We have analyzed the teleconnection of total cloud fraction (TCF) with global sea surface temperature (SST) in multi-model ensembles (MME) of the fifth and sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Projects (CMIP5 and CMIP6). CMIP6-MME has a more robust and realistic teleconnection (TCF and global SST) pattern over the extra-tropics (R ~ 0.43) and North Atlantic (R ~ 0.39) region, which in turn resulted

Tree species and canopy structural profile (‘tree profile’) are among the most critical environmental factors in determining urban ecosystem services such as climate and air quality control from urban trees. To accurately characterize a tree profile, the tree diameter, height, crown width, and height to the lowest live branch must be all measured, which is an expensive and time-consuming procedure

Recovering camera pose from two-view images is a critical problem in photogrammetry and computer vision. For complex scenarios, point correspondences that are constructed by off-the-shelf feature matcher such as SIFT, would be corrupted by heavy outliers. In this case, traditional sampling consensus- or motion/geometrical coherence-based methods would suffer a lot from ensuring their assumptions. To

Semantic segmentation of remotely sensed urban scene images is required in a wide range of practical applications, such as land cover mapping, urban change detection, environmental protection, and economic assessment. Driven by rapid developments in deep learning technologies, the convolutional neural network (CNN) has dominated semantic segmentation for many years. CNN adopts hierarchical feature

The role of volcanism as a driver of climate change remains widely debated. Following the end-Permian mass extinction, the protracted Early Triassic recovery interval was characterized by extreme climatic and environmental perturbations (hyperwarming, intense subaerial weathering, and extensive marine euxinia) and large carbon- and sulfur-cycle perturbations. Although a magmatic trigger is widely accepted

The Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE 2, ca. 94 Ma) was one of the most extreme carbon cycle and climatic perturbations of the Phanerozoic Eon. Widespread deposition of organic-rich shales during OAE 2 has been attributed to a rapid rise in atmospheric CO2, global heating, and marine anoxia triggered by intense large igneous province (LIP) volcanism. Here, we present new Hg and Zn elemental

The end-Triassic extinction event (ETE) marks one of the “Big five” mass extinction events of the Phanerozoic, yet the timing and nature of environmental changes on a global scale remain elusive. Here we report a mm-scale high-resolution δ30Si profile of sea surface-dwelling radiolaria, preserved as moulds, spanning the end-Triassic radiolarian turnover interval of the deep-sea succession at the Katsuyama

During the Neoproterozoic snowball Earth events, the climate was cold and the oceans were covered by marine ice of ~1000 m thick (sea glacier). Extremely high CO2 level was required in order to trigger the deglaciation these events. It is unclear how long it would take for the sea-ice cover to be completely ablated after the deglaciation started, and what the physical state of the ocean looked like

A progressive warming or a long-term cooling trend during the Holocene remain controversial both at a regional and global scale. One possible reason for this discrepancy could be seasonality and uncertainties in the biases of various temperature proxies. Here, we present the distributions of archaeal isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (iGDGTs) from two soil transects in Arid Central Asia

Coal fire disasters generally occur in major coal-producing countries. They destroyed many coal resources and triggered various environmental problems. The identification and state assessment of coal fire areas are paramount to coal fire management. In this paper, a method for identifying coal fires by integrating land surface temperatures (LSTs) from multitemporal thermal infrared remote sensing and

The early Eocene is thought to be the warmest period of the Cenozoic Era, with global temperatures ~10 °C higher than today. Few studies have focused on the paleoclimatic history of the early Eocene southeastern Neo-Tethys Ocean despite its tectonic significance. Here, we report new geochemical data that reveal the paleoclimate conditions of the early Eocene (~ 53.7 to 52.6 Ma) from the Qumiba section

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is referred to as the world's “Third Pole” and the “Asian Water Tower”. It is dominated by herbaceous plants, with sparse to no vegetation cover in its central and western parts. Only 12% of the TP land mass is covered by forest on its eastern edge where most of the human population is distributed. Understanding forest evolution and its driving forces in this region is essential

Char and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which can serve as proxies for wildfire frequency and/or intensity, are widely present in Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) strata, providing information on volcanism or on climatic control of fuel availability (linked to vegetation type and density) or combustibility (linked to aridity). Here, we present evidence to separate temporal from geographic

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is suitable for earth observation due to its unique advantages. In this study, we constructed an adaptive ship detector using full-polarization SAR images. First, we thoroughly investigated the differences in scattering characteristics between ships, their background, and the wave polarization anisotropy. We then constructed a novel ship detector that incorporates scattering

