Regulatory authorities require pharmaceuticals to be sterilized wherever practicable by a terminal sterilization method that is sterilized in the final container rather than by aseptic techniques. Hence many pharmaceuticals that are heat labile are being sterilized by gamma irradiation. In view of the increasing interest in this sterilization technology in the pharmaceutical industry, an updated review

Despite the emergence of electron beam sterilization, photons are, and most likely will remain the most commonly used agents for radiation sterilization of medical devices. While it is generally accepted that dose gradients have to be carefully addressed in electron beam dose mapping experiments, photon fields are regarded as permissively with respect to performance qualification and aroused little

Potassium yttrium borate (KY(1-x)SmxBO3) referred as KYBO:Sm3+ phosphors with the varying of Sm3+ ions (x = 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5 mol%) were fabricated via the solid-state reaction process. The structural and optical studies were systematically investigated via X-ray diffractometer (XRD), excitation (PLE), emission (PL) spectra, and decay curves. The structure of KYBO:Sm3+ phosphors

New neutron field of the compact accelerator-driven fast neutron source based on the cyclotron and beryllium target station was studied and developed at the NPI CAS. Neutrons were generated using the deuteron bombardment on 8 mm thick beryllium layer by the 10.3 MeV deuteron beam. Broad neutron energy spectra of the d(10)+Be source reaction at two source-to-sample distances (14 mm and 154 mm) were

LaNbO4: Nd3+/Yb3+/Tm3+ phosphors were synthesized via a solid-state reaction method. Under both 808 nm and 980 nm excitations, the effects of Tm3+ concentration and temperature on the up-conversion luminescence properties of Tm3+ were investigated. From the excitation power densities dependent up-conversion emission intensities, it was confirmed that the up-conversion luminescence process of Tm3+ was

Ruthenium-106 (106Ru) plaques are specific applicators dedicated for intraocular brachytherapy. Small tumor volume and presence of vital organs in its close vicinity as well as appearance of very high dose gradient regions around the employed plaques cause unique challenges in plaque-based brachytherapy. Therefore, access to 3D dose distribution for each brachytherapy plaque is quite helpful to decide

Using the stack-foil activation technique, excitation functions were measured for (p, x) reactions on Monat target. The target was irradiated with a proton beam of 17 MeV kinetic energy. Along with the medically important radioisotopes Mo99/Tc99m we studied other long-lived radio-impurities produced in the target. Cross sections of all the produced radioisotopes from Monat(p,x) reactions are compared

Salt (NaCl) has importance not only in regard to the seasoning and preservation of food but also in greater mass utilisation settings, including the salting of roads in wintery conditions. The assessment of health benefits and risk from the intake of salt is of paramount importance, well appreciated in regard to hypernatremia and hypertension but much less considered within the content of natural radioactivity

The measurement of the 124Xe(n, 2n)123Xe reaction cross section at 14.8 MeV neutron has been performed by the activation method. Quasi monoenergetic neutron beams were produced at the Cockcroft Walton Accelerator of China Institute of Atomic Energy, by the T(d, n)4He reaction. A cell made of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was used as the container of 124Xe (99.95% abundance) gas, and the mass of 124Xe

CuO exhibits superior properties in semiconducting technology. The preparation with thermal activation can be found in several previous reports. Consequently, the synthesizing process at room temperature is interesting because of no energy consumption, reducing production costs. For material property modification, incorporated metal atoms affect the morphology and properties of the host lattice. Accordingly

Dosimetry in radiotherapy is extremely important to guarantee effectiveness of the treatment, as described by quality assurance procedures. The main dosimeter framework proposed by International Protocols is commonly based on determinations of in-water absorbed dose. Gel dosimetry, mainly based on liquid water, offers the unique characteristic that the phantom constitutes itself the radiosensitive

Background The collimators in which the various geometrical configurations have been suggested to optimize the sensitivity and resolution have a key role in acquiring the qualified images in nuclear medicine towards a better recognition of some diseases. Methods In this study, a new configuration as a geometrical combination of the conical, cylindrical and spherical (CCS) volumes for parallel-hole

