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Active Metasurface-Based Wideband Polarization Converter With a Switchable Notch IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Samiran Pramanik, Saikat Chandra Bakshi, Chaitali Koley, Debasis Mitra, Alessio Monti, Filiberto Bilotti
We introduce a new metasurface-based wideband polarization converter with a switchable notch band. Unlike previous structures, the proposed structure utilizes the properties of p-i-n diodes to offer switchable functionalities between single/dual-frequency bands. Specifically, during the on- state of diodes, an incident linearly polarized (LP) plane wave of frequency range 4.87–11.41 GHz is converted
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Comparison Between Shielding Effectiveness of Slotted Cavities in a Mode Stirred Chamber and Free Space IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-06-30 Suchitra Ramani, Eric Y. Raby, Quinn Marksteiner
We conduct a comparative study using shielding effectiveness (SE) measurements from canonical test objects inside an anechoic chamber (AC) and a mode stirred chamber (MSC) and full wave electromagnetic (EM) simulations. SE is a critical parameter used to evaluate interference caused by external EM radiation and is defined as the ratio of the power received inside an enclosure to the power that would
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Effects of Increasing Number of Disturbance Sources on the Setting of Emission Limits IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-06-28 Yasushi Matsumoto, Kaoru Gotoh, Yukio Yamanaka
The effects of increasing the number of electromagnetic disturbance sources on the emission limits for radio protection are studied from two different viewpoints: with and without considering the aggregation of disturbance from multiple sources. It is assumed in a 2-D model that sources are randomly located following a uniform distribution, except for the area within a protection distance from a victim
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Optimization of Double Ring Frequency Selective Surface for Sub 5G/X-Band Communications Using Supervised ML and DL Algorithms IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-06-27 SD. Sairam, D. Sriram Kumar, Sreenivasan Sabapathi, Saikiran Angali
In this research article, a frequency selective surface (FSS) for double band stop response for sub 5G (6 GHz) communication, X-band (10 GHz) communication, and band pass response for 7.2 GHz for ultra-wideband applications with optimized dimensions will be predicted by machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques. From the equivalent circuit model (ECM), the inductance and capacitance characteristics
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A Correction to Rusck Expression for the Evaluation of Lightning-Induced Overvoltages for High-Resistivity Ground IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-06-26 Noor Ul Ain, Amedeo Andreotti, Farhan Mahmood, Mohammad E. M. Rizk
The assessment of the indirect lightning performance of overhead distribution lines is important to enhance the reliability of power systems. This article proposes an approximate formula for the evaluation of peak values of lightning-induced voltages in presence of highly resistive grounds. The simulations have been performed using the finite-difference time-domain method, considering the various parameters
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Dipole-Moment-Based Reciprocity for Practical Desensitization Identification and Mitigation IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-06-21 Shengxuan Xia, Hanfeng Wang, Yansheng Wang, Zhonghua Wu, Chulsoon Hwang, Jun Fan
Radio frequency interference can degrade the receiving sensitivity of antennas. The interference is usually caused by certain coupling structures, such as layouts without adequate grounding for the radio frequency signal return path. Those structures can be modeled as a set of equivalent dipole moments when they are electrically small. Herein, the dipole moment model-based coupling framework is applied
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Performance Against Direct Lightning on 10-kV Overhead Distribution Lines With Counterpoise Wires IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-06-19 Jinxin Cao, Yaping Du, Yuxuan Ding, Zhe Li, Mingli Chen, Ruihan Qi
This article investigates the lightning performance of a 10-kV overhead distribution line equipped with grounding counterpoise wires under extremely low soil conductivity conditions. A partial element equivalent circuit model with the lossy ground being considered is adopted for lightning surge investigation. The Monte Carlo method considering natural lightning randomness is used for the flashover
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Miniaturization of a Fully Metallic Bandpass Frequency Selective Surface for Millimeter-Wave Band Applications IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-06-16 Wai Yan Yong, Andrés Alayón Glazunov
