We introduce a new metasurface-based wideband polarization converter with a switchable notch band. Unlike previous structures, the proposed structure utilizes the properties of p-i-n diodes to offer switchable functionalities between single/dual-frequency bands. Specifically, during the on- state of diodes, an incident linearly polarized (LP) plane wave of frequency range 4.87–11.41 GHz is converted

We conduct a comparative study using shielding effectiveness (SE) measurements from canonical test objects inside an anechoic chamber (AC) and a mode stirred chamber (MSC) and full wave electromagnetic (EM) simulations. SE is a critical parameter used to evaluate interference caused by external EM radiation and is defined as the ratio of the power received inside an enclosure to the power that would

The effects of increasing the number of electromagnetic disturbance sources on the emission limits for radio protection are studied from two different viewpoints: with and without considering the aggregation of disturbance from multiple sources. It is assumed in a 2-D model that sources are randomly located following a uniform distribution, except for the area within a protection distance from a victim

In this research article, a frequency selective surface (FSS) for double band stop response for sub 5G (6 GHz) communication, X-band (10 GHz) communication, and band pass response for 7.2 GHz for ultra-wideband applications with optimized dimensions will be predicted by machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques. From the equivalent circuit model (ECM), the inductance and capacitance characteristics

The assessment of the indirect lightning performance of overhead distribution lines is important to enhance the reliability of power systems. This article proposes an approximate formula for the evaluation of peak values of lightning-induced voltages in presence of highly resistive grounds. The simulations have been performed using the finite-difference time-domain method, considering the various parameters

Radio frequency interference can degrade the receiving sensitivity of antennas. The interference is usually caused by certain coupling structures, such as layouts without adequate grounding for the radio frequency signal return path. Those structures can be modeled as a set of equivalent dipole moments when they are electrically small. Herein, the dipole moment model-based coupling framework is applied

This article investigates the lightning performance of a 10-kV overhead distribution line equipped with grounding counterpoise wires under extremely low soil conductivity conditions. A partial element equivalent circuit model with the lossy ground being considered is adopted for lightning surge investigation. The Monte Carlo method considering natural lightning randomness is used for the flashover

This article presents a miniaturized all-metallic bandpass frequency selective surface (FSS) for millimeter-wave (mmWave) applications. The designed FSS is realized as a slot-type element that can be easily incorporated into all-metallic device architectures. The miniaturization is achieved by a convoluted or meander slot structure, i.e., a miniaturization technique borrowed from conventional substrate-based

Wearable medical devices are widely used for monitoring and treatment of patients. Electrostatic discharge can render these devices unreliable and cause a temporary or permanent disturbance in their operation. In a healthcare environment, severe electrostatic discharge (ESD) can occur while a patient, lying down or sitting on a hospital bed with a wearable device, discharges the device via a grounded

Due to installation of photovoltaic (PV) panels in outdoor areas, they are subjected to lightning strikes which may cause degradation or complete damage, resulting in service interruption and added cost. Hence, it is crucial to provide an efficient and effective lightning protection system which requires some considerations to increase its efficiency and reduce its cost. Any damage to the PV system

In this article, a modified knowledge-based artificial neural network (KBANN) metamodel is developed for the efficient uncertainty quantification of on-chip multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) interconnects. The proposed KBANN metamodel utilizes the notion of control variates to enable much faster training than what is possible with standard KBANNs. Importantly, techniques to calculate the optimal

The aim of this article is to efficiently and accurately calculate the integrals of the full-wave (FW) partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method. The accuracy of the analytical formulas calculated by the standard precision can be compromised when using nonuniform mesh to properly model the high-frequency effects. The numerical errors can be avoided by using a high-precision arithmetic, i.e.

Multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) connected to a power distribution network (PDN) can create acoustic noise through a combination of the power rail noise at the MLCCs and the piezoelectric effect of the capacitor's ceramic material. The deformation of the MLCCs brought on by power supply noise creates vibrations which cause the printed circuit board (PCB) to vibrate and generate the audible acoustic

This article presents a comparative numerical study of collocated and distributed massive multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) deployments at 3.5 GHz in an industrial indoor environment from the point of view of downlink human electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. A collection of environmental models incorporating elements with stochastic geometry is generated, in which the EMF propagation is calculated

The magnetic field transmitted through a circular aperture in an infinite magneto-conductive planar screen with finite thickness is studied, considering as a source a circular electric current loop coaxial with the aperture. The field source consists of a circular electric current loop coaxial with the aperture. First, the finite thickness of the aperture is taken into account through suitable generalized

A multibranched altitude-triggered lightning flash containing 15 attempted leaders (ALs) was observed. These leaders propagated along three paths with different development processes. The average two-dimensional speed of the ALs ranged from 3.8 × 10 5 m/s to 29.4 × 10 5 m/s, and the terminal height ranged from over 1626 to 505 m above the ground. The progressing characteristics of ALs were investigated

