factor (TNF) treatment leads to impaired vaccine‐induced immune responses and protection against breakthrough infections. However, the effects of TNF blockade on short‐ and long‐term immune responses after repeated vaccination remain unclear. Vaccination studies

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a debilitating, inflammatory skin condition characterized by infiltrating immune cells. Available treatments are limited to improving the signs and symptoms. There is an unmet need to develop therapies that target disease‐driving pathways upstream of mast cell activation to inhibit or delay the progression of CSU and associated comorbidities. Here, we aim to define

IntroductionAllergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is a severe phenotype of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP), characterised by localised and exaggerated type 2 inflammation. While fungal antigenic stimulation of unregulated Th2‐mediated inflammation is the core pathophysiological mechanism, the direct and synergistic role of bacteria in disease modification is a pervasive hypothesis