Repeated dike-intrusions often occur in zones where extensional stress has accumulated. Still, geodetic modeling of observed dike-induced ground deformation often ignores the contribution of tectonic stress. On the obliquely spreading Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland, tectonic strain build-up had been geodetically documented for three decades when a magmatic dike formed at Fagradalsfjall in 2021. We explore

Extreme rainfall events are becoming increasingly severe under a warming climate. North China has experienced several catastrophic rainfall events, of which the rainstorm in 2023 was particularly severe inducing unprecedented damage. Since 1980, the neighboring Mongolian Plateau (MP) has been warming at a rate three times the global average, faster than the surrounding regions. Whether a link exists

Significant volcanic activity continued for billions of years since 3.5–4 Gyr ago in the Procellarum KREEP Terrane (PKT) of the Moon, but not so significant outside the PKT. To understand this volcanic history, we developed a 2-D numerical model of magmatism and mantle convection; the effects of the PKT on lunar evolution are considered by initially imposing a region of localized radioactive enrichment

On early Mars, the integration of surface, groundwater, and climate systems into an integrated hydrological system remains poorly understood. The partitioning of precipitation, between surface and groundwater via infiltration, controls the Martian aquifer recharge rates and, subsequently, surface erosion processes. We investigate infiltration at two scales, near-surface and deep crustal. We estimate

Precise point positioning (PPP) of ships using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data reveals the precise movements of marine vessels. This method may quantify anomalies in sea surface height with implications for oceanographic monitoring, exploration, and tsunami warning. The GNSS PPP data from the R/V Sikuliaq, a research ship of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, were processed to detect

The LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) radio telescope possesses the unique capability to measure ultra-high energy cosmic rays as well as image lightning discharges. This study presents a comparison between the inferred thunderstorm charge structures derived from cosmic-ray measurements and from lightning flashes. Our results show a basic triple-layered distribution: a positive upper layer, a main negative

Heterogeneity in geometry, stress, and material properties is widely invoked to explain the observed spectrum of slow earthquake phenomena. However, the effects of length scale of heterogeneity on macroscopic fault sliding behavior remain underexplored. We investigate this question for subduction megathrusts, via linear stability analysis and quasi-dynamic simulations of slip on a dipping fault characterized

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences ocean wave activity across the Pacific, but its effects on island shores are modulated by local weather and selective sheltering of multi-modal seas. Utilizing 41 years of high-resolution wave hindcasts, we decipher the season- and locality-dependent connections between ENSO and wave patterns around the Hawaiian Islands. The north and west-facing shores

The recent European Space Agency Aeolus mission provided global coverage of horizontal line-of-sight (HLOS) wind profiles. Using observing system experiments with HLOS winds in the ECMWF data assimilation system, we quantify the effects of HLOS winds on wave circulation and the mean zonal state in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) in relation to the background shear. Despite

Future changes in the Beaufort Gyre liquid freshwater content (LFWC) are important for the local and global climate. However, traditional climate models cannot resolve oceanic and atmospheric eddies that are critical to the LFWC variations. In this study, we investigate physical processes controlling Beaufort Gyre LFWC changes in an eddy-resolving simulation. The model simulation largely reproduces

Wet-bulb temperature extremes (WTEs) occur due to a combination of high humidity and temperature, and are hazardous to human health. Alongside favourable large-scale conditions, surface fluxes play an important role in WTEs; yet, little is known about how land surface heterogeneity influences them. Using a 10-year, pan-African convection-permitting model simulation, we find that most WTEs have spatial

Rock dissolution is a common subsurface geochemical reaction affecting pore space properties, crucial for reservoir stimulation, carbon storage, and geothermal energy. Predictive models for dissolution remain limited due to incomplete understanding of the mechanisms involved. We examine the influence of flow, transport, and reaction regimes on mineral dissolution using 29 time-resolved data from 3D

