Nighttime light pollution is gaining significant interest in the scientific community and the public due to its harmful effects on human health, ecosystems, and leisure activities. Recently, many countries worldwide have been retrofitting their streetlights with light emitting diodes (LEDs) to enable smart street lighting while reducing energy use for street lights. However, little is known about the

Accurate emissivity measurement is essential for characterizing metasurfaces with highly directional thermal radiation. Traditional Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, particularly when using focusing optics, introduces measurement artifacts due to divergence angle effects, leading to underestimated emissivity and angular deviations. This study investigates the use of FTIR-based infrared

This study presents a novel methodology for retrieving the temporal evolution of a single physical parameter throughout the course of measurements conducted with imaging-FTIR systems. Rather than operating in the spectral domain, the proposed approach performs parameter fitting directly in the interferogram (i.e., the time or Optical Path Difference (OPD) domain). The method is based on a linearization

Atmospheric sounding from a space instrument usually leads to solving some inverse problem to retrieve a vertical number density profile of a particular constituent like ozone. The paper starts to consider the total number of calls to the forward model that are necessary to iteratively process a large ensemble of observations. For a comparable computational effort, it can be useful to generate a large

This paper presents the design, validation, and application of a new optically accessible gas cell capable of supporting high-pressure and high-temperature environments. The new cell enabled spectroscopic studies to be performed at pressures up to 200 atm and temperatures up to 1300 K. The cell was manufactured from a nickel alloy material to allow for high-temperature operation. Long sapphire rods

Polarization imaging has drawn significant attention from the research fraternity for decades due to its prominent imaging capabilities across multidisciplinary fields. Polarization imaging is based on the study of vectorial properties of light and associated vectorial transformations resulting from light-matter interaction. The range of polarization imaging and its applications is so broad that it

The high levels of nocturnal artificial light emissions from urban areas induce adverse effects on the environment and human health. Having adequate monitoring provides information for planning public policies and measuring their degree of achievement. Consequently, there is a need for optimal designing or redesigning of Light-Pollution Monitoring Networks focused on sensing the most impacting regions

This study quantifies the shortwave (SW) direct radiative forcing and heating rates associated with the monsoonal aerosol enhancements in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) over a broad spatial domain (25°N to 37.5°N and 40°E to 95°E) within the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone (ASMA) region. Using satellites and reanalysis data, we examine three dominant aerosol scenarios—sulfate

HFC-23 (CHF3) retrievals from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE-FTS) have been improved. The volume mixing ratio (VMR) values in the recent update (v6) have increased compared to the previous ACE version 5.2 retrievals, and the relative uncertainties have decreased. The HFC-23 VMR time series has been calculated and compared with Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases

In this work, we calculate the Landé g-factors for the 1s22s22p1/2 and 1s22s22p3/2 states in B-like systems with nuclear charges Z ranging from 10 to 20. Our method starts with the Dirac–Coulomb–Breit Hamiltonian, incorporating electron correlation effects from both negative-energy and positive-energy states using third-order many-body perturbation theory, and including leading-order quantum electrodynamics

A ro-vibrationally resolved corona model for the molecular hydrogen Fulcher-α transition based on the Yacora solver is introduced. The model couples 1365 ro-vibrational levels of the X1Σg+, d3Πu and a3Σg+ states via electron impact excitation from the ground state into the d3Πu state and subsequent spontaneous emission into the a3Σg+ state. For the process of electron impact excitation a set of 45260

Accurate rotation-vibration (ro-vibrational) energy levels of the main isotopologue of ozone (16O3) in its ground electronic X̃1A1 state are determined by performing MARVEL (Measured Active Rotation Vibration Energy Levels) analysis on measured line positions from 29 sources of data published in scientific literature. A total of 50276 ro-vibrational transitions are considered yielding 13664 MARVEL

