The in situ differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique has been applied to investigate the solidification paths of a basaltic liquid. The starting glass was heated up to 1300°C, kept at this superliquidus temperature for 2 h and cooled at rates (ΔT/Δt) of 7, 60, 180, 1000, and 1800°C/h, down to 800 and 600°C. Glass transition temperature (Tg), crystallization temperature (Tx_HR) and melting

The Global Navigation Satellite System-Acoustic ranging combination technique (GNSS-A) is a recently developed technology to precisely detect seafloor crustal deformation. This method can also estimate km-scale underwater sound speed structure (SSS) as a by-product of monitoring seafloor crustal deformation. This paper evaluates the validity of the spatial gradient and its temporal variation of the

The continental crust of southeast Asia underwent from thickening, thinning to almost rifting during the Mesozoic era as the active continental margin transformed into a passive one. Such crustal thinning history is well-preserved in the Kinmen Island, as the lower crustal granitoids retrograded and rapidly exhumed to surface that were crosscutted by mafic dike swarm. Kinmen Island is situated on the

The Guéra Massif, in South-Central Chad hosts granitic rocks that were emplaced during distinct intervals (595–590; ∼570; ∼560 Ma) of the Late Ediacaran Central African Orogenic Belt. To the northwest of the Guéra Massif, younger post-collisional granites (554–545 Ma) are found near Lake Fitri. The older (≥590 Ma) rocks have geochemical characteristics of collisional granites whereas the younger (≤570

The use of the LastQuake information system, its app, the associated Twitter account, and, to a lesser extent, the EMSC’s websites have been analyzed for the 7 days following the November 26, 2019, M6.4 Albania destructive earthquake to evaluate what can be improved and how crowdsourcing of information and monitoring of both use and absence of use of the app can contribute to rapid situational awareness

Chemical weathering of volcanic rocks in warm and humid climates contributes disproportionately to global solute fluxes. Geochemical signatures of solutes and solids formed during this process can help quantify and reconstruct weathering intensity in the past. Here, we measured silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) isotope ratios of the soils, clays, and fluids from a tropical lowland rainforest in Costa

Through a systematic integrated approach, which combined lithostratigraphic, geochronological and geochemical analyses of tephra from near-source sections of the peri-Tyrrhenian volcanoes and mid to distal settings, here we provide an improved tephrochronological framework for the Marine Isotope Stage 11c interglacial (MIS 11c, ∼425–395 ka) in the Central Mediterranean area. Specifically, we present

The termination of the Last Ice Age after the Last Glacial maximum (LGM) represents a dynamic period in the history of the circum-north Atlantic region. So far, there are few reliably dated climatic reconstructions covering the Lateglacial period prior to 14,700 cal. BP in Central and Northern Europe. We present a new chironomid record for the period 18,000–14,000 cal. BP, from Burgäschisee, Switzerland

The Chaco Region is the third biogeographic and morpho-structural territory of South America after the Amazon and Cerrado savannahs. This Region is one of the few areas in the world where the transition from the tropics to temperate zones does not consist of a desert but of semi-arid woodlands and savannahs. The modern biodiversity patterns of the region were severely affected by the climatic and environmental

In this paper, we elucidated deformational and kinematic characteristics of the NW-SE trending Vigodi Fault (VF) and its associated subsidiary faults in the western Kachchh basin. We applied paleostress inversion technique to understand the past stress regime from the acquired fault slip data. The subsidiary faults strikes NW-SE and NE-SW and slickensided surfaces are well developed on the fault planes

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) remote sensing is the most popular technology delivering higher detailed information and accuracy. LiDAR data is majorly used for generating a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM), which is one of the primary data for most of the remote sensing applications. DEM forms the basis to derive other terrain parameters that are important to understand the topographic

The aim of this paper is to describe and interpret clastic injectites structures recognized in the eolian deposits of the Tin Tin Member of the Angastaco Formation (Oligocene to Middle Miocene). The Angastaco Formation is part of the Andean foreland basin sedimentation in the Eastern Cordillera of northwestern Argentina. The structures appear in stratal intervals 4.8–8.6 m thick that are interpreted

The Bolivian Subandean region is characterized as a thin-skinned fold-thrust belt with structures persisting for 50–100 km along strike in a broadly North-South direction. The evolution of the Subandean structures is related to shortening and mass transfer. The stratigraphy comprises ~12 km of Ordovician to Recent sediments, which are dominated by the Paleozoic section including Devonian source and

In this contribution, we report the discovery of Archaeogaia macachaae gen. et sp. nov., one of the oldest notoungulate recovered from the upper section of Mealla Formation in the Tonco Valley (Northwestern Argentina, Salta Province). The new material consists on a left mandibular fragment with damaged m1 and complete m2-3. Archaeogaia macachaae is characterized by the following combination of features:

