The trajectory of the virtual mass centers of sequentially departing gas bubbles in water flow has been analyzed in this study. The bubbles were generated from a brass nozzle of 1 mm inner diameter in a glass tank (300 × 150 × 500 mm3), filled with distilled water maintained at 21 ± 1 °C. A three-mirror system was used to obtain two frames of the workspace in a single shot of a Phantom v1610 high-speed

The transient modeling of radiation effects on combustion of an isolated nonane and hexanol droplet in standard atmospheric conditions with finite rate chemistry has been performed. Transient effects have been included in a comprehensive manner by including initial droplet heating, variable liquid and gas phase properties and non-luminous gas radiations. Results show that gas radiations are important

Flexible cylinder structures, such as top-tensioned risers (TTRs) and tethers of tension leg platforms (TLPs), display complicated dynamic characteristics under the combined excitation of vortex-induced vibration (VIV) and time-varying axial tension, which causes serious fatigue damage and is a major concern in ocean engineering fields. In this paper, model tests were conducted on a flexible cylinder

Superconducting joints of Ba 0.6 K 0.4 Fe 2 As 2 (BaK-122) tapes were fabricated by a simple cold-pressing method. The interfaces of the superconducting cores were prepared by two different methods; (i) peeling off a part of the Ag sheath (PO joint) and (ii) angle polishing of one edge of each tape (AP joint). For the PO joint, a critical current ratio (CCR = I c joint / I c tape , where I c tape and

The poor reproducibility of intergrain critical current density J c in Fe-based superconductors is often believed to result from uncontrolled grain boundary (GB) connectivity degraded by extrinsic factors such as the local or global impurity concentration or GB porosity or cracks. Earlier we found that Ba and K can appear as oxide impurities at GBs, along with GB-wetting FeAs. In this study, we evaluated

Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) are a key component of new superconducting gravity instruments (SGIs). They have a higher displacement detection resolution than traditional methods. However, owing to the finite system slew rate, flux jump occurs when SQUIDs are disturbed by high-frequency electromagnetic signals, which makes the SGI incapable of long-term measurement and creates

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This work investigates the effect and mechanisms of gas heating in atmospheric pressure air dielectric barrier discharges with experimental measurements and numerical models developed. The heating sources of a single microdischarge (MD) are evaluated by the 1.5D plasma fluid model (PFM) with heating mechanisms including elastic collisions, the ionic Joule heating, and kinetics considered. A 3D gas

The presence and variation of a local magnetic field in a plasma volume can be used for local control of the parameters of plasma created by energetic electrons. The local magnetic field magnitude translates to the strength of the effective barrier against the penetration of energetic (and thermal) electrons (and ions) into certain regions where plasma generation can be modified. In those regions,

This work presents a combined experimental and simulation-based investigation of gas flow perturbations caused by atmospheric-pressure microwave plasma jet with modulated power. These plasma-induced flow instabilities are observed experimentally by schlieren imaging and the mechanism of their formation is explained using a numerical model. The model offers a time-resolved self-consistent solution of

A new concept of ion thrusters, metal ion thrusters using magnetron electron-beam bombardment (MIT-MEB) is demonstrated. Ion thrusters provide thrusts via electrostatic fields to accelerate ions. They are widely used in spacecrafts due to the high exhaust speed. Although the thrust is very little, the final velocity of the spacecraft is much higher than using traditional rockets. For propellant, inert

Particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collisions (PIC/MCC) simulations are performed to investigate the sputtering and the secondary electron emission (SEE) in geometrically symmetric capacitively coupled Ar discharges with Cu electrodes driven by tailored voltage waveforms (TVWs). The driving voltage waveform is composed of multiple consecutive harmonics (1 ⩽ N ⩽ 4) of the fundamental frequency (13.56 MHz)

The primary cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging beam scatters inside the patient and produces a contaminating photon fluence that is registered by the detector. Scattered photons cause artifacts in the image reconstruction, and are partially responsible for the inferior image quality compared to diagnostic fan-beam CT. In this work, a deep convolutional autoencoder (DCAE) and projection-based

Compton Cameras are electronically collimated photon imagers suitable for sub-MeV to few MeV gamma-ray detection. Such features are desirable to enable in vivo range verification in hadron therapy, through the detection of secondary Prompt Gammas. A major concern with this technique is the poor image quality obtained when the incoming gamma-ray energy is unknown. Compton Cameras with more than two

Automated multi-organ segmentation on abdominal CT images may replace or complement manual segmentation for clinical applications including image-guided radiation therapy. However, the accuracy of auto-segmentation is challenged by low image contrast, large spatial and inter-patient anatomical variations. In this study, we propose an end-to-end segmentation network, termed self-paced DenseNet, for

In the study, a local approach to setting reference tolerance values for the distance-to-agreement (DTA) component of the gamma index is proposed. The reference tolerance values are calculated in simulations, following a dose delivery model presented in a previous work. An analytical model for determining the quantiles of DTA distribution is also proposed and verified. It is shown that the distributions