Glasses are promising functional materials as phosphors with an aim to use in radiation measurements because of easy shaping, low fabrication cost and large volume fabrication possibility. In this study, Eu3+-activated gallate glasses having glass compositions of 20K2O–11La2O3–(69−x)Ga2O3–xEu2O3 (x = 0.1–1.0) were synthesized, and their photoluminescence, scintillation and thermoluminescent characteristics

The purpose of this article is to investigate the shielding performance of the B2O3-Bi2O3-ZnO-Li2O glasses against the gamma-ray. To this end, the attenuation parameters of the gamma-ray inside the B2O3-Bi2O3-ZnO-Li2O glasses were evaluated in the energy range of 200–1500 keV. It was found that the mass attenuation coefficient of the composites increases with increasing the Li2O content. The relative

Analytical formalism for the description of free electron laser (FEL) spectrum is proposed with account for the electron beam size, divergences, beam energy spread, the off-axis deflection and the periodic harmonic and non-periodic constant magnetic field components in undulators. The exact analytical expressions for the spontaneous undulator radiation (UR) are obtained in terms of generalized Bessel

In the present work, we report structure, magnetic and Mössbauer spectroscopic studies of nanocrystalline Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 ferrites irradiated with different doses (0, 50 and 100 kGy) of 60Co γ-irradiation. Samples are synthesized by solution combustion route. γ-Irradiation of all nanoparticles preserves the stable spinel cubic (Fd-3m) structure, as confirmed by X-ray diffractogram. XRD analysis reveals

The high-density shielding materials containing higher percentage (>80%) of BaSO4 have been developed and their gamma-ray attenuation parameters have been investigated. Three samples have been prepared [Sample-1 (83.75%), Sample-2 (84.75%), and Sample-3 (82.75%)], their elemental composition has been determined by the EDX method, and the density has been measured experimentally for Sample-1 (3.362

In radiotherapy, field sizes are defined in terms of the dimensions of the irradiation area. However, geometric square fields result in irradiation areas with rounded corners, which become almost elliptical for small fields. Superellipses are a family of curves encompassing shapes lying between ellipses and rectangles. The purpose of this work was to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of a novel

The cumulative yields of various short and relative long-lived fission products within the mass range of 80–115 and 123–157 have been measured in the epi-cadmium neutron induced fission of 99.9997 atom % 238U, by using an off-line γ-ray spectrometric technique. The mass chain yields were obtained from the cumulative yields by applying the charge distribution correction. The present and earlier data

In this work, the effect of exposure to 5 kGy of Gamma radiation and the addition of Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in different concentration 0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 wt% to sisal fiber/unsaturated polyester resin (SF-UP) composites (40/60) on the mechanical and acoustical properties was investigated. An enhancement in the mechanical properties was achieved by addition MWCNT up to 0.4%, and then

Physical, linear optical, dielectric spectroscopy and photon shielding competence of fabricated PVC (polyvinyl chloride) doped with xPbO nanoparticles (x = 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 25 wt%) have been investigated. The density of PVC is increased from 1.4451 to 2.1014 g cm−3 by incorporation 25 wt% of PbO. The optical band gap (Egap) decreases from 5.14 to 4.54 eV for the direct transition and from 4.50

In present study, the free radical behavior and interface interactions were investigated on the SiO2 deposited polyimide using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The results indicated that proton irradiation induced the formation of Si–NO and SiO2/C compounds. It is interested to note that the SiO2 at outmost surface and SiO2-PI interface

The effects of silanized sepiolite (SP) and electron beam (e-beam) irradiation on the physico-mechanical properties of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)/ternary polyamide (tPA) composites were studied. SP was silanized with vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) to enhance the dispersion and compatibility of the inorganic filler into the EVA/tPA matrix. The crosslinking of EVA/tPA by e-beam irradiation was