The blade receptor plays an essential role in the lightning protection effect of wind turbines (WTs). In this investigation, five categories of WT lightning protection systems, with various pairs (two, three, four, six, and eight) of receptors on the blades, are evaluated by reduced-scale laboratory discharge experiments as well as by full-scale electric field calculations, from which the lightning

When a substation suffers from a lightning strike, beside the interference from the space, there are two main ways in which the transient disturbance affects the secondary cable through the grounding system: the uneven potential distribution and the mutual inductance between the secondary cable and the ground conductor. In this article, a circuit model of grounding grid is developed taking into consideration

Aiming for the robustness improvement in a noisy environment, we propose a new representation method based on Lorentzian pulse fitting for the analytical expression process of the measured lightning channel base current (LCBC) in this article. The Lorentzian pulse train is determined only by a finite number of free parameters, which can be estimated from the high-energy part of the LCBC signal spectrum

The existing electromagnetic time reversal (EMTR) method for determining the location of faults in a distribution system does not consider stray capacitors in the system, leading to inaccurate fault location results. In this article, the influence of stray capacitors at the end and middle of the line on the EMTR method without considering the capacitance in the backward-time process was analyzed, the

To support the development of smart technology, such as the Internet of Things, smart devices, and smart manufacturing, 5G and beyond mobile communication systems will utilize higher frequencies. Accordingly, the number and types of network devices will increase, and how to suppress electromagnetic interference in such small wireless communication terminals will be an important issue. As one of the

This work presents the passive intermodulation (PIM) induced by vias in microwave circuits. An analytical model combining the equivalent nonlinear source theory and the vector superposition principle is established to evaluate the PIM product of the vias array, which is influenced by the combination effect of the vias location, diameter, and number. The proposed model is verified and evaluated at 2

This article presents the design of a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) transceiver that supports high-speed wireline communication in the presence of electromagnetic interference (EMI). The proposed PAM-4 transceiver uses an input level shifter (ILS) and a modified electrostatic discharge (ESD)-protection circuit to reduce the effects of EMI at the transmitter. In order to overcome the effects of

In this article, we analyze the parameters of the initial continuous current (ICC) of the negative upward lightning measured at the Peissenberg Tower, Germany, from 1992 to 2022. A total of 54.9% of them were ICC Only -flashes (without significant ICC-pulse), 24.0% of them were ICC RS -flashes (with subsequent return stroke), 19.6% of them were ICC P -flashes (with ICC-pulses > 2 kA), and 1.5% of them

This article addresses the effects on nearby communication systems when spread spectrum modulation techniques are used for a dc–dc power converter. These interactions can be found in modern smart grids and automotive power networks in which the combination of communication links, switching power supplies, and long cables play a major role in electromagnetic interference issues at low frequencies below

This research developed a mmWave electromagnetic (EM) absorber with a simply punched hole pattern, which was introduced on the flat CIP/epoxy composite to overcome the limitation of the magnetic materials. This absorber was designed on a carbonyl iron powder (CIP) and epoxy resin composite with Snoek's limit of about 26 GHz. First, the morphologies of the fabricated CIP/epoxy composite were characterized

In this article, an inexpensive passive approach is proposed, both making the immunity of integrated circuits (ICs) less dependent on their orientation and controlling the immunity of specific pins. This technique is based on the introduction of planar 2-D coils surrounding the microcontroller ( $\boldsymbol{\mu}$ C) at the printed circuit board (PCB) level. The importance of the coil physical parameters

This article presents the effects of electromagnetic interferences in common instrumentation, like multimeters and oscilloscopes. This investigation is of paramount importance when the interferences can directly reach the instrumentation used to verify the susceptibility of the circuits under test. In particular, the referred case of study is that of electromagnetic interferences injected through the

In this work, stochastic population optimizers are applied with vectorized field values to determine the peak exposure of user equipment (UE) installed with a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna operating at 28 GHz. This problem presents a significant challenge due to the difficulty in evaluating all possible configurations of the input values. By aids of optimization on initial population

The perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition based on coordinate scaling transformation (CPML) has a good absorption effect in finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD) calculation. In this study, we derive the CPML update equations in the 2-D cylindrical coordinate system by setting an appropriate coordinate-stretching variable, which can more easily achieve CPML and obtain good results

In this article, a novel nonreciprocal energy selective surface (ESS) concept is proposed against high-intensity radiation field (HIRF) threat, which has unidirectional HIRF isolation performance in ultra-broadband. The nonreciprocal ESS consists of an electromagnetic (EM) detector, a controlling module, and a controllable surface. The EM detector is used to monitor the forward electric field. When

An important challenge for the aircraft industry consists to predict the currents on the fastening assemblies in order to avoid sparking, which can lead to accident, especially for fuel tank fasteners. In the literature, it has been demonstrated that the contact resistance plays a major role in the current path on fasteners. Nevertheless, these contact resistances cannot be well determined and vary

