The climate system is a forced, dissipative, nonlinear, complex and heterogeneous system that is out of thermodynamic equilibrium. The system exhibits natural variability on many scales of motion, in time as well as space, and it is subject to various external forcings, natural as well as anthropogenic. This paper reviews the observational evidence on climate phenomena and the governing equations of

Entangled pairs of microwave photons are commonly produced in the narrow frequency band of a resonator, which represents a modified vacuum density of states. We generate and investigate the entanglement of a stream of photon pairs, generated in a semi-infinite broadband transmission line, terminated by a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). A weak pump signal modulates the SQUID inductance

The nonlinear optical responses from topological semimetals are crucial in both understanding the fundamental properties of quantum materials and designing next-generation light-sensors or solar-cells. However, previous work focused on the optical effects from bulk states only, disregarding the responses from topological surface states. In this letter, we propose a new surface-only photocurrent response

Chiral superconductors exhibit novel transport properties that depend on the topology of the order parameter, topology of the Fermi surface, the spectrum of bulk and edge Fermionic excitations, and the structure of the impurity potential. In the case of electronic heat transport, impurities induce an anomalous (zero-field) thermal Hall conductivity that is easily orders of magnitude larger than the

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.129903

We propose an all-loop expression for scattering amplitudes in planar 𝒩=4 super Yang-Mills theory in multi-Regge kinematics valid for all multiplicities, all helicity configurations and arbitrary logarithmic accuracy. Our expression is arrived at from comparing explicit perturbative results with general expectations from the integrable structure of a closely related collinear limit. A crucial ingredient

Detailed spectroscopy of the neutron-unbound nucleus 28F has been performed for the first time following proton/neutron removal from 29Ne/29F beams at energies around 230~MeV/nucleon. The invariant-mass spectra were reconstructed for both the 27F(*)+n and 26F(*)+2n coincidences and revealed a series of well-defined resonances. A near-threshold state was observed in both reactions and is identified

Very lean hydrogen flames were thought to quench in narrow confined geometries. We show for the first time how flames with very low fuel concentration undergo an unprecedented propagation in narrow gaps: H2-air flames can survive very adverse conditions by breaking the reaction front into isolated flame cells that travel steadily in straight lines or split to perform a fractal-like propagation that

We report on the first measurement of the charmed baryon ~production at midrapidity (|y|,$

The electronic transport dimension plays a key role on the topological quantum devices. For example, the 3D conductive system should be reduced into a 2D electronic system for the observation of quantum Hall effect with 1D edge transport. Here, we report an anomalous dimensional reduction of transport carriers by increasing the geometry size of Dirac semimetal Cd3As2-based Josephson junctions. An evolution

Elastic scattering of antiprotons off 4He, 12C, and 16,18O is described for the first time with a consistent microscopic approach based on the calculation of an optical potential (OP) describing the antiproton-target interaction. The OP is derived using the recent antiproton-nucleon (p‾N) chiral interaction to calculate the p‾N t matrix, while the target densities are computed with the {} no-core shell

We study sharp-edge structures that are used in microfluidic systems for particle and cell manipulation. Experiments show that oscillating sharp-edges can attract or repel particles suspended in a microfluidic channel. This effect is assumed to be caused by acoustic radiation forces produced by sharp-edges. We propose a theory that allows the evaluation of acoustic radiation forces produced by sharp-edge

Magnon-phonon hybrid excitations are studied theoretically in a two-dimensional antiferromagnet with an easy axis normal to the plane. We show that two magnon bands and one phonon band are intertwined by the magnetoelastic coupling through a nontrivial SU(3) topology, which can be intuitively perceived by identifying a skyrmion structure in the momentum space. Our results are insensitive to lattice

We show that the lifetime of ultracold ground-state 87Rb133Cs molecules in an optical trap is limited by fast optical excitation of long-lived two-body collision complexes. We partially suppress this loss mechanism by applying square-wave modulation to the trap intensity, such that the molecules spend 75% of each modulation cycle in the dark. By varying the modulation frequency, we show that the lifetime

Polyelectrolytes (PE) are charged polymers in polar solvents. Classical scaling theories suggest that the viscosity $$ for semidilute unentangled PE solutions in θ solvents obeys the empirical Fuoss law η∝np1/2 in the “salt-free” regime, and η∝np5/4 in the regime affected by added salt, where the polymer concentration np is defined as number of monomers per volume. However, recent experiments have