This article presents a miniaturized all-metallic bandpass frequency selective surface (FSS) for millimeter-wave (mmWave) applications. The designed FSS is realized as a slot-type element that can be easily incorporated into all-metallic device architectures. The miniaturization is achieved by a convoluted or meander slot structure, i.e., a miniaturization technique borrowed from conventional substrate-based
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ESD Events to Wearable Medical Devices in Healthcare Environments—Part 1: Current Measurements IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-06-15 Mehdi Kohani, Javad Meiguni, David J. Pommerenke, Michael G. Pecht
Wearable medical devices are widely used for monitoring and treatment of patients. Electrostatic discharge can render these devices unreliable and cause a temporary or permanent disturbance in their operation. In a healthcare environment, severe electrostatic discharge (ESD) can occur while a patient, lying down or sitting on a hospital bed with a wearable device, discharges the device via a grounded
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Investigation of Induced Overvoltages on DC Cables of PV System Subjected to Lightning Strikes Using FDTD Method IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-06-15 Ibrahim Hetita, Diaa-Eldin A. Mansour, Yang Han, Ping Yang, Congling Wang, Amr S. Zalhaf
Due to installation of photovoltaic (PV) panels in outdoor areas, they are subjected to lightning strikes which may cause degradation or complete damage, resulting in service interruption and added cost. Hence, it is crucial to provide an efficient and effective lightning protection system which requires some considerations to increase its efficiency and reduce its cost. Any damage to the PV system
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Modified Knowledge-Based Neural Networks Using Control Variates for the Fast Uncertainty Quantification of On-Chip MWCNT Interconnects IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-06-15 Km Dimple, Surila Guglani, Avirup Dasgupta, Rohit Sharma, Sourajeet Roy, Brajesh Kumar Kaushik
In this article, a modified knowledge-based artificial neural network (KBANN) metamodel is developed for the efficient uncertainty quantification of on-chip multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) interconnects. The proposed KBANN metamodel utilizes the notion of control variates to enable much faster training than what is possible with standard KBANNs. Importantly, techniques to calculate the optimal
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Optimized Analytical Computation of Partial Elements Using a Retarded Taylor Series Expansion IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-06-12 Daniele Romano, Ivana Kovacevic-Badstuebner, Ulrike Grossner, Giulio Antonini
The aim of this article is to efficiently and accurately calculate the integrals of the full-wave (FW) partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method. The accuracy of the analytical formulas calculated by the standard precision can be compromised when using nonuniform mesh to properly model the high-frequency effects. The numerical errors can be avoided by using a high-precision arithmetic, i.e.
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A Methodology for Predicting Acoustic Noise From Singing Capacitors in Mobile Devices IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-06-07 Xin Yan, Jianmin Zhang, Songping Wu, Ming-Feng Xue, Chi Kin Benjamin Leung, Eric A. MacIntosh, Daryl G. Beetner
Multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) connected to a power distribution network (PDN) can create acoustic noise through a combination of the power rail noise at the MLCCs and the piezoelectric effect of the capacitor's ceramic material. The deformation of the MLCCs brought on by power supply noise creates vibrations which cause the printed circuit board (PCB) to vibrate and generate the audible acoustic
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Numerical Assessment of Human EMF Exposure to Collocated and Distributed Massive MIMO Deployments in an Industrial Indoor Environment IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Sergei Shikhantsov, Arno Thielens, Günter Vermeeren, Piet Demeester, Luc Martens, Wout Joseph
This article presents a comparative numerical study of collocated and distributed massive multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) deployments at 3.5 GHz in an industrial indoor environment from the point of view of downlink human electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. A collection of environmental models incorporating elements with stochastic geometry is generated, in which the EMF propagation is calculated
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Magnetic-Field Transmission Through a Circular Aperture in a Magneto-Conductive Screen: Identification of Aperture Penetration and Field Diffusion Contributions IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Giampiero Lovat, Paolo Burghignoli, Rodolfo Araneo, Salvatore Celozzi
The magnetic field transmitted through a circular aperture in an infinite magneto-conductive planar screen with finite thickness is studied, considering as a source a circular electric current loop coaxial with the aperture. The field source consists of a circular electric current loop coaxial with the aperture. First, the finite thickness of the aperture is taken into account through suitable generalized