Semi-empirical coefficients for electron transport in Alfvénic turbulence are used to drive the global evolution of energetic electron distributions through Earth's outer radiation belt. It is shown how these turbulent fields facilitate radial transport and pitch-angle scattering that drive losses through the magnetopause, into the plasma sheet, through the plasmapause and to the atmosphere. Butterfly

The Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) is a key driver of intraseasonal predictability. Accurate prediction of the MJO is challenging partly due to its complex interactions with the background state and sensitivity to initial conditions and unresolved processes. Using NOAA's Unified Forecast System, we explore the impact of subtle differences in initial conditions on MJO forecasts over the Indo-Pacific

Sterodynamic sea level (SdynSL) is an essential component of sea level that climate models can simulate directly. Here, we disentangle the impacts of intermodel uncertainty, internal variability, and scenario uncertainty on SdynSL projections from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models. Regarding the global mean, intermodel (scenario) uncertainty dominates before (after) ∼2070

A regime shift is an abrupt, substantial, and persistent change in the state of a system. We show that a regime shift in the September Arctic sea-ice extent (SIE) occurred in 2007. Before 2007, September SIE was declining approximately linearly. In September 2007, SIE had its largest year-to-year drop in the entire 46-year satellite record (1979–2024). Since 2007, September SIE has fluctuated but exhibits

This study addresses the longstanding question of the reliability of gridded visible/infrared satellite cloud properties in partially cloudy scenes. By using in-situ cloud probes and airborne Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) observations, we analyze bias changes in satellite retrievals from the Spinning Enhanced Visible Infra-Red Imager (SEVIRI) geostationary sensor during the ORACLES campaign.

Tree rings are crucial for reconstructing past climates, with maximum latewood density (MXD) as a key metric. However, wood integrity is critical for accurate MXD-based reconstructions, raising concerns when using potentially degraded relict wood. Quantitative wood anatomy (QWA) provides a morphometric alternative. We compared X-ray and QWA-derived density measurements from recent and five-millennia-old

It is important to seek geological context for the geophysically observed downdip segmentation of seismogenic behavior of subduction megathrusts. Here we focus on how mantle wedge serpentinite may affect megathrust seismogenesis at Japan Trench—an end-member cold subduction zone. Based on thermal modeling constrained by heat flow observations and serpentine frictional behavior reported in the literature

Helheim Glacier, in East Greenland, is a major outlet glacier that discharges about 33 Gigatons of ice per year into the ocean. Helheim has been undergoing a retreat since 2003. Using a portable terrestrial radar interferometer that scans the glacier every 2 min, we characterize its regime of tidal flexure at the ice front margin in relation to oceanic tide, bed slope, and iceberg calving events. The

Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) is an emerging carbon dioxide removal approach that aims to store additional atmospheric CO2 as (bi)carbonate in seawater. OAE can be realized through a variety of pathways, one of which is the dispersal of alkaline mineral sand on beaches where wave energy shall accelerate alkalinity formation. Here, we built a “Beach-Machine” to simulate a gradient of wave energy

The quantification of aerosol-induced radiative forcing and cloud feedbacks remains a significant challenge in climate modeling, primarily due to the complex interplay of aerosol and clouds in a warming world. Traditional approaches often rely on either bottom-up process-based models, difficult to constrain against present-day observations, or top-down methods that lack the ability to capture the underlying

We use the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) satellite instruments to retrieve atmospheric methane enhancements with 750 m resolution. We show that the three VIIRS instruments in orbit uniquely enhance tracking of methane super-emission events with sub-daily coverage. The VIIRS instrument on Suomi-NPP and the TROPOMI instrument on Sentinel-5 Precursor have overpasses that are only a

Eastern Europe experienced record-high precipitation in late fall (October–November) 2023, with an area-weighted anomaly reaching up to 86 mm, >80% of its climatological precipitation. This study examines the drivers of this anomalous event using observations-based statistical analyses, and atmospheric model experiments. Our results reveal that exceptional warming in the tropical-subtropical North