Humans share a deep bond with coasts and oceans. More than 500 million people live in coastal communities, and beaches and seafood attract tourists from around the world. Archaeological research in southern Africa revealed early human coastal adaptations that occurred at least as far back as ∼160,000 years ago (1) in the Middle Stone Age (MSA)—the cultural period of the earliest Homo sapiens. Paleolithic

Cancer is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality, and despite therapeutic advances, it still represents the second leading cause of death worldwide (1). As cancers grow, evolve, and spread, they shed circulating tumor cells (CTCs), as well as other tumor-associated cells and products, into the bloodstream. Capturing and analyzing CTCs or other tumor-associated cells and products from

Instabilities in Earth's climate system have intrigued scientists ever since analyses from Greenland ice cores revealed climate variations over the last hundred thousand years (1, 2). Abrupt changes were not singular events but a pervasive feature of the last ice age. Studies pointed to the ocean, specifically the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), as a possible origin of these large

Over time, somatic mutations accrue during normal cell division and tissue self-renewal. The patterns of age-associated somatic mutation have been perhaps most extensively characterized in the blood. Although many mutations are functionally benign, a subset represents premalignant initiating events in hematopoietic stem cells that result in clonal expansion. This clonal hematopoiesis confers an increased

Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have the potential to reduce, restore, or modify RNA and protein expression. Thus, they can target disease pathogenesis by altering the expression of mutant proteins (1). The recent regulatory approval of ASOs for the pediatric motor neuron disease spinal muscular atrophy has provided a regulatory pathway for additional ASO therapies in other central nervous system

When we look at surveys of the scientific community, we see an overall trend: The presence of women, minorities, and other groups that have been historically subject to harassment tapers off in later career stages. This occurs despite those groups' strong interest and proficiency in science and engineering. As a primary public funding resource for science and engineering research and training, the

Each December for decades now, I've spent a few days in Pacific Grove, California, attending the Asilomar Chromatin, Chromosomes, and Epigenetics Conference. Before reading Neil Shubin's Some Assembly Required, however, I never knew that the city's first female mayor, Julia Platt, was also an accomplished embryologist. Having been shut out of academic positions, which were, at the turn of the 20th

Life expectancy in the United States declined for 3 years in a row between 2014 and 2017. This is surprising in a world where we have grown accustomed to rising life expectancy. Anne Case and Angus Deaton's new book, Deaths of Despair, deals with three questions: Who is dying, why are they dying, and what can we do about it?

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the cellular receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that is causing the serious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. Here, we present cryo–electron microscopy structures of full-length human ACE2 in the presence of the neutral amino acid transporter B0AT1 with or without the receptor

Somatic mutations acquired in healthy tissues as we age are major determinants of cancer risk. Whether variants confer a fitness advantage or rise to detectable frequencies by chance remains largely unknown. Blood sequencing data from ~50,000 individuals reveal how mutation, genetic drift, and fitness shape the genetic diversity of healthy blood (clonal hematopoiesis). We show that positive selection

Spin-orbit coupling has proven indispensable in the realization of topological materials and, more recently, Ising pairing in two-dimensional superconductors. This pairing mechanism relies on inversion symmetry–breaking and sustains anomalously large in-plane polarizing magnetic fields whose upper limit is predicted to diverge at low temperatures. Here, we show that the recently discovered superconductor

Spectroscopy is a powerful tool for studying molecules and is commonly performed on large thermal molecular ensembles that are perturbed by motional shifts and interactions with the environment and one another, resulting in convoluted spectra and limited resolution. Here, we use quantum-logic techniques to prepare a trapped molecular ion in a single quantum state, drive terahertz rotational transitions

The wave function of a Tonks-Girardeau (T-G) gas of strongly interacting bosons in one dimension maps onto the absolute value of the wave function of a noninteracting Fermi gas. Although this fermionization makes many aspects of the two gases identical, their equilibrium momentum distributions are quite different. We observed dynamical fermionization, where the momentum distribution of a T-G gas evolves

Observations of nearby galaxies and galaxy clusters have reported an unexpected x-ray emission line around 3.5 kilo–electron volts (keV). Proposals to explain this line include decaying dark matter—in particular, that the decay of sterile neutrinos with a mass around 7 keV could match the available data. If this interpretation is correct, the 3.5-keV line should also be emitted by dark matter in the

