This White Paper highlights the essential role of hadronic transport simulations of heavy-ion collisions in studies involving the equation of state of nuclear matter. It also elucidates many connections between inferences of the equation of state from heavy-ion collision data and other efforts aiming to understand the properties of nuclear matter.

We survey the impact of nuclear three-body forces on structure properties of nuclei within the shell model. It has long been acknowledged, since the seminal works of Zuker and coworkers, that three-body forces play a fundamental role in making the monopole component of shell-model Hamiltonians, derived from realistic nucleon–nucleon potentials, able to reproduce the observed evolution of the shell

Neutrinos continue to provide a testing ground for the structure of the standard model of particle physics as well as hints towards the physics beyond the standard model. Neutrinos of energies spanning over several orders of magnitude, originating in many terrestrial and astrophysical processes, have been detected via various decay and interaction mechanisms. At MeV scales, there has been one elusive

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Phase transitions in a non-perturbative regime can be studied by ab initio Lattice Field Theory methods. The status and future research directions for LFT investigations of Quantum Chromo-Dynamics under extreme conditions are reviewed, including properties of hadrons and of the hypothesized QCD axion as inferred from QCD topology in different phases. We discuss phase transitions in strong interactions

Extensive experimental and theoretical explorations over the last decades showed that the nucleon (proton/neutron) is not just a simple system of 3 quarks bound by gluons, but a complex system of valence and sea quarks as well as gluons (summarized as partons) which are all interacting with each other and moving relative to each other, following the rules of quantum chromo dynamics (QCD). To understand

We provide a pedagogical review article on fundamentals and applications of the quantum dynamics in strong electromagnetic fields in QED and QCD. The fundamentals include the basic picture of the Landau quantization and the resummation techniques applied to the class of higher-order diagrams that are enhanced by large magnitudes of the external fields. We then discuss observable effects of the vacuum

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One of characteristic phenomena for nuclei beyond the proton dripline is the simultaneous emission of two protons (2p). The current status of our knowledge of this most recently observed and the least known decay mode is presented. First, different approaches to theoretical description of this process, ranging from effective approximations to advanced three-body models are overviewed. Then, after a

One always looks for a simplified technique and desirable formalism, to solve the Hamiltonian, and to find the wave function, energy, etc, of a many-body system. The lowest order constrained variational (LOCV) method is designed such that, to fulfill the above requirements. The LOCV formalism is based on the first two, i.e., lowest order, terms of the cluster expansion theory with the Jastrow correlation

Above the chiral symmetry restoration crossover around Tch∼155 MeV a new regime arises in QCD, a stringy fluid, which is characterized by an approximate chiral spin symmetry of the thermal partition function. This symmetry is not a symmetry of the Dirac Lagrangian and is a symmetry of the electric part of the QCD Lagrangian. In this regime the medium consists of the chirally symmetric and approximately

One of the many physical questions that have emerged from studies of heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and the LHC concerns the validity of hydrodynamic modelling at the very early stages, when the Quark–Gluon Plasma system produced is still far from isotropy. In this article we review the idea of far-from-equilibrium hydrodynamic attractors as a way to understand how the complexity of initial states of

Cancer therapy with accelerated charged particles is one of the most valuable biomedical applications of nuclear physics. The technology has vastly evolved in the past 50 years, the number of clinical centers is exponentially growing, and recent clinical results support the physics and radiobiology rationale that particles should be less toxic and more effective than conventional X-rays for many cancer

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After a brief review of the experimental findings of d∗(2380) and several theoretical efforts to interpret its structure, the study of d∗(2380) on the quark–gluon degrees of freedom is presented in detail. On the basis of the SU(3) chiral constituent quark model and Resonating Group Method, the mass, width, wave function, and partial widths of almost all possible strong decays of the d∗(2380) state

In this work, we review the experimental and theoretical developments of bottomonia production in proton+proton and heavy-ion collisions. The bottomonia production process is proving to be one of the most robust processes to investigate the fundamental aspects of Quantum Chromodynamics at both low and high temperatures. The LHC experiments in the last decade have produced large statistics of bottomonia

Primordial black holes are under intense scrutiny since the detection of gravitational waves from mergers of Solar-mass black holes in 2015. More recently, the development of numerical tools and the precision observational data have rekindled the effort to constrain the black hole abundance in the lower mass range, that is M<1023g. In particular, primordial black holes of asteroid mass M∼1017–1023g

As a free, intensive, rarely interactive, and well directional messenger, solar neutrinos have been driving both solar physics and neutrino physics developments for more than half a century. Since more extensive and advanced neutrino experiments are under construction, being planned or proposed, we are striving toward an era of precise and comprehensive measurement of solar neutrinos in the next decades