The interaction between the Loop Current System (LCS) and the Gulf of Mexico (GoM)'s freshwater circulation is investigated during flood and drought years. We combine satellite-derived sea surface salinity (SSS), ocean currents, and river discharge rates to examine patterns of salinity distribution throughout the entire GoM basin. Saline waters were reported intruding up the Mississippi River during

The Arctic is undergoing rapid warming, resulting in accelerating glacier melt and release of nutrients, particles, and organic matter into coastal fjord systems. Kongsfjorden, a fjord in Svalbard, serves as a natural laboratory for investigating climate-driven shifts in high-latitude fjord ecosystems and their broader implications for the Arctic. To examine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) sources and

Stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs) predominantly occur in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) with only 1 major event recorded in the Southern Hemisphere in the satellite era. Investigating factors that contribute to this asymmetry can help to reveal the cause of SSWs and lead to improved forecasts. Here we use climate model simulations to investigate the impact of boundary conditions (topography and ocean

We developed an eruption forecasting model using data from multiple sensors or data streams with the Bayesian network method. The model generates probabilistic forecasts that are interpretable and resilient against sensor outage. We applied the model at Whakaari/White Island, an andesite island volcano off the coast of New Zealand, using seismic tremor recordings, earthquake rate, and CO2, SO2, and

Magmatic rocks record ambient magnetic fields during cooling, preserving them for billions of years through thermoremanent magnetization (TRM). TRM accuracy depends on particle size, shape, magnetic properties, and the number of particles available to record the field. While traditionally interpreted via Neél's single-domain theory, most particles exist in a vortex state, where complex magnetic structures

A new approach called cross-attractor transforms (Agarwal et al., 2025, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl110472) aims to improve weather forecasts by using neural networks to learn optimal maps between nature and imperfect numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Unlike the latest generation of machine learning weather prediction (MLWP) models, this approach leverages prior knowledge via the known governing

We investigated tsunamis of an Mw 7.1 earthquake in the Hyuganada Sea in 2024, observed by a new dense and wide seafloor observation network, N-net, installed in the western Nankai Trough. A joint inversion of the offshore tsunami and onshore GNSS data revealed a maximum slip of 2.4 m with a significant slip near the centroid from the teleseismic analysis. The joint inversion provided reliable constraints

Reef-scale climate projections, such as those generated by CMIP6, are critical for guiding the development of effective intervention strategies for mass coral bleaching events. We developed a machine learning (ML) model based on a super resolution deconvolutional neural network to rapidly downscale sea surface temperature (SST) on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). When downscaling 80 km data to 10 km resolution

Sporadic E (Es) layer plays a prominent role in revealing both upward and downward atmosphere-ionosphere coupling process. This study investigates the responses of Es layers to the May 2024 super geomagnetic storm by using 37 ground-based ionosondes distributed globally and space-based COSMIC-2 radio occultation observations. The results show that Es layers were significantly enhanced during the recovery

Past work on lateral mixing downstream of river confluences has focused on mixing at individual confluences, limiting general knowledge of this process. This study evaluates the average length scales, rates, and variability of lateral mixing downstream at 43 confluences for 150 events based on contrasts in gray-scale intensity of confluent flows captured by aerial images. Only 45% of the events exhibit

Hydrogeologic models generally require gridded subsurface properties, however these inputs are often difficult to obtain and highly uncertain. Parametrizing computationally expensive models where extensive calibration is computationally infeasible is a long standing challenge in hydrogeology. Here we present a machine learning framework to address this challenge. We train an inversion model to learn

The Organization of Tropical East Pacific Convection project used dropsondes deployed from high altitude and a downward-pointing W-band Doppler radar to document the characteristics of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) located over the Pacific coastal waters of Colombia. MCSs dominated by ice crystal aggregates above the freezing level rather than graupel, as shown by the radar, are generally thought

