The compilation of thermodynamic models for geophysical applications is such a tedious and complex process that it is generally impractical for researchers to refit parameters in existing models in light of new constraints. To mitigate this difficulty, we develop a Bayesian algorithm that permits the modification of a thermodynamic model to account for additional observational constraints. This algorithm

This study focusses on seafloor methane seep sites and their distribution in the northwestern part of the German North Sea. Methane seepage is a common phenomenon along marine shelfs and known to occur in the North Sea, but proof of their existence was lacking in the study area. Using a ship-based multibeam echosounder we detected a minimum of 166 flares that are indicative for free gas releases from

Laboratory experiments investigating syn-eruptive crystallization are fundamental for interpreting crystal and vesicle textures in pyroclasts. Previous experiments have advanced our understanding by varying decompression and cooling pathways, volatile components, and melt composition. However, they have largely failed to produce the high crystal number densities seen in many cryptodome and dome samples

Marine sediments are found to record various information for example the evolution of ocean and the exchange of matter and energy between the surrounding continents and oceans. The Southwest Sub-basin is one of the most important tectonic unit in the South China Sea Basin. The geochemical information of the sediments provides potential to understand the sedimentary history of the Southwest Sub-basin

The subsurface fault geometry is the base to understand the process of crust deformation and mountain building. Based on kinematic models for fault-related folds, the geomorphic method is applied recently to estimate the subsurface fault geometry, while the validation on its reliability is lack. In this study, we surveyed a suit of river terrace surfaces across an active fold at the north front of

An accurate investigation of the landslide dam breach process is crucial for the understanding the breach mechanism and disaster prediction. However, the numerical research on the landslide dam breach process to date is rarely reported, especially regarding the soil-water flow coupling effect incorporated in the erosion process. This paper presents a numerical investigation on the longitudinal breach

We develop Bayesian statistical models that are designed for the inference of ice softness and basal sliding parameters, important glaciological quantities. These models are applied to Langj\"{o}kull, the second largest temperate ice cap in Iceland at about 900 squared kilometers in area. The models make use of a relationship between physical parameters and ice velocity as stipulated by a shallow ice

The Opalinus Clay is notable in Switzerland as being the selected host rock for deep geological disposal of radioactive waste. Since the early 1990’s, this argillaceous mudstone formation of Jurassic age has been intensively studied within the framework of national and international projects to characterize its geological, hydrological, mechanical, thermal, chemical, and biological properties. While

Machine learning with extensive labelled training samples (e.g., positive and negative data) has been received much attention to address earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM). However, massive labelled training data required by machine learning, particularly the precise negative data (i.e., non-landslide area), cannot be easily and efficiently collected. To address this issue, this

The study area is in the southern Pernambuco–Alagoas Domain, Borborema Province Southern sub province, northeastern Brazil. The Maravilha orthogneiss comprise an elongated intrusion of ∼200 km2, with an ESE-WNW major axis, ranging in composition from tonalite to sienogranite, emplaced into metasedimentary rocks of the Inhapi sequence, in the southern part of the Pernambuco - Alagoas Domain. Diorite

The modern Eastern Equatorial Pacific (EEP) Ocean is a high nutrient low chlorophyll (HNLC) upwelling region and a large oceanic source of carbon to the atmosphere. During the last deglaciation, the EEP played a major role in the outgassing of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere from the upwelling surface water system of CO2-enriched deep-water masses originating from the Southern Ocean. The EEP upwelling

A complete pore characteristic of the Indian Gondwana shale is studied by combining laboratory experiments and numerical modeling. Mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP), nitrogen gas adsorption (N2GA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are the primary laboratory methods used to evaluate the pore characteristics. The N2GA and MICP were coupled to estimate the pore size distribution (PSD) of

The role of groundwater in irrigation and drinking purposes and sustaining growth in economy is well-known. Groundwater is generally less susceptible to contamination and pollution when compared to surface water bodies. This paper is based on extensive investigations on the spatial and seasonal representative measurement of chemical parameters from 80 dug wells of Churu and adjoining Bikaner districts