The concept of a relatively new type of energy sensitive detectors, namely calorimetric low temperature detectors, which measure the temperature rise of an absorber due to the impact of an energetic particle or photon, is displayed, and its basic properties and its advantage over conventional detector schemes is discussed. Due to the low operating temperature, the impact of a microscopic particle or

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We review the physics of hyperons and Δ-resonances in dense matter in compact stars. The covariant density functional approach to the equation of state and composition of dense nuclear matter in the mean-field Hartree and Hartree–Fock approximation is presented, with regimes covering cold β-equilibrated matter, hot and dense matter with and without neutrinos relevant for the description of supernovas

This White Paper aims at highlighting the important benefits in the science reach of the EIC. High luminosity operation is generally desirable, as it enables producing and harvesting scientific results in a shorter time period. It becomes crucial for programs that would require many months or even years of operation at lower luminosity.

The Thick Gas Electron Multiplier (THGEM) is a robust high-gain gas-avalanche electron multiplier – a building block of a variety of radiation detectors. It can be manufactured economically by standard printed-circuit drilling and etching technology. We present a detailed review of the THGEM and its derivatives. We focus on the physics phenomena that govern their operation and performances under different

A broad range of problems associated with phase transitions in systems characterized by the strong interaction between particles and with formation of structures is reviewed. A general phenomenological mean-field model is constructed describing phase transitions of the first and the second order to the homogeneous, k0=0, and inhomogeneous, k→0≠0 , states, the latter may occur even in case, when the

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The diffusion of heavy quarks through the quark–gluon plasma (QGP) as produced in high-energy heavy-ion collisions has long been recognized as an excellent probe of its transport properties. In addition, the experimentally observed heavy-flavor hadrons carry valuable information about the hadronization process of the transported quarks. Here we review recent progress in the theoretical developments

We have presented a review of the properties of neutrinos and their interactions with matter. The different (anti)neutrino processes like the quasielastic scattering, inelastic production of mesons and hyperons, and the deep inelastic scattering from the free nucleons are discussed, and the results for the scattering cross sections are presented. The polarization observables for the leptons and hadrons

Herein, we review the nuclear equations of state (EOSs) and the constituent nuclei of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) and their roles in CCSN simulations. Various nuclei such as deuterons, iron, and extremely neutron-rich nuclei compose in the central engines of CCSNe. The center of a collapsing core is dominated by neutron-rich heavy nuclei prior to the occurrence of core bounce. Their weak interactions

We present a review of recent applications of nonlocal chiral effective theory to hadron structure studies. Starting from a nonlocal meson–baryon effective chiral Lagrangian, we show how the introduction of a correlation function representing the finite extent of hadrons regularizes the meson loop integrals and introduces momentum dependence in vertex form factors in a gauge invariant manner. We apply

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I will review the state of the art of the equation of state for strongly interacting matter from first principles. I will discuss results at zero and finite chemical potential. For the latter, I will focus on Taylor expansion, analytical continuation from imaginary chemical potential, and a novel expansion scheme that was recently introduced, and that allowed a substantial extension of the coverage

The microscopic quantum nature of elementary particles, chirality, leads to macroscopic phenomena like the chiral anomaly, chiral magnetic effect, and chiral plasma instability. We review recent progress of the studies of these chiral effects in high-energy astrophysics, such as pulsar kicks, magnetars, and core-collapse supernovae, and early Universe cosmology, such as the primordial magnetic field

Investigation into the properties and structure of unstable nuclei far from stability is a key avenue of research in modern nuclear physics. These efforts are motivated by the continual observation of unexpected structure phenomena in nuclei with unusual proton-to-neutron ratios. In recent decades, laser spectroscopy techniques have made significant contributions in our understanding of exotic nuclei

This review aims at giving a critical description of the theoretical researches conducted on the low-lying dipole states traditionally denoted as Pygmy Dipole Resonances (PDR). A brief survey of the experimental techniques and recent experimental findings is presented as an introduction to the main part of the paper. The presence of the PDR on stable and unstable nuclei with neutron excess is well

We review the current state of research on electromagnetic probes in the context of heavy-ion collisions. The focus is on thermal photons and dileptons which provide unique insights into the properties of the created hot and dense matter. This review is intended to provide an introductory overview of the topic as well as a discussion of recent theoretical and experimental results. In particular, we

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Beyond individually resolvable gravitational wave events such as binary black hole and binary neutron star mergers, the superposition of many more weak signals coming from a multitude of sources is expected to contribute to an overall background, the so-called stochastic gravitational wave background. In this review, we give an overview of possible detection methods in the search for this background

We review the status and prospects of heavy-ion double charge exchange (HI-DCE) reactions. Their important role for nuclear reaction, nuclear structure and double beta-decay investigations is outlined. From the experimental side the characteristically tiny cross sections for these processes and the high background generated by other more probable competing reactions is the main challenge, which has