We report high-quality IR line lists of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) computed using an ab initio potential energy surface (PES) refined with selected energy levels from HITRAN2020 and experimental energies for highly excited vibrational states, and CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pV(T/Q/5+d)Z dipole moment surfaces (DMS). With PES accuracy σrms < 0.01 cm-1 for 16O12C32S levels and DMS fitting σrms = 1.3×10–7 au for potential

We discuss the electromagnetic scattering and radiation problems of multilayered spheres, reviewing the history of the Lorentz–Mie theory and the numerical stability issues encountered in handling multilayered spheres. By combining recursive methods with the transfer matrix method, we propose a modified transfer matrix algorithm designed for the stable and efficient calculation of electromagnetic scattering

The infrared spectra of 28SiH4 were measured at varied experimental conditions with a Bruker Fourier transform infrared spectrometer IFS125HR and analyzed in the 2800–3400 cm−1 region where eight sub-bands of the four stretching–bending bands of the octad are located. The 5670 transitions (Jmax=27) belonging to these sub-bands were assigned (which is 5.5 times higher in comparison with the amount of

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a linear mathematical transformation that reduces data dimensionality and enables easy identification of data variability; PCA converts a correlated mean-subtracted data set into a series of principal components (PCs). PCA can be performed on inherent optical properties to enhance the computational efficiency of radiative transfer calculations. Prior work has demonstrated

Photovoltaic (PV) solar farms, composed of arrays of photovoltaic panels, play a vital role in our effort to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate global warming. Meanwhile, these panels alter surface radiative properties and can affect the local surface energy budget. To assess the influence of PV solar farms on the climate, previous modeling studies simply assumed flat solar panels lying

The relative intensities and cross sections of L-shell X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for elements with atomic numbers 64≤Z≤83 and compounds containing some of these targeted elements were measured at two excitation energies, 21 keV and 25 keV, using a synchrotron radiation source at XSAFS/XRF beamline of the Synchrotron Light Center for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East (SESAME),

Accurate intensities of the O2 A-band [b1Σg+←X3Σg−(0,0)] centered about 760 nm are essential to reduce biases in satellite- and ground-based remote measurements of column-integrated air mass and greenhouse gas concentration. In support of these remote sensing techniques, we made cavity ring-down spectroscopy measurements of 16O2 A-band line intensities up to J = 40, and we extrapolated these values

Oceanic particles play a significant role in determining the optical properties of the upper layer of oceans and, subsequently, the radiative forcing effect at the atmosphere-ocean interface. However, it is challenging to quantify the optical effects of these particles accurately. This study introduces a comprehensive optical property lookup table for oceanic particles, which can be used for oceanic

The intensities of all rovibrational electric quadrupole absorption lines in 16O2 (X3Σg−), for which the vibrational quantum number is v≤35 and the total angular momentum quantum number is J≤40, are calculated in the intermediate coupling using a new ab initio quadrupole moment curve of the ground electronic state of O2. The calculated values agree with those available in the HITRAN database, which

A laser absorption spectroscopy method was developed for in situ extraterrestrial sensing of four distinct water isotopologues near 2.64μm. Infrared rovibrational transitions for H216O, H218O, H217O, and HDO were selected within the overlapping ν1 and ν3 fundamental bands to maximize relative absorption intensity and reduce spectral interference with neighboring water lines and other species, such

Multispectral compatible stealth technologies are critically important in complex warfare environments, as they can effectively deceive various types of detection equipment, including visible light cameras and infrared thermal imagers. However, the integration of multiple stealth functionalities entails increasingly complex design requirements, posing significant challenges to the design of multispectral

The energy levels, transition probabilities, the relative uncertainty u, and wavelengths of electric dipole (E1) transitions for Ga-like Ag, Cd, and In ions were produced using the general purpose relativistic atomic structure package (GRASP2K) based on the fully relativistic multi-configuration Dirac-Hartree-Fock (MCDHF) method. The calculated energy levels and wavelengths are in excellent agreement