This paper is concerned with the modified Camassa–Holm equation and its Bäcklund transformation. With the aid of reciprocal transformation and the associated modified Camassa–Holm equation, a Bäcklund transformation, which involves both dependent and independent variables, is constructed for the modified Camassa–Holm equation. The related nonlinear superposition formula is worked out and applications

The dynamics of a probe M5-brane, embedded as a hypersurface in eleven-dimensional Minkowski spacetime, is described by a six-dimensional world-volume theory. This theory has a variety of interesting symmetries some of which are obscure in the Lagrangian formulation of the theory. However, as summarized in this review, an alternative approach is to construct all of its on-shell tree-level scattering

A new series of correlation inequalities for random field spin systems is proven rigorously. First one corresponds to the well-known Schwartz–Soffer inequality. These are expected to rule out incorrect results calculated in effective theories and numerical studies. The large N expansion with the replica method for random field systems as an example is checked by these inequalities. It is shown that

Q -systems provide an efficient way of solving Bethe equations. We formulate here Q -systems for both the isotropic and anisotropic open Heisenberg quantum spin-1/2 chains with diagonal boundary magnetic fields. We check these Q -systems using novel discrete Wronskian-type formulas (relating the fundamental Q -function and its dual) that involve the boundary parameters.

We discuss solvable multistate Landau–Zener (MLZ) models whose Hamiltonians have commuting partner operators with ∼1/ τ -time-dependent parameters. Many already known solvable MLZ models belong precisely to this class. We derive the integrability conditions on the parameters of such commuting operators, and demonstrate how to use such conditions in order to derive new solvable cases. We show that MLZ

Locoregional recurrence (LRR) is the predominant pattern of relapse after non‐surgical treatment of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancers (HNSCC). Therefore, accurately identifying patients with HNSCC who are at high risk for LRR is important for optimizing personalized treatment plans. In this work, we developed a multi‐classifier, multi‐objective and multi‐modality (mCOM) radiomics‐based outcome prediction

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer related deaths for women all over the world. Recently, automated breast ultrasound (ABUS) has become a new and promising screening modality for whole breast examination. However, reviewing volumetric ABUS is time‐consuming and lesions could be missed during the examination. Therefore, computer‐aided cancer detection in ABUS volume

As a cavitation enhancer, low boiling point phase‐change contrast agents (PCCA) offer potential for ultrasound‐mediated drug delivery in applications including intracerebral hemorrhage or brain tumors. In addition to introducing cavitation, ultrasound imaging also has the ability to provide guidance and monitoring of the therapeutic process by localizing delivery events. However, the highly attenuating

The combination of nonhuman primates (NHPs) with the state‐of‐the‐art molecular imaging technologies allows for within‐subject longitudinal research aiming at gaining new insights into human normal and disease conditions and provides an ideal foundation for future translational studies of new diagnostic tools, medical interventions, and therapies. However, radiation dose estimations for nonhuman primates

Coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) has one of the highest diagnostic sensitivities for detection of the significance of coronary artery disease (CAD); however, sensitivity is moderate and may result in increased catheterization rates. We performed an efficacy study to determine whether a trained machine learning algorithm that uses coronary CTA data may improve CAD diagnosis accuracy.

To investigate the inconsistency of recent literature on the effect of magnetic field on the response of radiochromic films, we studied the influence of 0.35 T magnetic field on dosimetric response of EBT3 and EBT‐XD GafchromicTM films.

The aim of this work was to characterize the dosimetric properties of the PTW microDiamond (60019) single crystal synthetic diamond detector (DD) in kilovoltage x‐ray beams. The following characteristics were addressed in this study: required preirradiation dose, dose‐rate linearity, energy dependence, and percent depth dose response of the DD.

Radiomics is a promising tool for the identification of new prognostic biomarkers. Radiomic features can be affected by different scanning protocols, often present in retrospective and prospective clinical data. We compared a computed tomography (CT) radiomics model based on a large but highly heterogeneous multicentric image dataset with robust feature pre‐selection to a model based on a smaller but

Accurate and robust segmentation of the prostate from magnetic resonance (MR) images is extensively applied in many clinical applications in prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of this study is the development of a robust interactive segmentation method for accurate segmentation of the prostate from MR images.