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Observation and Modeling of Attempted Leaders in a Multibranched Altitude-Triggered Lightning Flash IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-31 Li Cai, Wangxiang Chu, Mi Zhou, Rui Su, Changfeng Xu, Jianguo Wang, Yadong Fan
A multibranched altitude-triggered lightning flash containing 15 attempted leaders (ALs) was observed. These leaders propagated along three paths with different development processes. The average two-dimensional speed of the ALs ranged from 3.8 × 10 5 m/s to 29.4 × 10 5 m/s, and the terminal height ranged from over 1626 to 505 m above the ground. The progressing characteristics of ALs were investigated
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Investigation of Blade Receptor Number on the Lightning Attachment Behavior of Wind Turbine IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-31 Mi Zhou, Jingkang Huang, Weihan Zhao, Xinrui Zuo, Haoshen Fan, Li Cai, Jianguo Wang
The blade receptor plays an essential role in the lightning protection effect of wind turbines (WTs). In this investigation, five categories of WT lightning protection systems, with various pairs (two, three, four, six, and eight) of receptors on the blades, are evaluated by reduced-scale laboratory discharge experiments as well as by full-scale electric field calculations, from which the lightning
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Analysis of Transient in Secondary Cable Due to a Direct Lightning Strike on Grounding Grid IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-31 Bo Zhang, Chaoran Li, Zhuoran Liu, Jinliang He
When a substation suffers from a lightning strike, beside the interference from the space, there are two main ways in which the transient disturbance affects the secondary cable through the grounding system: the uneven potential distribution and the mutual inductance between the secondary cable and the ground conductor. In this article, a circuit model of grounding grid is developed taking into consideration
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The Analytical Expression of Lightning Channel Base Current by Lorentzian Pulse Fitting IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-26 Shuangxing Yun, Ning Fu, Changchun Lv, Guannan Liu, Guoliang Zhang, Liyan Qiao
Aiming for the robustness improvement in a noisy environment, we propose a new representation method based on Lorentzian pulse fitting for the analytical expression process of the measured lightning channel base current (LCBC) in this article. The Lorentzian pulse train is determined only by a finite number of free parameters, which can be estimated from the high-energy part of the LCBC signal spectrum
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Effect of Stray Capacitance in a Distribution Network on the Accuracy of Fault Location Based on Electromagnetic Time Reversal Method IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-26 Haonan Cui, Qing Yang, Jian Sun, Tong Zhou
The existing electromagnetic time reversal (EMTR) method for determining the location of faults in a distribution system does not consider stray capacitors in the system, leading to inaccurate fault location results. In this article, the influence of stray capacitors at the end and middle of the line on the EMTR method without considering the capacitance in the backward-time process was analyzed, the
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Transmission Attenuation Evaluation of Noise Suppression Sheet for 5G and Beyond IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-24 Tomonori Arakawa, Toshiyuki Igarashi, Masahiro Horibe, Shingo Tamaru, Shigeyoshi Yoshida
To support the development of smart technology, such as the Internet of Things, smart devices, and smart manufacturing, 5G and beyond mobile communication systems will utilize higher frequencies. Accordingly, the number and types of network devices will increase, and how to suppress electromagnetic interference in such small wireless communication terminals will be an important issue. As one of the
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Via Impact on Passive Intermodulation Distortion in Planar Circuits IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-22 Keyue Zhang, Xiong Chen, Xiaolong Zhao, Zhi Cao, Yongning He
This work presents the passive intermodulation (PIM) induced by vias in microwave circuits. An analytical model combining the equivalent nonlinear source theory and the vector superposition principle is established to evaluate the PIM product of the vias array, which is influenced by the combination effect of the vias location, diameter, and number. The proposed model is verified and evaluated at 2
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An Electromagnetic Interference Immune PAM-4 Transceiver System IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-16 Mohit Singh Choudhary, Sandeep Goyal, Naga Surya Anjan Kumar Pudi, Jean-Michel Redoute, Maryam Shojaei Baghini