In this study, empirical and semi-empirical X-ray fluorescence cross-sections are generated for Kα1, Kα2, Kβ1′,and Kβ2′lines. The approach used was the fitting of experimental data by three-dimensional formulae. The empirical values were obtained through a fitting method making use of a three-dimensional function against atomic number Z and excitation energy E, resulting in a three-dimensional plot

Line shape of the first rotational transition of the CO molecule perturbed by N2 collisions was studied beyond the traditional Voigt profile at pressures from 0.1 up to 1500 Torr and temperatures from 238 up to 353 K using two different spectrometers with complementary abilities. Line intensity, shifting, mixing, broadening, and underlying continuum coefficients were retrieved. The experimental speed

A scattering model based on the Monte Carlo method (MCM) is developed to investigate the light scattering and extinction characteristics of non-aligned laser beams incident on a high concentration of mixed particle system. A set of measurement test systems for acquiring the scattered light energy distribution is constructed to verify the model accuracy, which yields the maximum root mean square errors

The CRTM transmittance coefficient generation package is a high-performance computing workflow to generate spectral and transmittance coefficients for the JCSDA Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM), which is used as an observation operator in satellite data assimilation applications. The characteristics of new instruments, whose observations are modeled by the CRTM, are encapsulated in these aforementioned

The high resolution submillimeter wave spectrum of the 12CH235Cl2 methylene chloride was analyzed in the wide spectral region from 0.075 up to 1.090 THz. The 5451 lines with the maximum values of quantum number Jmax=98 and Kamax=24, which correspond to 4037 unresolved singlet and central lines of triplets and 1414 peripheral lines of triplets (this spectroscopic structure is due to partially resolved/unresolved

In this work a preliminary feasibility study of the possibilities of laser cooling for the terbium atom was performed. Possible first- and second-stage cooling transitions were considered. For each of them semi-empirical estimation of the branching ratios and the lifetimes of the upper levels was performed. These should be regarded as rough estimates only, and certainly require experimental verification

The radiance of nighttime artificial lights measured by the VIIRS-DNB instrument on board the satellite Suomi-NPP increases at an average rate ∼2.2 %/yr worldwide, whereas the artificial radiance of the night sky deduced from the Globe at Night (GAN) unaided-eye observations of the number of visible stars is reported to increase at an average rate ∼9.6 %/yr. The difference between these two estimates

The hyperfine structure constants of the 1s22s22p2P1/2 and 2P3/2 states in the boron-like isoelectronic sequence with nuclear charges Z = 6 to 36 were calculated using the multiconfiguration Dirac-Hartree-Fock (MCDHF) method. In these calculations, we included electron correlation, Breit interaction, and one-electron quantum electrodynamics (QED) corrections. It was found that taking into account the

The congested absorption spectrum of ethylene (C2H4) is analyzed in the 2912-3270 cm-1 region dominated by the strong ν9 and ν11 CH stretching bands. A list of about 6870 lines has been retrieved from a room temperature Fourier transform spectrum (P = 2.568 hPa, L = 19.7 cm). Relying on the position and intensity agreements with a line list of 12C2H4 transitions calculated by the variational method

Estimating Top-of-Atmosphere (TOA) flux and radiance is essential for understanding Earth's radiation budget and climate dynamics. This study utilized polar nephelometer measurements of aerosol scattering coefficients at 17 angles (9–170°), enabling the experimental determination of aerosol phase functions and the calculation of Legendre moments. These moments were then used to estimate TOA flux and

The attenuation of electromagnetic waves due to rainfall is a critical factor in radar and telecommunication systems, particularly in frequency bands above 10 GHz, which is increasingly utilised for data transfer. This study addresses the gaps in understanding how these attenuation effects vary across different rainfall intensities and Drop Size Distributions (DSD). By analytically investigating the