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are shed into the bloodstream from primary tumors, but only a small subset generates metastases. We conducted an in vivo genome-wide CRISPR activation screen in breast cancer patient-derived CTCs to identify genes that promote their distant metastasis in mice. Genes coding for ribosomal proteins and regulators of translation were enriched in this screen. Overexpression

The structure of melt-quenched zeolitic imidazole framework (ZIF) glasses can provide insights into their glass-formation mechanism. We directly detected short-range disorder in ZIF glasses using ultrahigh-field zinc-67 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Two distinct Zn sites characteristic of the parent crystals transformed upon melting into a single tetrahedral site with a broad

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) shapes global climate patterns yet its sensitivity to external climate forcing remains uncertain. Modeling studies suggest that ENSO is sensitive to sulfate aerosol forcing associated with explosive volcanism but observational support for this effect remains ambiguous. Here, we used absolutely dated fossil corals from the central tropical Pacific to gauge ENSO’s

The premature abscission of flowers and fruits limits crop yield under environmental stress. Drought-induced flower drop in tomato plants was found to be regulated by phytosulfokine (PSK), a peptide hormone previously known for its growth-promoting and immune-modulating activities. PSK formation in response to drought stress depends on phytaspase 2, a subtilisin-like protease of the phytaspase subtype

Disrupting North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) ventilation is a key concern in climate projections. We use (sub)centennially resolved bottom water δ13C records that span the interglacials of the last 0.5 million years to assess the frequency of and the climatic backgrounds capable of triggering large NADW reductions. Episodes of reduced NADW in the deep Atlantic, similar in magnitude to glacial events

Hybrid semiconductor-superconductor nanowires have emerged as a promising platform for realizing topological superconductivity (TSC). Here, we present a route to TSC using magnetic flux applied to a full superconducting shell surrounding a semiconducting nanowire core. Tunneling into the core reveals a hard induced gap near zero applied flux, corresponding to zero phase winding, and a gapped region

Marine food–reliant subsistence systems such as those in the African Middle Stone Age (MSA) were not thought to exist in Europe until the much later Mesolithic. Whether this apparent lag reflects taphonomic biases or behavioral distinctions between archaic and modern humans remains much debated. Figueira Brava cave, in the Arrábida range (Portugal), provides an exceptionally well preserved record of

This article reviews an emerging area of research within economics that seeks to better understand contemporary economic outcomes by taking a historical perspective. The field has established that many of the contemporary differences in comparative economic development have their roots in the distant past. The insights gained from this literature are not only of academic importance but also useful

Dissipation is a general feature of non-Hermitian systems. But rather than being an unavoidable nuisance, non-Hermiticity can be precisely controlled and, hence, used for sophisticated applications such as optical sensors with enhanced sensitivity. In our work, we implement a non-Hermitian photonic mesh lattice by tailoring the anisotropy of the inter-site coupling. The appearance of an interface results

Transcription polymerases can exhibit an unusual mode of regenerating certain RNA templates from RNA, yielding systems that can replicate and evolve with RNA as information carrier. Two classes of pathogenic RNAs (Hepatitis delta virus in animals and viroids in plants) are copied by host transcription polymerases. Using in vitro RNA replication by the transcription polymerase of T7 bacteriophage as

Manipulation of DNA by CRISPR-Cas enzymes requires the recognition of a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), limiting target site recognition to a subset of sequences. To remove this constraint, we engineered variants of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) to eliminate the NGG PAM requirement. We developed a variant named SpG capable of targeting an expanded set of NGN PAMs, and further optimized this

Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) are a diverse family of enzymes that are alone capable of generating 2′-deoxynucleotides de novo and are thus critical in DNA biosynthesis and repair. The nucleotide reduction reaction in all RNRs requires the generation of a transient active site thiyl radical, and in class I RNRs this process involves a long-range radical transfer between two subunits, α and β. Due

Maximizing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells that can exceed the Shockley-Queisser single-cell limit requires a high performing, stable perovskite top cell with a wide band gap. We developed a stable perovskite solar cell with a band gap of ~1.7 electron volt that retained over 80% of its initial PCE of 20.7% after 1000 hours of continuous illumination.

Understanding mechanisms for rectifying stochastic fluctuations has been a longstanding problem in non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. Here, we explore an opportunity provided by non-equilibrium parity violating metamaterials to uncover new mechanisms for rectification of energy and motion. Using a parity violating gyroscopic metamaterial that is allowed to interact with a bath of active particles