Novel ceramic tile/lead oxide nanocomposites were designed and assembled based on doping standard ceramic tiles with lead oxide nanoparticles to serve as promising alternative candidates for γ-ray shielding. Various techniques were used to examine the structural properties of the newly formed lead oxide nanoparticles-doped ceramic tile composites. The main parameter tested in order to characterize

Rocks are comparatively high-density materials, which can be developed as a protecting wall to reduce the radiation contact at buildings where gamma radiation is utilized. The Visible Near Infrared (VNIR) and Shortwave near Infrared (SWIR) bands of Landsat 8 remote sensing data are utilized to discriminate the mafic and ultramafic rocks’ lithology. The different Band combinations, band ratioed composites

In this study, the effect of trivalent samarium ion dopant on the tellurite (Te1) and fluorotellurite (FTe1) glasses properties have been investigated. The samples with compositions of the 54TeO2–10ZnO–35BaO-1Sm2O3 (Te1) and 54TeO2–10ZnF2–35BaO-1Sm2O3 (FTe1) were prepared by conventional melt quenching technique. The results shown that the densities and molar volume of the Te1 sample were 5.2443 g/cm3

Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) powder was prepared by co-precipitation method and annealed at different temperatures of between 300 and 700 °C. The effect of annealing temperature and effect washing process with deionized water on the crystal structures of the prepared LiCoO2 powders were thoroughly studied by Synchrotron powder X-Ray Diffraction (Syn-XRD), X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS), Dispersive

As biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) properly illustrates transformation of toxic organic compounds to harmless and biodegradable substances, it is often used to demonstrate the efficiency of wastewater treatment technologies. Nevertheless, H2O2 can form when solutions are subjected to advanced oxidation processes (AOP). H2O2 production is typical in high energy irradiation treatments. Toxic effect of

Particle reinforced epoxy matrix composites have recently been intensively prepared and investigated in numerous publications as a promising alternative gamma ray shielding materials. In this work, a DDM (4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethene) hardener modified by AA (acrylic acid) was used to cure the epoxy resin (E51) at room temperature. To obtain high performance epoxy composites, 30% by weight of tungsten

Humans are greatly affected by aflatoxin exposure via the dietary intake of pistachio nuts which pose a serious health risk. This study analysed the reduction of aflatoxin-B1 (AFB1) in pistachio using the exposure of gamma-rays of radioactive granite rock (RGR). The AFB1 level was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Meanwhile, the reduction of AFB1 in pistachios was examined

The nuclear power are being intensively developed all over the world, which brings lots of benefits to human while poses some threats too, especially to the staff of nuclear related industry. Unwished tritium produced during the generation of nuclear power should be carefully dealt with, and materials for individual protection that could remove tritium are urgently in demand. At present, there is still

The changes in structure and surface morphology of ZnO thin films due to gamma ray irradiation at high doses are reported. Raman spectroscopy measurements indicate improvement in wurtzite ZnO phase by a higher amount with initial dose of 66 kGy (kGy) and by a lower amount for doses of 132 kGy and 200 kGy. Improvement in c-axis orientation was confirmed by X-ray diffraction measurements. X-ray diffraction

Extensive and systematic calculations for energy levels and lifetimes are carried out for the lowest 145 levels arising from the 3s23p4, 3s3p5, 3s23p33d, 3p6, 3s3p43d and 3s23p23 d2 configurations in S-like Kr XXI ion using the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock (MCDF) method. Additionally, radiative data such as transition wavelengths, absorption oscillator strengths, line strengths and radiative decay

In this work, Ce3+:Gd2Si2O7/SiO2(0.1 mol% Ce3+) nanocomposite powders were successfully synthesized via γ-irradiation, followed by thermal treatment at 900 °C for 2h.The radiations were carried out in a 60Co γ-source chamber at a dose up to 50 kGy. The structural, morphological and optical properties were investigated using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Transmission electron

Diagnosis through positron emission tomography (PET) is an increasingly used procedure in cerebral, cardiac and especially oncology diseases. It is performed in nuclear medicine clinics, mainly using 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), which has one of the longest half-lives among positron emitters. The gamma rays, produced in the annihilations, require strict radiation control to guarantee the safety