This article presents the design of a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) transceiver that supports high-speed wireline communication in the presence of electromagnetic interference (EMI). The proposed PAM-4 transceiver uses an input level shifter (ILS) and a modified electrostatic discharge (ESD)-protection circuit to reduce the effects of EMI at the transmitter. In order to overcome the effects of
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Parameters of the Initial Continuous Current of Negative Upward Lightning Measured at the Peissenberg Tower, Germany, From 1992 to 2022 IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-16 Fridolin H. Heidler, Felicitas Modlinger
In this article, we analyze the parameters of the initial continuous current (ICC) of the negative upward lightning measured at the Peissenberg Tower, Germany, from 1992 to 2022. A total of 54.9% of them were ICC Only -flashes (without significant ICC-pulse), 24.0% of them were ICC RS -flashes (with subsequent return stroke), 19.6% of them were ICC P -flashes (with ICC-pulses > 2 kA), and 1.5% of them
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On Spread Spectrum for DC Grids: Low-Frequency Conducted EMI Mitigation and Signal Integrity Disruption in Serial Communication Links IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-12 Angel Pena-Quintal, Waseem El Sayed, Mark Sumner, Seda Ustun Ercan, Steve Greedy, Dave Thomas, Robert Smolenski
This article addresses the effects on nearby communication systems when spread spectrum modulation techniques are used for a dc–dc power converter. These interactions can be found in modern smart grids and automotive power networks in which the combination of communication links, switching power supplies, and long cables play a major role in electromagnetic interference issues at low frequencies below
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Hole-Patterned Carbonyl Iron Powder/Epoxy Composite Low-Profile Electromagnetic Absorber Operating at Ka-Band IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-11 Nohgyeom Ha, Gyoungdeuk Kim, Sukjin Kwon, Seunghan Ryu, Byeongjin Park, Sangkil Kim
This research developed a mmWave electromagnetic (EM) absorber with a simply punched hole pattern, which was introduced on the flat CIP/epoxy composite to overcome the limitation of the magnetic materials. This absorber was designed on a carbonyl iron powder (CIP) and epoxy resin composite with Snoek's limit of about 26 GHz. First, the morphologies of the fabricated CIP/epoxy composite were characterized
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A Practical Technique Using Planar Coils to Make the Radiated Immunity of Specific Integrated Circuit Pins Less Dependent From PCB Orientation IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-10 Mohsen Koohestani, Mohamed Ramdani, Richard Perdriau
In this article, an inexpensive passive approach is proposed, both making the immunity of integrated circuits (ICs) less dependent on their orientation and controlling the immunity of specific pins. This technique is based on the introduction of planar 2-D coils surrounding the microcontroller ( $\boldsymbol{\mu}$ C) at the printed circuit board (PCB) level. The importance of the coil physical parameters
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Susceptibility of the Instrumentation to Conducted EMI Injected Through the Ground Plane IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-09 Anna Richelli, Nicola Malnati
This article presents the effects of electromagnetic interferences in common instrumentation, like multimeters and oscilloscopes. This investigation is of paramount importance when the interferences can directly reach the instrumentation used to verify the susceptibility of the circuits under test. In particular, the referred case of study is that of electromagnetic interferences injected through the
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Efficient Evaluation of Incident Power Density by Millimeter-Wave MIMO User Equipment Using Vectorized Field Superposition and Stochastic Population Optimizers IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-03 Congsheng Li, Tongning Wu
In this work, stochastic population optimizers are applied with vectorized field values to determine the peak exposure of user equipment (UE) installed with a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna operating at 28 GHz. This problem presents a significant challenge due to the difficulty in evaluating all possible configurations of the input values. By aids of optimization on initial population
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Propagation Characteristics of Lightning Radiation Field on Three-Layer Vertical Layered Ground Based on CPML Absorption Boundary IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-03 Linsen Jiang, Xiaoyan Dong, Xiao Zhou, Jiaquan Wang, Jiajun Song, Qiming Ma
The perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition based on coordinate scaling transformation (CPML) has a good absorption effect in finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD) calculation. In this study, we derive the CPML update equations in the 2-D cylindrical coordinate system by setting an appropriate coordinate-stretching variable, which can more easily achieve CPML and obtain good results