Aerosols are an important factor leading to reduced visibility. In order to better comprehend the connection between visibility and aerosols, aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Angström exponent (AE) data from the Himawari-8 Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) are used for validation in comparison with the data from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations in this paper, which amounted to 69,026

The scattering phase function of atmospheric particle usually has a strong forward peak due to the diffraction effect so that the scattering energy spans large order differences of magnitude in all scattering directions. Correspondingly, the accurate computation of multiple scattering processes in the radiative transfer is high resolution required and time-consuming. A decomposition method is described

He-collision-induced line-shape parameters of CO2 lines were measured in the ν3 band using Fourier transform spectra recorded at room temperature and with pressures ranging from 263 mbar to 1106 mbar. The measured transmission spectra were analyzed with the Voigt profile combined with the first-order line-mixing approximation, accounting for the instrument line-shape function. The He-broadening coefficients

The spectroscopic investigations on 3p32D5/2−2D3/2 transitions of phosphorus-like Ge17+, As18+, Se19+, Br20+, and Kr21+ ions at an electron beam ion trap were presented. The direct wavelength measurements were reported for the first time for Ge17+−Br20+ ions. All the measurements reached precision levels of a few ppm. The theoretical calculations were carried out using multi-configuration Dirac–Hartree–Fock

We present two new open-source codes, in the C language, for simulation of the line-by-line molecular (gas) absorption in the solar spectral region with wavelengths up to ∼2500 (nm). The first one, gcell, simulates absorption spectroscopy in a gas cell for a given length of the cell, temperature, and pressure. The second one, aspect, is for spectroscopy in Earth's atmosphere - a common need for remote

Using extensive numerical computations for several benchmark geometries, we demonstrate the physical correctness and numerical stability of a two-step algorithm for computing the electromagnetic-scattering T-matrix of homogeneous penetrable three-dimensional scatterers with smooth boundaries. Our numerical results show that the T-matrices computed with our algorithm have high accuracy, even at size

Emission of electrons and photons during the cascade decay of inner-shell vacancies created after the decay of unstable 125I radionuclide is simulated by construction and analysis of the cascade decay trees in isolated-ion approximation. The yields of final cascade ions, the number of emitted electrons and photons, and their spectra, are calculated. During one transformation of 125I, the total energy

Based on the multiconfiguration Dirac–Hartree–Fock (MCDHF) method, accurate atomic spectra data including the transition rates, line strengths, and oscillator strengths for the inner-shell excited configuration 2s2p2 (4P)3p in N II ion are reported by taking into account the core-core, core-valence and valence correlation effects as well as the Breit interaction. Good accordance can be found in the

The work proposes a two-step indirect method for evaluating the beam shape coefficients (BSCs) of the electromagnetic (EM) field of shaped beams. The spherical wave expansion of the EM field is based on the expansion of the scalar potential function so that the BSCs of the EM field are obtained as the linear combinations of the BSCs of the potential function. By using the scalar translational addition

The present work explores the application of microwave remote sensing to distinguish between healthy and infested date palm trees, using a novel approach centered around the scattering to absorption width ratio (SAWR). Through comprehensive analytical formulations and numerical modeling, we investigate the interaction of palm trees with microwaves at oblique incidence, specifically at a frequency of

To analyze the influence of eccentricity and the properties of a focused beam on the features of photonic jets (PJs) formed by an eccentrically coated sphere, light scattering of an eccentrically coated sphere illuminated by a focused Gaussian beam is investigated by using the generalized Lorenz-Mie theory. Variations of internal and near-surface field distributions are calculated with the change of

Geometric optics methods with intensity mapping have been widely used to calculate the single-scattering properties of randomly oriented non-spherical particles with large size parameters, but the backscattering phase functions are often underestimated. The primary reason is that the coherent backscatter enhancement (CBE) is not addressed when the intensity mapping technique is used. In this paper

