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Puel and Casanova and Kisand et al. challenge our conclusions that interferonopathy and not IL-17/IL-22 autoantibodies promote candidiasis in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy–candidiasis–ectodermal dystrophy. We acknowledge that conclusive evidence for causation is difficult to obtain in complex human diseases. However, our studies clearly document interferonopathy driving mucosal candidiasis with intact

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Break et al. (Research Articles, 15 January 2021, eaay5731) conclude that T cell overproduction of interferon-γ causes chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), a typical early feature of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy–candidiasis–ectodermal dystrophy (APECED). This contradicts studies implicating interleukin IL-17 and IL-22 deficiencies as a cause of CMC. We propose that Break et al. have focused on

Exoskeleton-clad volunteers show that adapting to an energy-saving pace requires almost no attention.

Break et al. (Research Articles, 15 January 2021, eaay5731) suggest that chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in humans with inborn errors of AIRE and autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 is due to excessive interferon-γ production and not to autoantibodies neutralizing interleukin-17 cytokines. We argue that both claims are not conclusively supported by their data and are at odds with 35 years of

Nature highlights three key infographics from the week in science and research.

Science, Volume 373, Issue 6561, Page 1382-1390, September 2021.

Hints of a previously unknown, primordial form of the substance could explain why the cosmos now seems to be expanding faster than theory predicts.

A reminder for all personnel.

Science, Volume 373, Issue 6561, Page 1320-1321, September 2021.

As debates about booster shots heat up, what’s known about the duration of vaccine-based immunity is still evolving.

Far from being inferior, smaller universities can outstrip elite ones in research training and promoting inclusivity.

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How aquatic foods such as fish, shellfish and seaweed can help build healthy, sustainable and equitable food systems. Plus, preliminary evidence that SARS-CoV-2 might have spilled from animals to people multiple times.

Long-term, individual-based field studies, the application of genetic techniques, and phylogenetic reconstructions have led to substantial advances in our understanding of the diversity and evolution of mammalian breeding systems and their consequences. These studies show how differences in ecology, life histories, and phylogeny affect the distributions of breeding females and breeding males; how the

Adrienne Nugent’s postdoctoral programme at Hampton University showed her what it felt like to be a member of a minority group on a committee.

Morphological complexity is a notable feature of multicellular life, although whether it evolves gradually or in early bursts is unclear. Vascular plant reproductive structures, such as flowers, are familiar examples of complex morphology. In this study, we use a simple approach based on the number of part types to analyze changes in complexity over time. We find that reproductive complexity increased

Inflammation is a major risk factor for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). When occurring in the context of pancreatitis, KRAS mutations accelerate tumor development in mouse models. We report that long after its complete resolution, a transient inflammatory event primes pancreatic epithelial cells to subsequent transformation by oncogenic KRAS. Upon recovery from acute inflammation, pancreatic

Conventional understanding has it that a liquid deposited on a surface tends to move along directions that reduce surface energy, which is mainly dictated by surface properties rather than liquid properties, such as surface tension. Achieving well-controlled directional steering remains challenging because the liquid-solid interaction mainly occurs in the two-dimensional (2D) domain. We show that the

During tumorigenesis, tumors must evolve to evade the immune system and do so by disrupting the genes involved in antigen processing and presentation or up-regulating inhibitory immune checkpoint genes. We performed in vivo CRISPR screens in syngeneic mouse tumor models to examine requirements for tumorigenesis both with and without adaptive immune selective pressure. In each tumor type tested, we

Vitamin A and its derivative retinol are essential for the development of intestinal adaptive immunity. Retinoic acid (RA)–producing myeloid cells are central to this process, but how myeloid cells acquire retinol for conversion to RA is unknown. Here, we show that serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins—retinol-binding proteins induced in intestinal epithelial cells by the microbiota—deliver retinol to myeloid

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can directly convert the chemical energy stored in organic matter to electricity and are of considerable interest for power generation and wastewater treatment. However, the current MFCs typically exhibit unsatisfactorily low power densities that are largely limited by the sluggish transmembrane and extracellular electron-transfer processes. Here, we report a rational strategy

Nanostructured metals are usually strong because the ultrahigh density of internal boundaries restricts the mean free path of dislocations. Usually, they are also more brittle because of their diminished work-hardening ability. Nanotwinned materials, with coherent interfaces of mirror symmetry, can overcome this inherent trade-off. We show a bulk nanostructuring method that produces a multiscale, hierarchical

Weakly interacting Bose gases usually form Bose-Einstein condensates in which most particles occupy the same single-particle state. However, when this state cannot realize a continuous symmetry of the many-body Hamiltonian, a fragmented condensate exhibiting the expected symmetry may emerge. Here, we produced a three-fragment condensate for a mesoscopic spin-1 gas of about 100 atoms, with anti-ferromagnetic

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Zeolites are versatile catalysts and molecular sieves with large topological diversity, but managing phase competition in zeolite synthesis is an empirical, labor-intensive task. Here, we controlled phase selectivity in templated zeolite synthesis from first principles by combining high-throughput atomistic simulations, literature mining, human-computer interaction, synthesis, and characterization