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An Ultrabroadband Energy Selective Surface With Nonreciprocal Performance for HIRF Protection IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-27 Zhaofeng Wu, Peiguo Liu, Bowen Deng, Tao Tian, Song Zha, Xiaocheng Ni
In this article, a novel nonreciprocal energy selective surface (ESS) concept is proposed against high-intensity radiation field (HIRF) threat, which has unidirectional HIRF isolation performance in ultra-broadband. The nonreciprocal ESS consists of an electromagnetic (EM) detector, a controlling module, and a controllable surface. The EM detector is used to monitor the forward electric field. When
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Prediction of Lightning Currents on Fastening Assemblies of an Aircraft Fuel Tank With Machine Learning Methods IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-26 Paul Monferran, Charles Guille-Escuret, Christophe Guiffaut, Alain Reineix
An important challenge for the aircraft industry consists to predict the currents on the fastening assemblies in order to avoid sparking, which can lead to accident, especially for fuel tank fasteners. In the literature, it has been demonstrated that the contact resistance plays a major role in the current path on fasteners. Nevertheless, these contact resistances cannot be well determined and vary
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A New Approach to the Evaluation of the Lightning Horizontal Electric Field Over a Lossy Ground Based on the Time-Domain Cooray–Rubinstein Formula Fitted by Orthogonal Polynomials IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-26 Tianhao Wang, Haolin Jiang, Gang Lv, Quanyi Yu, Shanshan Guan
The calculation of lightning return stroke electromagnetic field is the basis for evaluating transmission line lightning-induced voltages. The Cooray–Rubinstein formula in the time domain is widely used to evaluate the horizontal electric field of lightning return stroke on a lossy ground, but the evaluation of the formula requires high computation cost. Therefore, this study presents a new approach
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Localization and Identification of EMI Sources in Shielding Enclosures Based on a Two-Step Source Reconstruction Method IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-21 Zi An Wang, Jun Fa Mao, Li Jun Jiang, Ping Li
Localization and identification of unknown electromagnetic interference (EMI) sources in shielding enclosures is a great challenge due to the complex electromagnetic environment. In this work, a two-step source reconstruction method is proposed to address this issue. The actual EMI sources are initially modeled by equally distributed equivalent electric dipoles in the shielding enclosure. Effects of
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Design and Analysis of a Miniaturized Broadband Resistive Film Absorber to Reduce Chip System Radiation IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-21 Yan Li, Zhe Sun, Er-Ping Li
This study designed a resistive film absorber (RFA) with > 90% absorptivity in the 16–27 GHz broadband to reduce electromagnetic radiation in on-board chip architectures. The size of the RFA unit is miniature, which is only 0.1λ L × 0.1λ L × 0.06λ L (where λ L is the lowest operating frequency cutoff wavelength). First, the impedance matching and loss principle of the RFA are analyzed based on the
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Selection of the Lateral Distance for the Assessment Area in a Monte Carlo Procedure Under Indirect Lightning for Overhead Distribution Lines IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-19 Jinxin Cao, Amedeo Andreotti, Yaping Du, Nagananthini Ravichandran, Yuxuan Ding
Monte Carlo procedures are commonly adopted to evaluate the lightning flashover rate on overhead lines due to indirect lightning. This letter presents a discussion on selecting a lateral distance of the assessment area, in which a lightning stroke would cause a flashover. An inappropriate choice would either cause unexpected assessment errors or incur an extra computational burden. Unfortunately, in
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Efficient Noninvasive Fault Injection Method Utilizing Intentional Electromagnetic Interference IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-18 Hikaru Nishiyama, Daisuke Fujimoto, Hideaki Sone, Yuichi Hayashi
In the fault injection method, an electromagnetic (EM) wave is injected to temporarily cause a fault at a specific time of the encryption process, the faulty outputs are obtained from the cryptographic device, and the secret key is extracted by analyzing the faulty outputs. In the conventional method, the intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) wave is injected at a random time because it is
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A Dual-Sided LCLC Topology for AGV Wireless Charging System With Low Leakage EMF IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-18 Yanling Li, Yangjiang Ying, Kaiwen Xie, Shuaishuai Pan