In this paper, we discuss the technical and numerical aspects related to a specific diagnostic tool, the Saha–Boltzmann plot, introduced in plasma spectroscopy by Yalcin et al. in 1999. The method has a clear physical background and requires only common spectroscopic data as input parameters. The output parameters are the electron temperature and the electron density of the investigated plasma. In

On one hand, we consider two T-matrix theories, namely “Generalized Lorenz–Mie theory” (GLMT) and “Extended Boundary Condition Method” (EBCM), in which structured beams may be expanded over Vector Spherical Wave Functions (VSWFs), with expansion coefficients expressed by using electromagnetic Beam Shape Coefficients (BSCs). On the other hand, we consider acoustical (more generally scalar) fields which

This study presents an information content analysis of the retrieval of global carbon monoxide (CO) from the 2nd generation of Hyperspectral Infrared Atmospheric Sounder on board Fengyun-3E (FY-3E/HIRAS-II), which is the world's first dawn-dusk orbiting meteorological satellite for civilian use with equatorial overpass times at about 5:30am/pm. Using the distinctive absorption features of CO around

Ro-vibrational energy levels of acetylene isotopologues are reported using variational nuclear motion calculations from empirically optimized full six-dimensional potential energy surface (PES) in the ground electronic state. This surface is based on pure ab initio PES of H12C12CH which took into account the triple, quadruple and quintuple excitations as well as relativistic and diagonal Born-Oppenheimer

Indonesia’s Ruang volcano erupted on April 16, 2024, with subsequent eruptions on April 17 and 30. The resulting plume was observed rising to altitudes of up to 12 km. 10 days after the eruption of the Ruang volcano in April 2024, the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) observed notable increases in SO2 volume mixing ratios and aerosol extinction at an altitude of approximately 20 km. It was confirmed

Remote sensing of nighttime urban light emissions becomes a common part of light pollution modeling. Radiance data gathered by various satellites scanning the Earth surface serve as important inputs for estimating the upward luminous flux of a city, which then allows to evaluate the level of light pollution in its surroundings. The easiest way is to assume the measured radiance of a city pixel as belonging

Accurate and reliable knowledge about how clouds with various layers and phases are vertically and horizontally distributed over the globe has been lacking, which hinders the understanding about the impacts of various sub-types of clouds. This study utilizes the cloud retrieval products from the CloudSat/CALIPSO satellite observations from 2007 to 2010 to analyze the global distributions of multi-layer

Photodissociation of AlO may be important for the aluminium chemistry in various astrophysical regions. The photodissociation cross sections and rates of AlO were investigated over the temperature range from 0 to 15000 K in this work. Firstly, the state-resolved cross sections at the wavelength of 50 − 5000 nm for transitions from the ground and first excited states were calculated using ab initio

An updated carbon dioxide line list for the HITEMP spectroscopic database is presented. This line list covers the 0–17697 cm−1 (>565 nm) spectral range and is built upon the AI-3000K semi-empirical line list for 12C16O2, 13C16O2, 16O12C18O, and 16O12C17O (Huang et al., 2023), combined with HITRAN2020 data, additional isotopologues, and further improvements described in this work. In order to make the

We introduce a theoretical framework to describe the heat flux radiated in the near-field regime by a set of magneto-optical thermal nanoemitters close to a substrate in the presence of an external magnetic field. Then, we investigate the particular case of a single emitter and we demonstrate that the external field can induce both an amplification of the heat exchanged between emittter and substrate

The results of statistical modeling of the angular characteristics of reflected solar radiation in the atmosphere containing a layer of ice crystal clouds with anisotropy caused by the orientation of particles in space are presented. Numerical experiments are carried out using (1) original algorithm of the Monte Carlo method for calculating characteristics of unpolarized solar radiation taking into

Black carbon (BC) is a type of light absorbing substances in atmosphere, which has a significant impact on regional and global radiation balance. When evaluating the climatic effects of BC, the complex morphology of BC poses a challenge for large-scale climate models to proceed with the calculations. In this study, we developed a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) that combines residual links