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The basic materials of Berry’s phase and chiral anomalies are presented to appreciate the phenomena related to those notions recently discussed in the literature. As for Berry’s phase, a general survey of the subject including the anomalous Hall effect is presented using both Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms. The canonical Hamiltonian formalism of the Born–Oppenheimer approximation, when applied

Finite-density lattice QCD aims for the first-principle study of QCD at finite density, which describes the system consisting of many quarks. The main targets are systems such as quark–gluon plasma, nuclei, and neutron stars. Explaining macroscopic physics from the microscopic theory is a natural path in the development of physics. To understand the strong interaction completely, we have to solve finite-density

Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP), a QCD state of matter created in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions, has remarkable properties including, for example, a low shear viscosity over entropy ratio. By detecting the collection of low-momentum particles that arise from the collision, it is possible to gain quantitative insight into the created matter. However, its fast evolution and thermalization properties

Many novel quantum phenomena emerge in non-equilibrium relativistic quantum matter under extreme conditions such as strong magnetic fields and rotations. The quantum kinetic theory based on Wigner functions in quantum field theory provides a powerful and effective microscopic description of these quantum phenomena. In this article we review some of recent advances in the quantum kinetic theory and

Vortex states of photons, electrons, and other particles are non-plane-wave solutions of the corresponding wave equation with helicoidal wave fronts. These states possess an intrinsic orbital angular momentum with respect to the average propagation direction, which represents a new degree of freedom, previously unexplored in particle or nuclear collisions. Vortex states of photons, electrons, neutrons

We summarize the ongoing scientific program of the 12 GeV Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) and give an outlook into future opportunities. The program addresses important topics in nuclear, hadronic, and electroweak physics, including nuclear femtography, meson and baryon spectroscopy, quarks and gluons in nuclei, precision tests of the standard model and dark sector searches. Potential

We have presented a review of the properties of neutrinos and their interactions with matter. The different (anti)neutrino processes like the quasielastic scattering, inelastic production of mesons and hyperons, and the deep inelastic scattering from the free nucleons are discussed and the results for the scattering cross sections are presented. The polarization observables for the leptons and hadrons

The origins of the elements and isotopes of cosmic material is a critical aspect of understanding the evolution of the universe. Nucleosynthesis typically requires physical conditions of high temperatures and densities. These are found in the Big Bang, in the interiors of stars, and in explosions with their compressional shocks and high neutrino and neutron fluxes. Many different tools are available

The last two decades have witnessed the discovery of a myriad of new and unexpected hadrons. The future holds more surprises for us, thanks to new-generation experiments. Understanding the signals and determining the properties of the states requires a parallel theoretical effort. To make full use of available and forthcoming data, a careful amplitude modeling is required, together with a sound treatment

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In this review article, we describe the role of holography in deciphering the physics of dense QCD matter, relevant for the description of compact stars and their binary mergers. We review the strengths and limitations of the holographic duality in describing strongly interacting matter at large baryon density, walk the reader through the most important results derived using the holographic approach

Nuclear weak rates in stellar environments are obtained by taking into account recent advances in shell-model studies of spin-dependent excitation modes in nuclei including Gamow–Teller (GT) and spin-dipole transitions. They are applied to nuclear weak processes in stars such as cooling and heating of the cores of stars and nucleosynthesis in supernovae. The important roles of accurate weak rates for

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Nuclear weak decays provide important probes to fundamental symmetries in nature. A precise description of these processes in atomic nuclei requires comprehensive knowledge on both the strong and weak interactions in the nuclear medium and on the dynamics of quantum many-body systems. In particular, an observation of the hypothetical double beta decay without emission of neutrinos (0νββ) would unambiguously

Atomic nuclei are quantum many-body systems of protons and neutrons held together by strong nuclear forces. Under the proper conditions, nuclei can break into two (sometimes three) fragments which will subsequently decay by emitting particles. This phenomenon is called nuclear fission. Since different fission events may produce different fragmentations, the end-products of all fissions that occurred

A wide range of exotic bound systems incorporating antiprotons (atoms, atomic ions, molecules or molecular ions) can be formed, in many cases simply by replacing at least one electron of a matter system by an antiproton. A number of these systems have been studied over decades, while others (in particular antihydrogen) have only recently been the object of precision measurements, and a much larger

Transport models are the main method to obtain physics information on the nuclear equation of state and in-medium properties of particles from low to relativistic-energy heavy-ion collisions. The Transport Model Evaluation Project (TMEP) has been pursued to test the robustness of transport model predictions in reaching consistent conclusions from the same type of physical model. To this end, calculations

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QCD critical point is a landmark region in the QCD phase diagram outlined by temperature as a function of baryon chemical potential. To the right of this second-order phase transition point, one expects first order quark–hadron phase transition boundary, towards the left a crossover region, top of it lies the quark–gluon plasma phase and below it the hadronic phase. Hence locating the QCD critical