Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and inflammatory biomarkers are crucial for investigating preclinical neurocognitive disorders. Current investigations focus on a few inflammatory markers. The study aims to investigate the associations between inflammatory biomarkers and MRI measures and to examine sex differences among the associations in the Framingham Heart Study.

This paper for the 20th anniversary of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) provides an overview of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of medial temporal lobe (MTL) subregions in ADNI using a dedicated high-resolution T2-weighted sequence. A review of the work that supported the inclusion of this imaging modality into ADNI Phase 3 is followed by a brief description of the ADNI MTL imaging

This scientific commentary refers to ‘Default mode network electrophysiological dynamics and causal role in creative thinking’ by Bartoli et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awae199).

The neuropsychiatric syndrome of apathy is now recognized to be a common and disabling condition in Huntington’s disease (HD). However, the mechanisms underlying it are poorly understood. One way to investigate apathy is to utilise a theoretical framework of normal motivated behaviour, to determine where breakdown has occurred in people with this behavioural disruption. A fundamental computation underlying

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There is a clear need to characterize and validate molecular biomarkers of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), in an effort to improve diagnostics, especially in the context of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) receiving immunotherapies (for whom underlying CAA is the driver of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities). We performed an updated meta-analysis of 5 core CSF biomarkers

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Systematic screening can help identify antiseizure medication (ASM)-associated adverse events (AEs) that may preclude patients from reaching effective doses or completing adequate trial periods. The Adverse Event Profile (AEP) is a self-completed instrument to identify the frequency of common AEs associated with ASM use. This study aimed to compare the AE profile of commonly

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES It remains unknown whether the associations between protective lifestyles and sporadic dementia risk reported in observational studies also affect age at symptom onset (AAO) in autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease (ADAD) with predominant genetic influences. We investigated the associations between resilience-related life experiences and interindividual AAO variability in ADAD

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Ischemic stroke, a leading cause of mortality, necessitates understanding its mechanism for effective prevention. Echocardiography, especially transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), is the gold standard for detection of cardiac sources of stroke including left atrial thrombus, although its invasiveness, operator skill dependence, and limited availability in some centers prompt

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES More than 200 genetic variants have been associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility. However, it is unclear to what extent genetic factors influence lifetime risk of MS. Using a population-based birth-year cohort, we investigate the effect of genetics on lifetime risk of MS. METHODS In the Project Y study, we tracked down almost all persons with MS (pwMS) from

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Clopidogrel-aspirin initiated within 72 hours of symptom onset is effective in patients with mild ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) in the Intensive Statin and Antiplatelet Therapy for Acute High-risk Intracranial or Extracranial Atherosclerosis (INSPIRES) trial. Uncertainties remain about the duration of the treatment effect. This study aimed to assess duration

Word-list recall tests are routinely used for cognitive assessment, and process scoring may improve their accuracy. We examined whether Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) derived, process-based digital cognitive biomarkers (DCBs) at baseline predicted Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) longitudinally and compared them to standard metrics.

We examined the relations of misfolded alpha synuclein (α-synuclein) with Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers in two large independent cohorts.

The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Core has been operating since Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative's (ADNI) inception, providing 20 years of data including reliable, multi-platform standardized protocols, carefully curated image data, and quantitative measures provided by expert investigators. The overarching purposes of the MRI Core include: (1) optimizing and standardizing MRI acquisition

We investigated distinctive factors associated with cognitive reserve (CR) based on education level.

We investigated the interactive associations between amyloid and hypertension on the entorhinal cortex (EC) tau and atrophy and the role of cerebral blood flow (CBF) as a shared mechanism by which amyloid and hypertension contribute to EC tau and regional white matter hyperintensities (WMHs).

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) segmentation algorithms make it possible to study detailed medial temporal lobe (MTL) substructures as hippocampal subfields and amygdala subnuclei, offering opportunities to develop biomarkers for preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD).

New research adds to growing evidence of altered tau phosphorylation in multiple sclerosis.

Metabolic rewiring of a population of tumour-associated macrophages facilitates progression of glioblastoma, new research has revealed. A multi-omics approach demonstrated that the macrophages develop a lipid-laden phenotype, in which they accumulate cholesterol after uptake of myelin debris. Transfer of this accumulated cholesterol to glioblastoma cells helps to meet the high metabolic requirements

After a stroke, circulating, cell-free DNA causes inflammasome activation in atherosclerotic plaques that can lead to recurrent stroke, work in a mouse model has shown. In a model of stroke-induced recurrent ischaemia, increased inflammation in plaques in the common carotid artery resulted from activation of the AIM2 inflammasome by cell-free DNA that primarily originated from neutrophil extracellular

Adaptive deep brain stimulation (DBS) improves motor symptoms and quality of life in people with Parkinson disease compared with continuous DBS, the results of a pilot trial suggest. The study included four people with Parkinson disease, each of whom received continuous and adaptive DBS at different times to enable comparison of the effects. Adaptive stimulation was personalized according to motor

A pro-inflammatory serum profile has been associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FLTD) in new research, increasing the likelihood that blood-based biomarkers can be used for assessment of neuroinflammation in people with dementia. The researchers analysed cytokines in the serum of 214 people with syndromes associated with FTLD and 29 healthy individuals. Their analysis identified a profile

INTRODUCTIONRecent advances in biomarker research have improved the diagnosis and monitoring of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but in vivo biomarker‐based workflows to assess 4R‐tauopathy (4RT) patients are currently missing. We suggest a novel biomarker‐based algorithm to characterize AD and 4RTs.METHODSWe cross‐sectionally assessed combinations of cerebrospinal fluid measures (CSF p‐tau181 and t‐tau)