The stoichiometric calibration method for dual‐energy CT (DECT) proposed by Bourque et al. (Phys Med Biol . 59 :2059; 2014), which provides estimators of the electron density and the effective atomic number, is adapted to a maximum a posteriori (MAP) framework to increase the model’s robustness to noise and biases in CT data, specifically for human tissues. Robust physical parameter estimation from

In intensity‐modulated proton therapy (IMPT), unaccounted‐for variation in biological effectiveness contributes to the discrepancy between the constant relative biological effectiveness (RBE) model prediction and experimental observation. It is desirable to incorporate biological doses in treatment planning to improve modeling accuracy and consequently achieve a higher therapeutic ratio. This study

Linear energy transfer (LET)‐guided methods have been applied to intensity‐modulated proton therapy (IMPT) to improve its biological effect. However, using LET as a surrogate for biological effect ignores the topological relationship of the scanning spot to different structures of interest. In this study, we developed an optimization method that takes advantage of the continuing increase in LET beyond

To update the Carleton Laboratory for Radiotherapy Physics (CLRP) TG‐43 dosimetry database for low‐energy (≤50 keV) photon‐emitting low‐dose rate (LDR) brachytherapy sources utilizing the open‐source EGSnrc application egs_brachy rather than the BrachyDose application used previously for 27 LDR sources in the 2008 CLRP version (CLRPv1). CLRPv2 covers 40 sources ( Pd, I, and Cs). A comprehensive set

In this paper, by defining a new vocabulary for Jacobi theta functions, namely “spectral theta functions”, we show that how remarkably the N=2 superconformal characters are extracted by imposing a residue calculation on sl̂(2|1) affine Lie superalgebra characters in their non-unitary (non-trivial) cases. Therefore, to have more versatility in conformal quantum field theory context, we finalize our

Circuits capable of reconfigurable logic and neuromorphic functions can be created by exploiting the electronic tunability of two-dimensional tungsten diselenide homojunctions.

Recent advances in materials, mechanics and design have led to the development of ultrathin, lightweight electronic devices that can conformally interface with human skin. With few exceptions, these devices rely on electrical power to support sensing, wireless communication and signal conditioning. Unfortunately, most sources of such power consist of batteries constructed using hazardous materials

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of increasing iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithm strength at different tube voltages in coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) protocols using a three‐dimensional (3D)‐printed and Catphan® 500 phantoms.

To improve the efficiency of computed tomography (CT)‐magnetic resonance (MR) deformable image registration while ensuring the registration accuracy.

We present here a multilayer model for shallow grain-fluid mixtures with dilatancy effects. It can be seen as a generalization of the depth-averaged model presented in Bouchut et al. (2016) [6], that includes dilatancy effects by considering a two-layer model, a mixture grain-fluid layer and an upper fluid layer, to allow the exchange of fluid between them. In the present work the approximation of

Profust reliability analysis (RA) is established on probability assumption for the model inputs and fuzzy state assumption, and it is a useful tool to measure the safety degree of the structure with fuzzy failure state. In order to overcome the inefficiency of the existing AK-MCS method in profust RA for the structure with small profust failure probability, a novel dual-stage adaptive Kriging (DS-AK)

Objective To investigate whether the positional release technique (PRT) affects central sensitization in patients with chronic TTH. Design Randomised controlled trial with concealed allocation, assessor blinding and intention-to-treat analysis. Setting: Two university neurology clinics. Participants 32 patients with TTH and MTrPs in their cervical muscles. Intervention Patients in the PRT group received

Many parameter estimation problems arising in applications can be cast in the framework of Bayesian inversion. This allows not only for an estimate of the parameters, but also for the quantification of uncertainties in the estimates. Often in such problems the parameter-to-data map is very expensive to evaluate, and computing derivatives of the map, or derivative-adjoints, may not be feasible. Additionally

Objective Seated balance (SB) is substantially compromised and greatly impacts the function of individuals living with a spinal cord injury (SCI). A clinically applicable gold standard measure for SB does not exist for this population. Initial validation and reliability analysis of the Function in Sitting Test (FIST) in SCI has been published but the authors of this study report that modifications

In this work, we implement the local μ(I) rheology law and its non-local modification in a PISO-VOF numerical scheme with a sharp-interface-capturing THINC method for two-dimensional dense granular flows in both steady and transient states. The non-local effect on the constitutive relation is addressed by the gradient expansion model to account for additional momentum transport in view of the spatial

The isothermal Navier-Stokes-Korteweg system is a classical diffuse interface model for compressible two-phase flow which grounds in Van Der Waals' theory of capillarity. However, the numerical solution faces two major challenges: due to a third-order dispersion contribution in the momentum equations, extended numerical stencils are required for the flux calculation. Furthermore, the equation of state

Based on the developed continuum model combining the description of nonequilibrium thermal, hydrodynamic, and electronic processes, a detailed study of the mechanisms of fs laser ablation of an Al film has been performed. The main feature of the mathematical formulation is the direct connection of the electron pressure gradient with the electric field strength, which allows us to study various ablation

Aiming at quantifying high-purity uranium (235U/236U/238U) in coatings, a series of experiments were carried out by a dedicated small solid angle device. The physical design of the device and the small solid angle method were here in described, focus in particular on the analysis of detection efficiency, the effect of the isotope impurity in the coatings and the correction for the non-uniform distribution

There is no clear data about the optimum thicknesses, band gaps, and charge densities of Cu2O thin films to fabricate solar cells. Therefore, here, Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS) program was employed to simulate the Cu2O nanostructures solar cells. Effect of window layer thickness, absorber layer thickness, bandgap, and carrier concentration on basic parameters of Cu2O solar cells were studied