Marine deposits in the Neogene Siwalik succession have been documented from the Tista valley, Bhutan and Kameng river sections of the Eastern Himalaya. This study was designed to investigate possible marine influence further east. During this investigation, it was revealed that the current classification and description of the stratigraphic units were inadequate to describe the variations present in

Watershed prioritization is beneficial for soil, groundwater development as well as for the implementation of the artificial recharge schemes. It is a well-known scientific process of drainage network delineation and ranking of different sub-watersheds of a basin. This is the mostly adopted morphometric interpretation and assessment technique and used for prioritization of watershed. In the present

This study provides a description and statistical analysis of fold-related fractures in the Khur fold, northeast of Kopet Dagh fold-and-thrust belt, Iran. Kopet Dagh fold-and-thrust belt, as a part of Alpine-Himalaya orogeny belt in west Asia, forms the northeastern boundary of Iran plateau. In this study, the remote sensing technique was utilized to map and statistically analyze the lineaments on

The artificial recharge structures (ARS) project was taken up on Kakatiya University campus, Warangal urban district, Telangana state with the dual purpose of meeting the growing demand for water supply on campus and to demonstrate the benefits of artificial recharge to the students and society at large. Different types of site-specific recharge structures were developed in tune with the local hydrogeological

Quartz porphyry of rhyolitic composition though a volumetrically minor is an important component of metavolcanic successions in the Gadag schist belt in the western Dharwar craton. The quartz porphyries are calc-alkaline, enriched in light rare earth elements (Lan/Ybn ~ 10–20) and with a strong negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu*N=0.45–0.58). These features, coupled with high K2O/Na2O (0.8 to 1.46), low Nb/Th

A fully mechanised mining method using continuous miner (CM) for pillar extraction in single-pass is introduced in the year 2010 at Pinoura Mine of South Eastern Coalfields Limited, Bilaspur in India. Overall mining cycle time is reduced by single-pass pillar extraction as it does not require drivage of split galleries in pillars and support installation for such galleries. Further, inherent technical

River morphometry is a useful approach in basin analysis which helps to interprets fluvially originated landforms. The aim of the present work is to evaluate the morphometric and morphotectonic parameters along with prioritization for soil erosion and water availability in Chite Lui watershed. Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is a useful approach to find out

A ground-based and heliborne survey was conducted immediately after the disaster that took place on 7th February, 2021 in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand. Based on these observations and freely available Google Earth imagery, we have arrived at plausible causes of this catastrophe as detachment of a sizeable rock mass and overlying hanging glacier in the Raunthi catchment that dammed the Rishiganga

Water pollution is a primary environmental concern in Pakistan due to its serious health effects. Over more than 1.25 million people in the Swat district rely on surface and groundwater sources for drinking, agricultural purposes. Hence, the need to ascertain the drinking water quality and associated human health risks were considered highly significant. In this study, eighty water samples (40 for

In the present study, an analytical solution is obtained for two-dimensional advection–dispersion equation with variable coefficients in a semi-infinite heterogeneous porous medium. Dispersion coefficient and groundwater velocity are assumed to vary temporally as well as spatially while the retardation factor varies spatially only. The first-order decay and zero-order production terms are also considered

Lake Victoria is the second largest freshwater lake and the largest tropical lake in the world. The transboundary lake has the fastest growing population in its catchment, which can impact the water and sediment quality. To determine the extent of anthropogenic effects on sediment quality in the Ugandan part of Lake Victoria, the contents and binding behaviour of trace elements were analysed, as well

Choosing appropriate multivariate calibration and preprocessing transformation techniques is important in the determination of soil organic carbon (SOC) content based on visible and near-infrared (Vis–NIR) spectroscopy. The performance levels of partial least-squares regression (PLSR), support vector machine regression (SVMR), and wavelet neural network (WNN) calibration methods coupled with different

Considering the slope units as our reference mapping units, three statistical models [frequency ratio (FR), index of entropy (IOE), and evidential belief function (EBF)] are used in combination by two methods [normalized spatial-correlated scale index (NSCI) and weighted calibrated landslide potential model (WCLPM)]. For this aim, ten conditioning factors correlated with landslide namely, altitude