The electron response and photon response of cadmium tungstate crystal (CWO) scintillation crystal have been investigated. For the photon response measurement, the 133Ba, 22Na, 137Cs and 60Co were used as radioactive sources in the energy range of 356–1332 keV. For the electron response measurement, the 137Cs source with gamma energy at 662 keV was used for the measurement of the coincidence electron

Objectives In this study, the effect of different dental implant materials on dose distribution in head and neck cancer radiotherapy planning was investigated in a real human dry-skull taken from cadaver. Methods The effect of Root-shaped Yttrium (Y) stabilized tetragonal Zr polycrystalline (Y-TZP), Titanium (Ti), Alumina (Al2O3) and polyether ether ketone (PEEK) dental implants on dose distribution

In gamma-ray spectrometry, the full energy peak efficiency can be determined by experimental, or by Monte Carlo (MC) simulation methods. In experimental methods, reference standard materials including a large number of gamma emitters or mixed gamma emitters in different geometries are requested to determine the efficiency curves. Besides, simulation by MC methods has advantages of modelling any geometries

The doses received by the patients during the computed tomography (CT) exams are the highest when compared to other diagnostic radiology procedures. This fact makes it so important to keep the quality control using the correct instrument. For dosimetry in CT, a pencil type ionization chamber is usually utilized with a sensitive volume length of 10 cm. A comparison of the performance of an extrapolation

In electron-beam (EB) polymerizations, altering the dose rate can cause property changes in the cured polymer, such as conversion, glass transition temperature (Tg), and physical or mechanical properties. These dose rate effects (DREs) complicate scale-up of EB polymerizations in industrial processes. A predictive relationship between DRE and changes in Tg was used to determine that DREs correlate

This contribution reports on the effects of 450 keV proton irradiation within the 1015–1017H+/cm2 fluence range on nano-crystalline Ni thin films. The surface and in-volume induced damages were investigated by grazing incidence X-rays diffraction, atomic force microscopy, Rutherford backscattering as well as four-point probe resistivity measurements. Within such a type of H+ irradiation, a significant

Present work is aimed to explore the electrical and structural behavior of polymer composite consists of poly (vinylidene difluoride)–lithium bis(oxalato)borate under tens of kGy neutron dose. PVDF-LiBOB samples were prepared via solution casting method. The samples were irradiated with neutron doses of 15, 23, 31, 39 and 47 kGy using Reaktor TRIGA PUSPATI at Malaysian Nuclear Agency. X-ray diffraction

Herein, we investigate the potential of using gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-functionalized microcantilever surfaces for gamma radiation detection. For this investigation, Si microelectromechanical system-based cantilevers and Si wafers are used. All the samples were irradiated using a60Co gamma source at different radiation doses (kGy). Using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray and X-ray

The aim of present work is to examine the radiation interaction properties of muscle, cortical bone, lungs and their tissue equivalent materials in variety of radiation based dosimetric applications. The radiation interaction parameters like photon fluence rate, energy fluence rate, kerma, relative kerma, effective atomic number (Zeff) and computed tomography (CT) number for tissues and their various

This work aims to study the effect of electron irradiation and Y2O3 content on the optical and luminescent properties of translucent cubic yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramics fabricated by free sintering technique. Commercial nanopowders TZ-8YS and TZ-10YS TOSOH were used for sintering ceramics. It was shown that irradiation leads to the formation of centers of induced absorption, which are

Purpose To evaluate absolute dose between phase- and amplitude-gated modes for lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), using the moving targets developed in-house. Methods The moving targets were developed in-house, allowing measurements of absolute dose using Semiflex ion chamber, Pinpoint ion chamber and microDiamond detector. 24 plans were generated in the Pinnacle 16.2 treatment planning