The leakage electromagnetic field (EMF) generated during the wireless charging for automatic guidance vehicle will affect the regular operation of communication equipment and human safety. To reduce the leakage EMF, a dual-sided LCLC topology is introduced and optimized. The core idea is to construct the currents opposite to that flowing through the power transmission coils on primary and secondary
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Methodology for Analyzing Coupling Mechanisms in RFI Problems Based on PEEC IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-18 Xu Wang, Anfeng Huang, Wei Zhang, Reza Yazdani, DongHyun Kim, Takashi Enomoto, Taketoshi Sekine, Kenji Araki, Jun Fan, Chulsoon Hwang
In this article, a method for analyzing coupling mechanisms in radio frequency interference (RFI) problems is proposed. The partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method is first used to derive the retarded inductances and capacitances between different mesh cells. With the introduction of a novel partitioning algorithm, the capacitive coupling and inductive coupling between arbitrary layout parts
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Lightning Current Waveforms Inferred From Far-Field Waveforms for the Case of Strikes to Tall Objects IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-17 Shunsuke Koike, Yoshihiro Baba, Toshihiro Tsuboi, Vladimir A. Rakov
Electric and magnetic fields at far distances produced by lightning strikes to tall objects are different from those associated with lightning strikes to flat ground. Specifically, in the case of strikes to tall objects, the waveforms are oscillatory because of current reflections at the top and bottom of the tall object. In this article, a procedure to reconstruct the waveform of far electric field
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The Application of the Cholesky-Based Monte Carlo Method to Evaluate Lightning Channel Base Current IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-17 Amin Foroughi Nematollahi, Behrooz Vahidi
An application of the Cholesky-based Monte Carlo method is introduced to generate the lightning characteristics for the statistical analysis of lightning. The method explains how to use this approach to generate the lightning base current characteristics close to the measured parameters of channel base current. Then for about 20 000 different channel base current characteristics generated by this method
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Decision Algorithm Based on the Modified Bellman Equation to Deal With EMI-Induced Errors in Hamming-Based Communications IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-13 Miriam Gonzalez-Atienza, Dries Vanoost, Mathias Verbeke, Davy Pissoort
This article presents a decision-making algorithm based on a modified version of the Bellman equation to deal with electromagnetic interference errors in a communication channel inside a harsh electromagnetic reverberant environment. The Bellman equation is a fundamental concept in decision-making problems such as Markov decision processes. Such processes model decision making in situations where the
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Adaptive EMS Test Design Method on UAV Data Link Based on Bayesian Optimization IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-13 Tong Xu, Yazhou Chen, Min Zhao, Yuming Wang, Xiaolu Zhang
The complex electromagnetic environment makes the electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS) test challenging for the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data link. The EMS test can be regarded as an optimization problem to obtain the maximum signal-to-interference ratio that makes the data link losing lock. In this article, we proposed an adaptive EMS test design method based on Bayesian optimization to expand
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Effect of Eddy Current for Photovoltaic Module on Lightning-Induced Overvoltage Caused by Electromagnetic Coupling IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-12 Xiao Zhong, Qiuqin Sun, Danhua Chen, Jie Yuan, Feng Wang, She Chen, Lipeng Zhong
Lightning electromagnetic field will induce a high voltage on the photovoltaic (PV) farm and also generate the eddy current. To study the effect of eddy current inside a PV module, the mechanism of the eddy current is elucidated. The density of eddy current is derived and it is solved by the method of moments. The eddy current produces a magnetic field to weaken the original field, which can reduce
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Novel Multifunctional Reconfigurable Wideband Frequency-Selective Filter/Shielding With Independently Controlled Operating Modes IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-11 Zhefei Wang, Jintao Zhang, Qingsheng Zeng, Mingxin Song, Tayeb A. Denidni, Lixin Ran
In this article, a novel multifunctional reconfigurable wideband frequency-selective surface is proposed. Compared with the conventional structures that can only realize two switchable states of transmission and reflection, this design could independently manipulate the TE and TM waves through four modes. Second-order equivalent circuits based on two polarizations are studied to solve the impedance