Morphological scaling laws for basaltic lava flows, linking flow dimensions and eruption conditions, are essential for hazard assessment and geological analysis of basaltic eruptions. However, the governing factors influencing flow dimensions remain unclear. We developed a scaling law for lava dimensions based on natural observations, with insights obtained from numerical simulations. We found that

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) in winter can induce significant melting of sea ice as they approach the ice cover. However, due to the complex physical properties of sea ice, the specific processes within the ice pack that are responsible for its response to ARs remain poorly understood. This study aims to shed light on this question using a stand-alone sea ice model forced by observed atmospheric boundary

Proglacial lakes along the retreating margin of the Laurentide ice sheet (LIS) significantly influenced the ice sheet's dynamics. This study investigates the interaction between proglacial lake drainage events and ice sheet evolution during deglaciation. Using a flowline ice sheet model, we demonstrate that abrupt lake drainage caused by the opening of spillways during the retreat of the ice sheet

The moment-duration (M0-T) scaling law reveals fundamental earthquake physics across various sizes and tectonic settings. However, the validity of the cubic relation (M0 ∝ T3) inferred for large (Mw ≥ 7) megathrust events has been recently questioned due to the scarcity of observations and similarities to slow earthquakes. Here, by compiling events over the past 500 years from global subduction zones

The potential hazard of geomagnetically induced current (GIC) in metallic pipelines caused by space weather events is a widely discussed topic. On 10–11 May 2024, a super geomagnetic storm with Kp = 9 comparable to the Halloween event in 2003 occurred. The storm induced GIC caused severe distortion in apparent resistivity is a novel phenomenon. Here, we studied an apparent resistivity observation network

High-resolution measurements of nutrients in rivers are vital to assess water quality and catchment material balances. Yet, such measurements are often cost-prohibitive. To improve sampling efficiency, data-driven sparse sensing (DSS) is proposed to recover high-resolution nutrient time-series from sparse flow and concentration measurements. DSS leverages dimension-reduction to identify basis functions

Persistent strong winds are a common feature within the near-surface layer of tropical cyclones, which can induce pronounced horizontal motion as raindrops descend. However, current state-of-art microphysics schemes typically only consider the vertical motion of raindrops, ultimately failing to accurately simulate the collisional outcomes of raindrops and the associated raindrop size distributions

Mars lacks an intrinsic dipolar magnetic field but possesses strong crustal magnetic fields scattered across its surface. There has been an ongoing debate about how these crustal fields influence the bow shock, the outermost plasma boundary of the Martian space environment. Based on a large data set of manually identified shock crossings by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft

Relativistic electron microbursts are correlated with resonant scattering by whistler-mode chorus waves. Here, we use chorus wave properties obtained from Van Allen Probe A to calculate the duration of relativistic microbursts. A detailed quantitative comparison between observed and calculated microburst durations shows consistent ranges and similar correlations with L$L$ shell and magnetic local time

Processes driving the terrestrial carbon fluxes in the South American Temperate (SAT) region are not well understood due to limited availability of in situ and flux tower measurements. This study leverages atmospheric CO2 measurements by the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite to additionally constrain net carbon fluxes in the SAT region. By identifying Dynamic Global Vegetation Models that closely

Stratospheric water vapor (SWV) is a greenhouse gas that has an important, yet uncertain, impact on the Earth's climate through its radiative effect and feedback. As the climate changes, it is thus critical to monitor and understand changes in SWV. NASA's Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) aboard the Aura satellite has observed SWV since 2004 but is reaching end of life. The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas

The space hurricane is a polar cap auroral structure with strong flow shears and intense particle precipitation that can disturb the thermosphere under quiet geomagnetic conditions. Here the statistical characteristics of this interaction are surveyed using data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program and Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer satellites. The results confirm