Composition of 5Li2O-(40-x) Na2O-xZnO-55P2O5 doped with 2 wt% (CdO + Te) where (x = 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 40) mol% glass system have been prepared and simulated for their gamma-ray shielding properties. The studied glasses were labeled as LNZP0–LNZP6 according to the values of Na2O and ZnO. Mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), Linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), half-value layer (HVL) and mean

Two series of borogermanate-tellurite glasses with compositions of (100-x)[35B2O3-10GeO2-55TeO2]-xGd2O3 and 28.875B2O3-8.25GeO2-45.375TeO2-(17.5-y)Gd2O3-yTb2O3 were prepared by melt-quenching method, respectively. The structural and optical properties of those glasses were studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA), Raman, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), transmittance, photoluminescence, and

Highly efficient gamma ray shielding glasses with chemical composition 39.5H3BO3–25TeO2−15MO−10Na2CO3–10K2CO3−0.5Dy2O3 (M = BaO, CaO, SrO, Li2O, ZnO) were synthesized by traditional melt-quenching technique. Physical, structural and elastic features of the glass systems were examined to prove the formation of bridging oxygens. The attributes such as optical basicity and ionic nature (Ic) clarifies

Thiophene is one of typical refractory organic pollutants in coal chemical wastewater, which cannot be effectively removed by traditional biological treatment processes. In this study, ionizing radiation was used to degrade thiophene. The effect of absorbed dose, initial concentration and pH on the thiophene degradation was investigated. The results showed that thiophene could be completely degraded

A new method is explored for estimating the fast or fission neutron removal cross sections in single-element or multi-element media. A spherical Monte Carlo model conforming to the removal theory for fission neutrons was used. The MCNP5 code coupled with ENDF/B-VII.0 library was used to simulate the transport of U-235 fission neutrons within the model. Several removal cross sections were generated

This paper presents a new procedure to optimize the geometric parameters of a n-type coaxial HPGe detector. It is based on a statistical technique called “Design of Experiments” (DoE). This technique aims to identify the most influential parameters and to determine the optimal configuration. In this work, The effects of each parameter on the detector responses have been investigated by a fractional

In this paper, simulations were carried out using Monte-Carlo N-Particle MCNP-4C code to determine the energy dependence of the response of a highly sensitive silver-activation detector used for fast-neutron detection after moderated to thermal neutrons. The detector consists of sandwiched alternating thin-sheets of silver and crystal scintillator Anthracene. The simulations also had considered different

The present study was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of low-dose γ-irradiation (1.0 kGy), antioxidants (rosemary and BHT) and antimicrobials (nisin and sodium nitrate) on physicochemical, oxidative and microbial quality of mutton meat emulsions. Irradiated samples treated with rosemary extract and BHT exhibited significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher emulsion stability, cooking yield and penetration

Impending challenges in radiation dose estimation in patients especially in radiotherapy and nuclear medicine are of great concern. There is an urgent need to employ a human-like medium for verification before any radiation-related treatment or procedure to safeguard the patient and to ensure accuracy and efficiency of the treatment given. Rhizophora spp. is among the extensively studied alternative

Radiation shielding calculations on spent fuel casks are an inherent part of the nuclear analyses performed for the site safety report (SSR) when siting an interim spent fuel storage facility (ISFSF). The basis for this is a legislative requirement that the licensee must demonstrate to the nuclear regulator that no member of the public will be exposed to a radiation health risk as result of the operation

In this work a novel sucrose based polyfunctional monomer (SPF) was prepared and evaluated as a co-agent in the radiation crosslinking of Ethylene propylene diene methylene linkage rubber (EPDM). The incroporation of SPF boosted the crosslink density which is reflected postively on the gel content and swelling resistance of irradiated EPDM. The mechnical properties of EPDM enhanced as the SPF content

SiO2-supported Ni phosphide catalysts are highly active toward the non-oxidative coupling of methane (NOCM) reaction, and their catalytic activity is strongly dependent on their Ni:P ratio. We analyzed Ni phosphide catalysts using X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) to elucidate the structure-catalytic activity relationship. Because only Ni2P was available as a reference material, we calculated