Today's cryosphere reflects an extreme climate state that developed through stepwise global Cenozoic cooling. In this context the opening of the Fram Strait, the Atlantic-Arctic Gateway (AAG), enabled deep-water exchange between the northern North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean and thereby influenced global ocean circulation and climate. Here we present a new age model for Ocean Drilling Program Site

Multi-temporal synthetic aperture radar interferometry (MT-InSAR) is able to detect surface deformation and reconstruct a 3D surface model with high precision but requires a long observation period to accumulate the multi-baseline SAR images. The airborne array InSAR system is able to acquire a stack of multi-baseline SAR images in a single acquisition, which significantly improves the 3D modeling

Pliocene diachronism and mismatches between planktic foraminifera and nannofossil bioevents are clearly observed in the Mediterranean Sea. Hence, astronomical tuning combined with calcareous nannofossils and plankton foraminiferal biozones constitutes an important tool for regional correlation between different paleolatitudes. Consecutive and high-resolution well logs from the Sapphire-Dd borehole

Tiny object detection (TOD) in aerial images is challenging since a tiny object only contains a few pixels. State-of-the-art object detectors do not provide satisfactory results on tiny objects due to the lack of supervision from discriminative features. Our key observation is that the Intersection over Union (IoU) metric and its extensions are very sensitive to the location deviation of the tiny objects

The impact of climate change on soil moisture (SM) dynamics is uncertain. Changes in the Earth's SM during recent decades have been studied globally and in different regions, but little attention has been given to Europe. In addition, most previous works have just relied on a monotonic behavior of SM changes, which is a strong assumption and not always valid. We argue that this fact, together with

Meteorological records over the past five decades have shown that climate warming has been faster during the nighttime than during the daytime. However, the responses of vegetation development to asymmetric warming are not well understood due to the misinterpretation of phenology that have resulted from the snowmelt effect. We applied normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) sources from Global

Ocean ventilation change in the subarctic Pacific Ocean is critical for regulating nutrients, heating, and ocean–atmosphere CO2 exchange. Debate continues over whether direct ventilation in the subarctic Pacific Ocean has reached the deep/bottom oceans on different time scales over the last millions of years. Here, we studied the main and trace elements, including Si, Ca, Ba, Zn, Zr, and Rb, and stable

To reconstruct changes in vegetation, temperature, and sediment geochemistry through the last 6.5 cal ka BP, in the Subcarpathian belt of the Eastern Carpathians (Romania), pollen, branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) and X-ray fluorescence analyses have been integrated. Pollen and brGDGTs (a bacterial lipid biomarker proxy) are used as paleothermometers for reconstructing the mean

The Early Jurassic Jenkyns Event (~183 Ma) represents a major environment perturbation event, characterized by the negative carbon isotope excursion during the early Toarcian. Reconstruction of redox conditions, especially in the mega-lakes, across the Jenkyns Event is of significance to understand the biogeochemical dynamics on land at the time. Here, we report iron speciation and trace metal data

Epipolar resampling, also known as stereo rectification, is a prerequisite for optical satellite image stereo matching in digital surface model (DSM) generation. In epipolar resampling, image pairs are warped and thus can be matched pixel-to-pixel along the epipolar line. Different from the pinhole imaging model of frame cameras, the multi-center projection model of linear pushbroom sensors does not

The continuous distributions of PM2.5 concentrations and predictor variables in the surrounding regions influence the PM2.5 concentrations in the prediction positions notably, yet few machine learning models quantified the spatially continuous interactions between PM2.5 concentrations and predictor variations, which limits the prediction accuracy. To fill this gap, a Spatial and Temporal Weighted Continuous

Glauconite forms abundantly within the Paleogene warm climatic intervals. However, the role of warm climate on glauconitization is yet to be explored. Glauconitic shales are ubiquitous in transgressive shallow marine deposits of Cambay, Kutch, Jaisalmer, and Barmer basins at the western margin of India. Although the glauconite is most abundant in upper Paleocene-lower Eocene sedimentary deposits in

The task of color consistency correction for multiple images mainly arises from applications like orthoimage producing, panoramic image stitching and 3D reconstruction. In these applications, images usually have been geometrically aligned. So correspondences can be easily extracted and used to solve color correction models. Almost all previous methods assume that the color residuals of correspondences

Integrating the special electromagnetic characteristics of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) in deep neural networks is essential in order to enhance the explainability and physics awareness of deep learning. In this paper, we first propose a novel physically explainable convolutional neural network for SAR image classification, namely physics guided and injected learning (PGIL). It comprises three parts:

Wildfires are an important source of disturbances in the Earth's system and are of great significance for understanding the interactions between environmental, atmospheric and vegetation changes over deep time. The early Cretaceous was a “high-fire” interval with frequent and widespread wildfires globally, but the timing and global significance of these wildfire events during this time remain uncertain

Quantifying the interactions between topography, climate and plant diversity within one of the world's biodiversity hotspots, the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, remains elusive due to few reliable quantitative paleoelevation reconstructions, precise geological age constraints and well-preserved plant fossils. The Lühe Basin, on the southeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau has yielded abundant

Climate change is increasing the risk of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) in many of the world’s most vulnerable and high mountain regions. Simultaneously, remote sensing technologies now facilitate continuous monitoring of glacial lake evolution around the globe, although accurate and reliable automated glacial lake mapping from satellite data remains challenging. In this study, a Second-order

Continental records of the Permian–Triassic boundary are characterized by intense chemical weathering, likely due to global warming and acid rainfall associated with volcanism. However, the weathering history throughout the late Permian has not been interrogated in time-equivalent continental successions because of the lack of stratigraphically continuous deposits. Here, we present comparative investigations

Fusing LiDAR and high definition (HD) maps is a feasible way to achieve global localization in GNSS-denied environments, which is necessary in driverless vehicle and robotic technologies. This paper proposes a single-shot global localization solution that uses only a single current scan of a rotating multiple-beam LiDAR sensor to locate its own location and pose with respect to an HD map in the form

The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ~56 Ma) is a large negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE) that testifies to a massive perturbation of the global carbon cycle and has been considered to be an ancient, deep-time analogue for present and future climate change. However, the environmental and carbon isotopic response to the PETM in shallow-water carbonate platforms has remained largely elusive

As a specific forest community in tropical and subtropical coastal zones, mangrove has unique ecological functions and great social and economic value. Accurate mangrove mapping is important to the protection and restoration of mangrove ecosystem. Traditional classification methods rely on a large number of samples and complex classifiers, which are unsuitable for the large-scale extraction of mangroves

Spectral diffuse attenuation coefficient of down-welling irradiance (Kd(λ)) is a fundamental optical parameter for water color and of significance for heat budget calculation, photosynthesis modeling and carbon sequestration. Uncertainties exist in both in situ measured and satellite derived Kd(λ), therefore, evaluation of its data quality is essential. In addition, optical water classification of

The 4.2 ka event was the most abrupt climatic event during the transition between the middle and late Holocene. It had a profound influence on the regional ecological environment and human cultural development and was characterized by the rapid onset of aridification in the mid- and low-latitudes regions of the Northern Hemisphere. However, the nature, structure and spatial expression of the 4.2 ka

Understanding past climate and vegetation changes is essential to assessing the role of climate and human activity in dominating regional vegetation compositions. Here we show a wetting trend from mid- to late-Holocene over subtropical East Asia based on peat cellulose δ18O and a compilation of other robust hydroclimatic records. Under such a wetter condition, subtropical East Asia is expected to be

During the Mississippian period, metazoan reefs and other marine faunas gradually recovered from the Late Devonian mass extinctions and reached a peak in the late Visean (~334–332 Ma). Faunal diversity started to decline from the latest Visean (~332–330 Ma) through Serpukhovian (~330–323 Ma), with significant genera/species losses and ecosystem reconstruction. This Middle-Late Mississippian biodiversity

Mangrove forests are vulnerable ecosystems that require broad-scale monitoring. Various solutions based on satellite imagery have emerged for this purpose but still suffer from the lack of methods to accurately delineate individual tree crowns (ITCs). Within-stand variability in crown size and shape, crown clumping and fragmentation, and understory vegetation hamper the delineation in these ecosystems

The northwestern South China Sea (NW-SCS) presents a spatial-temporal evolution of its source-to-sink (S2S) system, that recorded the movement of the Indochina block and the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates. However, complex tectonic movements and topographic evolution have led to controversial studies about the spatial-temporal distribution of allogenic materials and autogenic sediments

The early Eocene greenhouse climate maintained by high atmospheric CO2 concentrations serves as a testbed for future climate changes dominated by increasing CO2 forcing. In particular, the early Eocene Arctic region is important in the context of future CO2 driven climate warming in the northern polar region and associated shrinking Arctic sea ice. Here, we present early Eocene Arctic sea ice simulations

Loess-paleosol sequences (LPS) from the Lower Danube area are valuable terrestrial archives of environmental change in SE Europe during the Pleistocene. A twenty-seven meters thick sequence has been sampled in Central North Bulgaria near the city of Pleven within the Suhia Kladenetz (SK) quarry. The sedimentary sequence consists of seven loess units and six interbedded paleosol complexes covering the