INTRODUCTIONRegional glucose hypometabolism resulting in glutamate loss has been shown as one of the characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because the impact of AD varies between the sexes, we utilized glutamate‐weighted chemical exchange saturation transfer (GluCEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for high‐resolution spatial mapping of cerebral glutamate and investigated subregional changes

INTRODUCTIONThe molecular basis of cognitive resilience (CR) among pathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases is not well understood.METHODSAbundance of 13 cell types and neuronal subtypes in brain bulk RNA‐seq data from the anterior caudate, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) obtained from 434 AD cases, 318 cognitively resilient AD cases, and

Positive effects of new anti-amyloid-β (Aβ) monoclonal antibodies in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been attributed to brain amyloid reduction. However, most anti-Aβ antibodies also increase the CSF levels of the 42-amino acid isoform (Aβ42). We evaluated the associations of changes in CSF Aβ42 and brain Aβ-PET with cognitive and clinical end points in randomized trials of anti-Aβ drugs that lowered

This scientific commentary refers to ‘Piezo2 voltage-block regulates mechanical pain sensitivity’ by Sánchez-Carranza et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awae227).

INTRODUCTION The new American Heart Association Life's Essential 8 construct of ideal cardiovascular health now includes sleep duration. Little is known, however, about sleep duration in individuals with prior stroke. Our objective was to compare sleep duration among individuals with and without prior stroke. METHODS Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) database (2005-2018)

Glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) variants constitute numerically the most common known genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) and are distributed worldwide. Access to GBA1 genotyping varies across the world and even regionally within countries. Guidelines for GBA1 variant counseling are evolving. We review the current knowledge of the link between GBA1 and PD, and discuss the practicalities of GBA1

Progressive multiple sclerosis poses a considerable challenge in the evaluation of disease progression and treatment response owing to its multifaceted pathophysiology. Traditional clinical measures such as the Expanded Disability Status Scale are limited in capturing the full scope of disease and treatment effects. Advanced imaging techniques, including MRI and PET scans, have emerged as valuable

INTRODUCTIONFrontotemporal dementia (FTD) is characterized by phenotypic and genetic heterogeneities. However, reports on the large Chinese FTD cohort are lacking.METHODSTwo hundred forty‐eight patients with FTD were enrolled. All patients and 2010 healthy controls underwent next generation sequencing. Plasma samples were analyzed for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), α‐synuclein (α‐syn), neurofilament

INTRODUCTIONFew studies have examined the relationship between education and cognition among the oldest–old.METHODSCognitive assessments were conducted biannually for 803 participants (62.6% women) of LifeAfter90, a longitudinal study of individuals ≥ 90 years old. Gender differences in associations between education (< high school, high school, some college, and ≥ college) and cognition (verbal episodic

Patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) have increased risks of premature death, injuries, psychosocial dysfunction, and a reduced quality of life. Identification of persons with DRE in administrative data can allow for effective large-scale research, and we therefore aimed to construct an algorithm for identification of DRE in Danish nation-wide health registers. We used a previously generated

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Limited data exist on the safety of IV thrombolysis (IVT) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) after dabigatran reversal with idarucizumab. We sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of idarucizumab pretreatment in patients with AIS receiving IVT. METHODS A national registry-based study evaluated the safety and efficacy of IVT in this specific subgroup. We also conducted a systematic

Primary CNS vasculitis (PCNSV) is uncommonly considered in the differential diagnosis of tumor-like lesions. This case report of tumefactive PCNSV highlights imaging features that should increase clinical suspicion for CNS vasculitis, potentially lending to earlier diagnosis and treatment. A 62-year-old man presented with a 1-month history of focal motor seizures and cortical sensory loss localizing

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Markers of white matter (WM) injury on brain MRI are important indicators of brain health. Different patterns of WM atrophy, WM hyperintensities (WMHs), and microstructural integrity could reflect distinct pathologies and disease risks, but large-scale imaging studies investigating WM signatures are lacking. This study aims to identify distinct WM signatures using brain MRI

BackgroundDystonia presents a growing concern based on evolving prevalence insights. Previous research found that, in cervical dystonia, high‐frequency repetitive somatosensory stimulation (RSS; HF‐RSS) applied on digital nerves paradoxically diminishes sensorimotor inhibitory mechanisms, whereas low‐frequency RSS (LF‐RSS) increases them. However, direct testing on affected body parts was not conducted

ImportanceThe X chromosome has remained enigmatic in Alzheimer disease (AD), yet it makes up 5% of the genome and carries a high proportion of genes expressed in the brain, making it particularly appealing as a potential source of unexplored genetic variation in AD.ObjectivesTo perform the first large-scale X chromosome–wide association study (XWAS) of AD.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis was a

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Epilepsy is common among older adults, but previous incident studies have had limited ability to make comparisons across key subgroups. We aimed to provide updated epilepsy incidence estimates among older adults, comparing across age, sex, and race/ethnicity. METHODS Using a random sample of 4,999,999 US Medicare beneficiaries older than 65 years, we conducted a retrospective

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Despite their temporal lobe pathology, a significant subgroup of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is able to maintain normative cognitive functioning. In this study, we identify patients with TLE with intact vs impaired neurocognitive profiles and interrogate for the presence of both normative and highly individual intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs)-all toward

Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy (SHE), previously known as nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, is characterized by brief (<2 minutes) seizures with abrupt onset and offset and stereotyped focal or generalized hypermotor events occurring predominantly (but not exclusively) from sleep. Clinically, SHE can be challenging to distinguish from psychogenic nonepileptic events or sleep disorders. Up to 30%