The Sveconorwegian orogeny encompasses magmatic, metamorphic and deformational events between ca. 1140 and 920 Ma at the southwestern margin of Fennoscandia. In recent years, the tectonic setting of this nearly 200 Myr-long evolution has been debated, with some workers arguing for collision with an unknown continent off the present-day southwest coast of Norway, and others advocating accretionary processes

The Morne Trois Pitons‐Micotrin volcanic complex on the island of Dominica (Lesser Antilles) emitted a series of plinian eruptions between 18 ka and 9 ka BP. We studied it to constrain magma storage conditions and volatile degassing balances, by comparison with the three previous ignimbrites (~60‐24 ka BP). Volatile concentrations in glass inclusions and mineral‐melt thermobarometry indicate storage

The recent paper by Dellong et al. does not report properly the literature on the Malta Escarpment and its tectonic activity. Moreover, the published set of data allows an alternative interpretation of one of their refraction profiles, which implies that only incipient subduction is present south of the Messina Strait, without need for well‐developed lithospheric tear faults south of Mt. Etna.

We demonstrate that an extended eddy‐diffusivity mass‐flux (EDMF) scheme can be used as a unified parameterization of subgrid‐scale turbulence and convection across a range of dynamical regimes, from dry convective boundary layers, through shallow convection, to deep convection. Central to achieving this unified representation of subgrid‐scale motions are entrainment and detrainment closures. We model

We present a new cloud scheme for the ECHAM‐HAM global climate model (GCM) that includes prognostic cloud fraction, and allows for sub‐ and supersaturation with respect to ice separately in the cloud‐free and cloudy air. Stratiform clouds form by convective detrainment, turbulent vertical diffusion, and large‐scale ascent. For each process, the corresponding cloud fraction is calculated and the individual

Continuous Structural Parameterization (CSP) is a proposed method for approximating different numerical model parameterizations of the same process as functions of the same gridscale variables. This allows systematic comparison of parameterizations with each other and observations or resolved simulations of the same process. Using the example of two convection schemes running in the Met Office Unified

Consecutive Rainfall Events (CREs) are important triggers of geological hazards like landslide downhill and mudslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir area (TGR), China. These hazards are not only potential risks for the effective storage capacity of the reservoir but also threats of the safety of the reservoir's Great Dam. The future changes of CREs’ occurrence and intensity are analyzed by using the

As a microwave radiometer seeing through clouds, Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) observations play a critical role in visually monitoring hurricane warm core structures. However, the presence of orbit gaps within the ATMS observations at low latitudes regions, where hurricanes frequently develop, raises concerns in monitoring hurricanes’ spatial variability. To resolve this issue, this

This study aims to assess the accuracy of two satellite‐based precipitation products (SBPPs), that is, Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM)‐based Multi‐satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) and its upgraded version Integrated Multi‐Satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG), in capturing spatial and temporal variation of precipitation and their application for extreme

To improve the accuracy of historical cropland data, we reconstructed cropland cover in the northern China’s farming–pastoral zone during the Liao dynasty using historical literature and settlement relics. We first reconstructed the total cropland area using historical household data based on the cropland area per household. Next, we allocated the cropland area into 5′ grid cells weighted by settlement

Silicic magmas play an important role in the formation of continental crust and are responsible for some of the most hazardous volcanic eruptions on the planet. Low-δ18O silicic magmas (δ18O < 5.5 ‰) have been a petrological conundrum as they require significant incorporation of rocks that were hydrothermally altered by meteoric water at high water/rock ratios in the shallow, permeable, and relatively

Bedload transport is recognized as a key process in the development of river channel forms; however, most rivers suffer from an absence of data. Performing bedload measurements to document bedload transport rates is a challenge, as the deployment of traditional bedload samplers is time consuming and risky in floods. Consequently, bedload measurements are rarely executed. Alternative techniques are

There recently has arisen substantial concern for the reproducibility of scientific findings, but the discussion has not significantly impacted Earth science. We consider repetition, replication, and reproducibility in Earth science, using an example from geomorphology. Repetition repeats the program of observations in the same exercise to establish precision of results. Replication is duplication

Noncontact measurements of spatially varied ground surface deformation during landslide motion can provide important constraints on landslide mechanics. Here, we present and test a new method for extracting measurements of rapid landslide surface displacement and velocity (accelerations of approximately 1 m/s2) using sequences of stereo images obtained from a pair of inexpensive, stationary 4K video

Singularities in the Mohr–Coulomb (MC) yield criterion create numerical difficulties when implemented in the finite element model (FEM). In this research, a two-dimensional (2D) and a three-dimensional (3D) elasto-plastic FEM coupled with isotropic strain hardening–softening or simple strain-softening law incorporating non-associated flow rule including shear band, is used to investigate the effect