Sea surface salinity (SSS), an essential climate variable that is sensitive to changes in the global water cycle, varies seasonally in many places due to annual variations in rainfall and evaporation, as well as vertical mixing and advection. The seasonal variability of global mean SSS, with maximum/minimum SSS in March/September has been increasing in amplitude since the start of the satellite observation

Dipolarization fronts (DFs) have been widely reported in the Earth's magnetotail and are suggested to play an important role in energy conversion. Magnetic holes (MHs) are also usually observed near DFs, and recent spacecraft observations suggest that they can be excited by interchange instability (ICI). However, whether the MHs near DFs could contribute to energy conversion is still unknown. Here

Titan's dense atmosphere, composed mainly of methane and nitrogen, maintains a methane cycle that shapes its surface. Like water on Earth, methane precipitation erodes Titan's surface, carving river networks at all latitudes, as revealed by the Cassini-Huygens mission. On Earth, it is well known that laboratory and natural rivers exhibit a power-law relationship between their bankfull geometry and

The climatological atmospheric circulation is key to establishing the tropical “pattern effect”, whereby cloud feedbacks induced by sea surface temperature (SST) warming depend on the spatial structure of that warming. But how patterned warming-induced circulation changes affect cloud responses is less clear. Here we use idealized simulations with prescribed SST perturbations to understand the contributions

In a 1.2-m-deep arctic permafrost pond, early-summer bottom-water renewal was dominated by thermal overturning circulation, rather than wind-driven overturning or vertical turbulent mixing. Three high-resolution current profilers measured turbulent dissipation rates. Three dense temperature logger arrays measured stratification. A turbulent surface mixed layer grew thicker with nightly cooling and

The association of organic carbon (OC) to reactive iron oxides (FeR), forming OC-FeR complexes, represents a significant OC sink in marine sediments. However, the impact of diagenetic processes, such as sulfate reduction and iron sulfide formation, on the stability of OC-FeR in marine sediments remains poorly understood. Here, we compare sulfidic sediments from three cores taken at methane seeps with

Using a decade of observations and chemistry-climate model simulations (2014–2023), we highlight the key role of biosphere-atmosphere interactions in driving late summer–autumn ozone pollution extremes over Southeast China during hot droughts. In the 2019 and 2022 droughts, stomatal closure in the Yangtze River Basin, caused by soil moisture deficits, led to ∼60% reductions in ozone deposition rates

Neural network emulators have become an invaluable tool for climate prediction tasks but do not have an inherent ability to produce equitable predictions (e.g., predictions which are equally accurate across different regions or groups of people). This motivates the need for explicit internal representations of fairness. To that end, we draw on methods for enforcing physical constraints in emulators

There is no basic explanation for soil moisture variability in the current climate, and models diverge on the sign of expected changes in a warming world. Here, we present a diagnostic physical theory for soil moisture at large scales. The theory is radically simpler than published alternatives, dependent only on precipitation and surface net radiation with no free parameters. Minor variations improve

This study integrates data from all broadband seismic stations in Alaska and northwestern Canada in 1999–2022 to construct a shear-wave velocity model for south-central Alaska and northwesternmost Canada, using ambient noise wave propagation simulation and inversion. Our model reveals three key features, including (a) the presence of the subducting Yakutat slab with apparent velocity reductions near

We use an independent observational estimate of aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI) during the 2014 Holuhraun volcanic eruption in Iceland to evaluate four ACI parameterizations in a regional model. All parameterizations reproduce the observed pattern of liquid cloud droplet size reduction during the eruption, but strongly differ on its magnitude and on the resulting effective radiative forcing (ERF)

Considerable asymmetries in the tropical cyclones (TCs) inner core are frequently observed during the intensification phase. However, these asymmetric structures are often not well represented in the initialization of most operational forecasting models. In this study, we investigate the impact of initial vortex inner-core asymmetries on TC intensification by conducting a series of idealized numerical