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Analysis of Concurrent and Correlated Stirring Mechanisms in Reverberation Chambers IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-04 Carlo F. M. Carobbi, Ramiro Serra
A new multivariate statistical analysis is proposed to derive the estimates of effective sample sizes of reverberation chamber (RC) measurement data. Concurrent correlation effects, related to different and simultaneously acting stirring mechanisms, are taken into account and individually quantified. The mean and variance of correlated measurement data are also estimated, as well as the variance of
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Human Metal ESD: Design of a Full-Wave Model and an Improved Compact Generator IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-04 Guang-Xiao Luo, Bao-Cheng Huang, Ke Huang, Rui Mi, David Pommerenke
A full-size, full-wave human body model has been designed. Compared with a real human-metal electrostatic discharge (ESD), similar fields and currents are obtained from the numerical model. A resistive surface sheet is used in microwave studio to control the currents on the air-filled body. Its performance is verified by comparing it to the currents and fields from the real human ESD. A subcircuit
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Simulation of Vibrating Intrinsic Reverberation Chambers Using an FDTD Conformal Mesh IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-03 Florian Mahiddini, Guillaume Andrieu, Nicolas Bui, Christophe Guiffaut
This article presents an original simulation procedure devoted to the simulation of arbitrary-shaped reverberation chambers especially well suited for the analysis of vibrating intrinsic reverberation chambers (VIRC). The described method is based upon conformal finite-difference in time-domain (FDTD) modeling in order to model the rough surface geometry of the VIRC walls. On this point, we take full
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Echo TEMPEST: EM Information Leakage Induced by IEMI for Electronic Devices IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-03 Shugo Kaji, Daisuke Fujimoto, Masahiro Kinugawa, Yuichi Hayashi
Electromagnetic (EM) information leakage encourages attacks, wherein the attackers passively capture and analyze EM waves that are unintentionally generated by devices. Generally, devices with weak EM emission intensities are not targeted. However, even these devices would be subject to attacks if it becomes possible to actively sense the electrical changes that occur within them when information is
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The Current Generation Mechanism in the Earth Lines of a Building in TT System Struck Directly by Lightning IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-03 Hisyo Nakamura, Qianling Liu, Yantao Huang, Shinji Yasui, Masaya Nakagawa, Tatsuya Yamamoto
Surge protective devices (SPDs) are installed between the neutral and earth lines at the power substation in a TT system to protect the equipment in a building struck directly by lightning. In this case, when operating the SPD, the wiring system of the low-voltage distribution line is a TN system. Using this system, our previous study clarified that the overvoltage generated in the distribution board
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Lightning Surge Overvoltage Protection for Low-Voltage Equipment Placed Outdoors in TT System IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-03-29 Shinji Yasui, Taisei Kano, Nawakun Triruttanapiruk, Takashi Tsuchida
When a TT system is used for earthing a low-voltage distribution line, the conductive enclosure of the equipment is grounded separately from the system ground for the power line. In such a case, lightning protection depends on the installation of surge protective devices (SPD) on the equipment side. However, in newer systems, a protective earth (PE) line is wired from the power substation for stable
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Deviations From the Random Plane Wave Field Distribution in Electromagnetic Enclosures IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-03-29 Farasatul Adnan, Steven M. Anlage, Thomas M. Antonsen, Edward Ott
Wave energy distribution within enclosures with irregular boundaries is a common phenomenon in many branches of electromagnetics. If the wavelength of the injected wave is small compared with the structure size, the scattering properties of the enclosure will be extremely sensitive to small changes in geometry or wave frequency. In this case, statistical models are sought. The random coupling model
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Coupling Analysis of Shielded and Unshielded Star Quad Cables Excited by an Intentional Electromagnetic Pulse IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-03-23 Oussama Gassab, Yali Shao, Zhizhen Su, Fang He, Guohua Zhou, Zehong Hong, Fangmin He, Jin Meng, Dongyan Zhao, Wen-Yan Yin