Immediately before the extinction of the end‐Guadalupian (Middle Permian; ca 260 Ma), a significant change to the global carbon cycle occurred in the superocean Panthalassa, as indicated by a prominent positive δ13C excursion called the Kamura event. However, the causes of this event and its connection to the major extinction of marine invertebrates remain unclear. To understand the mutual relationships

Tropical fisheries substantially contribute to the well-being of societies in both the tropics and the extratropics, the latter through ‘telecoupling’ — linkages between distant human–natural systems. Tropical marine habitats and fish stocks, however, are vulnerable to the physical and biogeochemical oceanic changes associated with rising greenhouse gases. These changes to fish stocks, and subsequent

The Anza tracksite, discovered in 2013, is one of several sites in the Western High Atlas of Morocco that contain well-preserved and diverse dinosaur and pterosaur trackways. The occurrence of rare tracks at Anza combined with the stratigraphic position, coastal location, and easy accessibility, have inspired the scientific community, non-governmental organizations, and local inhabitants, to increase

This paper presents the effect of the threshold (S) used in the extraction of the stream network on the morphological characteristics, fractal dimensions, and the hydrologic response of arid basins. Four basins with areas vary between 252 and 2726 km2 is considered as a sample in Makkah Al-Mukarramah region, Saudi Arabia (SA). Three different values of the threshold are used for each basin: 0.5 km2

Artisanal mining activities in Enyigba community and its environs have become a major environmental problem, which exposes the water, soil, and vegetation within the environment to potential toxic elements (PTEs). However, the lateral extent that the PTEs have spread within the environment has not been ascertained. It is important to determine the lateral extent of the PTEs within the environment to

Photosystem II (PS II) captures solar energy and directs charge separation (CS) across the thylakoid membrane during photosynthesis. The highly oxidizing, charge-separated state generated within its reaction center (RC) drives water oxidation. Spectroscopic studies on PS II RCs are difficult to interpret due to large spectral congestion, necessitating modeling to elucidate key spectral features. Herein

In biology, it is often critical to determine the identity of an organism and phenotypic traits of interest. Whole-genome sequencing can be useful for this but has limited power for trait prediction. However, we can take advantage of the inherent information content of phenotypes to bypass these limitations. We demonstrate, in clinical and environmental bacterial isolates, that growth dynamics in standardized

High quality, accessible Digital Elevation Model (DEM) datasets play a major role in monitoring the changes in the Earth’s surface. This study proposes a novel method to increase the vertical precision of CARTOSAT 10 m DEM by blending it with publicly available SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) DEM using machine learning methods. Machine learning methods such as Genetic Programming (GP) and Artificial

In human populations, the relative levels of neutral diversity on the X and autosomes differ markedly from each other and from the naïve theoretical expectation of 3/4. Here we propose an explanation for these differences based on new theory about the effects of sex-specific life history and given pedigree-based estimates of the dependence of human mutation rates on sex and age. We demonstrate that

Dynamic monitoring data of the groundwater level form an important basis to understand the current state of groundwater development and utilization, which is required to plan its sustainable exploitation. The dynamic data of groundwater level are typical space-time series data with the characteristics of nonlinear strong space-time correlation. However, because of the influences of human or natural

The dielectric nature of polar liquids underpins much of their ability to act as useful solvents, but its description is complicated by the long-ranged nature of dipolar interactions. This is particularly pronounced under the periodic boundary conditions commonly used in molecular simulations. In this article, the dielectric properties of a water model whose intermolecular electrostatic interactions

Understanding nanoscale interactions at the interface between two media with different dielectric constants is crucial for controlling many environmental and biological processes, and for improving the efficiency of energy storage devices. In this contributed paper, we show that polarization effects due to such dielectric mismatch remarkably influence the double-layer structure of a polyelectrolyte

Episodic memory is believed to be intimately related to our experience of the passage of time. Indeed, neurons in the hippocampus and other brain regions critical to episodic memory code for the passage of time at a range of timescales. The origin of this temporal signal, however, remains unclear. Here, we examined temporal responses in the entorhinal cortex of macaque monkeys as they viewed complex

This paper uses real-time transaction data from a large bank in Scandinavia to estimate the effect of social distancing laws on consumer spending in the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The analysis exploits a natural experiment to disentangle the effects of the virus and the laws aiming to contain it: Denmark and Sweden were similarly exposed to the pandemic but only Denmark imposed significant