Secure potable water is indispensable to life. The presence of salinity in potable water has become a serious problem worldwide and it is essential to ensure secure potable water, particularly in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. In this work, 48 (forty-eight) harvested rainwater samples were assessed from Upazila (sub-district) of Mongla and Sarankhola, Bagerhat district, Bangladesh during the monsoon

A large caldera cluster consisting of at least four calderas (Omine, Odai, Kumano‐North and Kumano calderas) existed in the central–southern part of the Kii Peninsula approximately 14–15 Ma. On the other hand, thick Middle Miocene ash‐flow tuffs, referred to as the Muro Ash‐flow Tuff and the Sekibutsu Tuff Member, are distributed in the northern part of the Kii Peninsula. Although these tuffs are considered

The positive impact that natural fractures can have on geothermal heat production from low-permeability reservoirs has become increasingly recognised and proven by subsurface case studies. In this study, we assess the potential impact of natural fractures on heat extraction from the tight Lower Buntsandstein Subgroup targeted by the recently drilled NLW-GT-01 well (West Netherlands Basin (WNB)). We

With the decrease in surface and shallow ore deposits, mineral exploration has focused on deeply buried ore bodies, and large-scale metallogenic prediction presents new opportunities and challenges. This paper adopts the predictive thinking method in this era of big data combined with specific research on the special exploration and exploitation of deep-earth resources. Four basic theoretical models

As direct prospecting data, geochemical data play an important role in modelling prospect potential. Geochemical element assemblage anomalies are usually reflected by the correlation between elements. Correlation coefficients are computed from the values of two elements, which reflect only the correlation at a global level. Thus, the spatial details of the correlation structure are ignored. In fact

Multiple-point statistics (MPS) is a useful approach to reconstruct three-dimensional models in the macroscopic or microscopic field. Extracting spatial features for three-dimensional reconstruction from two-dimensional training images (TIs), and characterizing non-stationary features with directional ductility are two key issues in MPS simulation. This study presents a step-wise MPS-based three-dimensional

The purpose of this contribution is to highlight four topics of regional and worldwide mineral resource prediction: (1) use of the jackknife for bias elimination in regional mineral potential assessments; (2) estimating total amounts of metal from mineral potential maps; (3) fractal/multifractal modeling of mineral deposit density data in permissive areas; and (4) worldwide and large-areas metal size-frequency

This paper demonstrates knowledge-guided fuzzy logic modeling of regional-scale surficial uranium (U) prospectivity in British Columbia (Canada). The deposits/occurrences of surficial U in this region vary from those in Western Australia and Namibia; thus, requiring innovative and carefully-thought techniques of spatial evidence generation and integration. As novelty, this papers introduces a new weighted

Today’s era of big data is witnessing a gradual increase in the amount of data, more correlations between data, as well as growth in their spatial dimension. Conventional linear statistical models applied to mineral prospectivity mapping (MPM) perform poorly because of the random and nonlinear nature of metallogenic processes. To overcome this performance degradation, deep learning models have been

The demand for fluorite resource is increasing rapidly as most fluorite deposits on Earth’s surface have been exhausted. The newly discovered fluorite deposits in Inner Mongolia are hosted by Permian metamorphosed sandy slate, intermediate-acid intrusive rocks and Cretaceous volcanic sedimentary rocks. The ore bodies are strictly controlled by faults and buried by cover rocks. The feasibility and effectiveness

This paper reports an application of uncertainty visualisation of a regional scale (1:50 000) 3D geological geometry model to be involved in GIS-based 3D mineral potential assessment of the Xiangxibei lead-zinc mineral concentration area in northwestern Hunan District, China. Three-dimensional (3D) geological modelling is a process of interpretation that combines a set of input measurements in geometry

Integral and differentiation are two mathematical operations in modern calculus and analysis which have been commonly applied in many fields of science. Integration and differentiation are associated and linked as inverse operation by the fundamental theorem of calculus. Both integral and differentiation are defined based on the concept of additive Lebesgue measure although various generations have

The tin (Sn)-tungsten (W) polymetallic ore concentrated district in SE Yunnan is distributed at the junction region of the Yangtze Block, the Cathaysian Block and the Indosinian Block, where there are several giant deposits of tin, tungsten, copper, silver, lead, zinc and indium closely associated with a large scale Late Cretaceous magmatism. Bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition (BEMD) is used