Coupling analysis of shielded and unshielded star quad cables excited by an intentional electromagnetic pulse (IEMP) is investigated using the transmission line theory-based perturbation technique. A detailed modal analysis is presented to obtain the modal per-unit-length parameters of the modal signals in such shielded/unshielded star quad cables. Due to their geometrical balanced structures, with
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Averaged Behavior Model of Current-Mode Buck Converters for Transient Power Noise Analysis IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-03-23 Anfeng Huang, Jingdong Sun, Hongseok Kim, Zhenxue Xu, Shuai Jin, Songping Wu, Zhiping Yang, Kelvin Qiu, Jun Fan, Chulsoon Hwang
Accurate evaluation and simulation of power noise is critical in the development of modern electronic devices. However, the widely used target impedance fails to predict the low-frequency noise generated in a device due to the existence of the dc–dc converter, whose output impedance can change under different loading conditions. A physical circuit model is then desired to replicate the behavior of
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A Conformal Frequency Selective Rasorber With Intelligent Band-Transfer Abilities via Jointly Learning Network IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-03-21 Erji Li, Zhun Wei, Qian Wang, Enze Zhu, Wen-Yan Yin
Frequency selective rasorber (FSR) has been applied in many fields due to the specific ability to filter and absorb electromagnetic waves by designing the geometrical shapes and the structural parameters elaborately. However, the bulky structure and low angular stability of conventional FSR conflict with the conformal application. Further, the response of FSR is determined by multiparameters, making
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Validation of IC Conducted Emission and Immunity Models Including Aging and Thermal Stress IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-03-16 Qazi Mashaal Khan, Mohsen Koohestani, Jean-Luc Levant, Mohamed Ramdani, Richard Perdriau
Environmental factors, such as aging and thermal stress, can seriously impact the electromagnetic compatibility behavior of an integrated circuit (IC). The standardized IC emission model for conducted emission (ICEM-CE) and IC immunity model for conducted immunity (ICIM-CI) can be used in industry to predict electromagnetic behavior at the IC and the printed circuit board level. However, these do not
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Adapter for the Impedance Measurement of Power Cable With an Impedance Analyzer IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-03-14 Tamiris Grossl Bade, James Roudet, Alexis Derbey, André de Andrade, Lakdar Sadi-Haddad
Performing accurate measurements of power cables input impedance can be useful for many applications, e.g., identify the cable parameters for electromagnetic interference modeling, locate faults along the cable, etc. However, performing a transparent connection between a power cable of large dimensions and an impedance analyzer is challenging. This article proposes an input impedance measurement adapter
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A Compact Bandwidth and Frequency-Range Reconfigurable CM Filter Using Varactor-Loaded Dual-Slot-Based Defected Ground Structure IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-03-10 Zhibin Zeng, Lei Bai
A reconfigurable common-mode (CM) filter with a wide tunable bandwidth and frequency-range is proposed in this article. The filter adopts four compact dual-slot-based defected ground structure (DGS) cells to achieve a wide suppression of CM noise. To simplify the design, only one varactor and one dc-blocking capacitance are loaded on one DGS cell directly, which retains the original structure of the
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Analysis of Power Transfer Characteristics of IPT System With Near Field Magnetic Coupling IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-03-07 Kehan Zhang, Fan Dai, Xinyang Li, Zhengchao Yan, Fubin Zhang, Zhaoyong Mao, Aiguo Patrick Hu
This article investigates the working principle of the inductive power transfer (IPT) system from the perspectives of electromagnetic field distribution. According to the limitations of frequency and transmission distance, it is proved in this paper that the IPT system works in the near field, where the energy density of the magnetic field is much stronger than that of the electric field. Therefore
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A Multicomponent Iterative Method for Efficient Source Reconstruction Based on Magnitude-Only and Single-Plane Near-Field Scanning IEEE Trans. Electromagn Compat. (IF 2.1) Pub Date : 2023-03-06 Zhiqiang Yi, Jian Zou, Xinxin Tian, Quan Huang, Wenxiao Fang, Weiheng Shao, Yunfei En, Yang Gao, Peng Han
A multicomponent iterative method is proposed for efficient source reconstruction based on magnitude-only and single-plane near field scanning. Compared with the conventional method filling the multicomponent data into a whole transformation matrix, the multicomponent iterative method can save huge calculation time by evenly reducing the size of the transformation matrix into magnetic group and electric