MEDICAL SCIENCES, CHEMISTRY Correction for “The intelligent knife (iKnife) and its intraoperative diagnostic advantage for the treatment of cervical disease,” by Menelaos Tzafetas, Anita Mitra, Maria Paraskevaidi, Zsolt Bodai, Ilkka Kalliala, Sarah Bowden, Konstantinos Lathouras, Francesca Rosini, Marcell Szasz, Adele Savage, Julia Balog, James McKenzie, Deirdre Lyons, Phillip Bennett, David MacIntyre

Every day, we are faced with the conflict between the temptation to cheat for financial gains and maintaining a positive image of ourselves as being a “good person.” While it has been proposed that cognitive control is needed to mediate this conflict between reward and our moral self-image, the exact role of cognitive control in (dis)honesty remains elusive. Here we identify this role, by investigating

The circadian clock of cyanobacteria consists of only three clock proteins, KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC, which generate a circadian rhythm of KaiC phosphorylation in vitro. The adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of KaiC is the source of the 24-h period and temperature compensation. Although numerous circadian mutants of KaiC have been identified, the tuning mechanism of the 24-h period remains unclear

Block copolymers having two or more polymer chains linked covalently have been extensively studied for various nanostructure fabrications. Highly symmetric body-centered cubic (bcc) packing lattice has been the only observed supramolecular spherical phase in compositionally asymmetric AB diblock copolymers for a long time. After 2010, the Frank−Kasper (F-K) σ (1) and A15 (2) phases featured by small

The quest for low-dimensional models which approximate high-dimensional data is pervasive across the physical, natural, and social sciences. The dominant paradigm underlying most standard modeling techniques assumes that the data are concentrated near a single unknown manifold of relatively small intrinsic dimension. Here, we present a systematic framework for detecting interfaces and related anomalies

KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations which activate p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling are found in half of myeloma patients and contribute to proteasome inhibitor (PI) resistance, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We established myeloma cell lines expressing wild-type (WT), constitutively active (CA) (G12V/G13D/Q61H), or dominant-negative (DN) (S17N)-KRAS and

Across eight studies, we tested whether people understand the time course of their own creativity. Prior literature finds that creativity tends to improve across an ideation session. Here we compared people’s beliefs against their actual creative performance. Consistent with prior research, we found that people’s creativity, on aggregate, remained constant or improved across an ideation session. However

Corresponding attributes of neural development and function suggest arthropod and vertebrate brains may have an evolutionarily conserved organization. However, the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive. Here, we identify a gene regulatory and character identity network defining the deutocerebral–tritocerebral boundary (DTB) in Drosophila. This network comprises genes homologous to those directing

Asgard archaea genomes contain potential eukaryotic-like genes that provide intriguing insight for the evolution of eukaryotes. The eukaryotic actin polymerization/depolymerization cycle is critical for providing force and structure in many processes, including membrane remodeling. In general, Asgard genomes encode two classes of actin-regulating proteins from sequence analysis, profilins and gelsolins

Arboviruses maintain high mutation rates due to lack of proofreading ability of their viral polymerases, in some cases facilitating adaptive evolution and emergence. Here we show that, just before its 2013 spread to the Americas, Zika virus (ZIKV) underwent an envelope protein V473M substitution (E-V473M) that increased neurovirulence, maternal-to-fetal transmission, and viremia to facilitate urban

Natural infections and vaccination with a pathogen typically stimulate the production of potent antibodies specific for the pathogen through a Darwinian evolutionary process known as affinity maturation. Such antibodies provide protection against reinfection by the same strain of a pathogen. A highly mutable virus, like HIV or influenza, evades recognition by these strain-specific antibodies via the

The genetic characterization of a common phenotype for an entire population reveals both the causes of that phenotype for that place and the power of family-based, population-wide genomic analysis for gene and mutation discovery. We characterized the genetics of hearing loss throughout the Palestinian population, enrolling 2,198 participants from 491 families from all parts of the West Bank and Gaza

In this narrative review article, by critically appraising the Global Burden of Disease 1990–2017 data on stroke and currently used primary stroke prevention strategies, we show that the global burden of stroke will continue to rise unless new primary stroke and cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention strategies are urgently implemented. We provide an overview of the advantages and disadvantagesof

Extracellular electron transfer (EET) allows microorganisms to gain energy by linking intracellular reactions to external surfaces ranging from natural minerals to the electrodes of bioelectrochemical renewable energy technologies. In the past two decades, electrochemical techniques have been used to investigate EET in a wide range of microbes, with emphasis on dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria

ABSTRACT This article provides insights into the ethnicity of people employed in Aotearoa New Zealand’s publicly-funded scientific workforce, with a particular focus on Māori and Pasifika scientists. We show that between 2008 and 2018, Māori and Pasifika scientists were severely under-represented in Aotearoa New Zealand’s universities and crown-research institutes. Despite espousals by these institutions