Fault and fractures are well-developed in the Gejiu tin-polymetallic district, and they are closely related to the formation and distribution of ores. In this paper, the principal component analysis (PCA) and multifractal singular value decomposition (MSVD) methodologies were applied for identification of the ore-forming anomaly components from element concentrations of fault rocks in the Laochang

In this paper, the east ore section of the Pulang porphyry copper deposit is selected as the research object. The micro-thermometer and laser Raman spectroscopic technique are utilized to study the parameters of ore-forming fluids such as pressure, temperature, and compositions. In the meantime, the fractal models, including the perimeter-area (P-A) model and number-size (N-S) model, are introduced

Isolation forest and elliptic envelope are used to detect geochemical anomalies, and the bat algorithm was adopted to optimize the parameters of the two models. The two bat-optimized models and their default-parameter counterparts were used to detect multivariate geochemical anomalies from the stream sediment survey data of 1:50 000 scale collected from the Helong district, Jilin Province, China. Based

Abstract A fast, precise and efficient method of savannah grassland mapping and monitoring is essential to support sustainable livestock feed management. This study aims to utilise Sentinel-2A Level-1C imagery to map and monitor tropical savannah grasslands on Sabu Island, Indonesia. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) images were generated to identify vegetation objects from 50 image scenes

Abstract This study propose a new approach through which the landslide susceptibility in Quang Nam (Vietnam) will be estimated using the best model among the following algorithms: Decision Table (DT), Naïve Bayes (NB), Decision Table - Naïve Bayes (DTNB), Bagging Ensemble, Cascade Generalization Ensemble, Dagging Ensemble, Decorate Ensemble, MultiBoost Ensemble, MultiScheme Ensemble, Real Ada Boost

Abstract This study aims to assess the potential of multi-temporal Sentinel-1 and RADARSAT-2 data for pearl millet discrimination using various classifiers – machine learning and knowledge-based decision tree (m-DT and k-DT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest (RF). Results show that the RF classifier outperformed the other classifiers in terms of overall accuracy (OA) and kappa coefficient

River networks are striking features engraved into the surface of the Earth, shaped by uplift and erosion under the joint influence of climate and tectonics. How a river’s gradient changes as it descends along its course—its longitudinal profile concavity—varies greatly from one basin to the next, reflecting the interplay between uplift and erosional processes. A recent global analysis has suggested

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03286-9.

The global emergence of SARS-CoV-2 urgently requires an in-depth understanding of molecular functions of viral proteins and their interactions with the host proteome. Several individual omics studies have extended our knowledge of COVID-19 pathophysiology1–10. Integration of such datasets to obtain a holistic view of virus-host interactions and to define the pathogenic properties of SARS-CoV-2 is limited

Hannah Franklin is one of 300 staff members at the Francis Crick Institute in London, helping to bring the pandemic to an end.

Letter to the Editor

Letter to the Editor

The controversy over Majorana particles is eroding confidence in the field. More accountability and openness are needed — from authors, reviewers and journal editors.

Restrictive travel policies could further privilege global-health professionals from high-income countries. Plus: Joe Biden’s plans to increase science funding, and why our brains favour adding over subtraction.

The global dearth of safe sewage systems needs innovation and advocacy.

Researchers are starting to delve into possible rare side effects of COVID-19 vaccines. Plus: the month’s best science images, and everything you need to know about Plan S.

An incorporation and application of a two-dimensional, unstructured grid hydrodynamic model with a suspended sediment transport module is presented in the study. The model has a satisfactory verification with available measured data. After the verification, the variation of tidal current field and the seabed evolution are simulated. Based on the simulation results, the paper compares and analyzes the

Globally, electronic waste (E-Waste) has grown as a severe concern owing to the increasing quantity of waste and the toxic it. E-Waste includes plastics and metals, which are highly recyclable but which, if not adequately managed, are concerned about the health and the environment by plastic waste and heavy metal traces of additives and chemicals. This article investigates the modeling of game theory

This study aimed to optimize the acidizing efficiency during stimulation treatments with chelating agents. The performance of hydroxylethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in stimulating carbonate rocks were investigated. In this paper, the effect of injection rate, chemical type, pH, and concentration on the