The calculation of lightning return stroke electromagnetic field is the basis for evaluating transmission line lightning-induced voltages. The Cooray–Rubinstein formula in the time domain is widely used to evaluate the horizontal electric field of lightning return stroke on a lossy ground, but the evaluation of the formula requires high computation cost. Therefore, this study presents a new approach

Localization and identification of unknown electromagnetic interference (EMI) sources in shielding enclosures is a great challenge due to the complex electromagnetic environment. In this work, a two-step source reconstruction method is proposed to address this issue. The actual EMI sources are initially modeled by equally distributed equivalent electric dipoles in the shielding enclosure. Effects of

This study designed a resistive film absorber (RFA) with > 90% absorptivity in the 16–27 GHz broadband to reduce electromagnetic radiation in on-board chip architectures. The size of the RFA unit is miniature, which is only 0.1λ L × 0.1λ L × 0.06λ L (where λ L is the lowest operating frequency cutoff wavelength). First, the impedance matching and loss principle of the RFA are analyzed based on the

Monte Carlo procedures are commonly adopted to evaluate the lightning flashover rate on overhead lines due to indirect lightning. This letter presents a discussion on selecting a lateral distance of the assessment area, in which a lightning stroke would cause a flashover. An inappropriate choice would either cause unexpected assessment errors or incur an extra computational burden. Unfortunately, in

In the fault injection method, an electromagnetic (EM) wave is injected to temporarily cause a fault at a specific time of the encryption process, the faulty outputs are obtained from the cryptographic device, and the secret key is extracted by analyzing the faulty outputs. In the conventional method, the intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) wave is injected at a random time because it is

The leakage electromagnetic field (EMF) generated during the wireless charging for automatic guidance vehicle will affect the regular operation of communication equipment and human safety. To reduce the leakage EMF, a dual-sided LCLC topology is introduced and optimized. The core idea is to construct the currents opposite to that flowing through the power transmission coils on primary and secondary

In this article, a method for analyzing coupling mechanisms in radio frequency interference (RFI) problems is proposed. The partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method is first used to derive the retarded inductances and capacitances between different mesh cells. With the introduction of a novel partitioning algorithm, the capacitive coupling and inductive coupling between arbitrary layout parts

Electric and magnetic fields at far distances produced by lightning strikes to tall objects are different from those associated with lightning strikes to flat ground. Specifically, in the case of strikes to tall objects, the waveforms are oscillatory because of current reflections at the top and bottom of the tall object. In this article, a procedure to reconstruct the waveform of far electric field

An application of the Cholesky-based Monte Carlo method is introduced to generate the lightning characteristics for the statistical analysis of lightning. The method explains how to use this approach to generate the lightning base current characteristics close to the measured parameters of channel base current. Then for about 20 000 different channel base current characteristics generated by this method

This article presents a decision-making algorithm based on a modified version of the Bellman equation to deal with electromagnetic interference errors in a communication channel inside a harsh electromagnetic reverberant environment. The Bellman equation is a fundamental concept in decision-making problems such as Markov decision processes. Such processes model decision making in situations where the

The complex electromagnetic environment makes the electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS) test challenging for the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data link. The EMS test can be regarded as an optimization problem to obtain the maximum signal-to-interference ratio that makes the data link losing lock. In this article, we proposed an adaptive EMS test design method based on Bayesian optimization to expand

Lightning electromagnetic field will induce a high voltage on the photovoltaic (PV) farm and also generate the eddy current. To study the effect of eddy current inside a PV module, the mechanism of the eddy current is elucidated. The density of eddy current is derived and it is solved by the method of moments. The eddy current produces a magnetic field to weaken the original field, which can reduce

In this article, a novel multifunctional reconfigurable wideband frequency-selective surface is proposed. Compared with the conventional structures that can only realize two switchable states of transmission and reflection, this design could independently manipulate the TE and TM waves through four modes. Second-order equivalent circuits based on two polarizations are studied to solve the impedance

A new multivariate statistical analysis is proposed to derive the estimates of effective sample sizes of reverberation chamber (RC) measurement data. Concurrent correlation effects, related to different and simultaneously acting stirring mechanisms, are taken into account and individually quantified. The mean and variance of correlated measurement data are also estimated, as well as the variance of

A full-size, full-wave human body model has been designed. Compared with a real human-metal electrostatic discharge (ESD), similar fields and currents are obtained from the numerical model. A resistive surface sheet is used in microwave studio to control the currents on the air-filled body. Its performance is verified by comparing it to the currents and fields from the real human ESD. A subcircuit

This article presents an original simulation procedure devoted to the simulation of arbitrary-shaped reverberation chambers especially well suited for the analysis of vibrating intrinsic reverberation chambers (VIRC). The described method is based upon conformal finite-difference in time-domain (FDTD) modeling in order to model the rough surface geometry of the VIRC walls. On this point, we take full

Electromagnetic (EM) information leakage encourages attacks, wherein the attackers passively capture and analyze EM waves that are unintentionally generated by devices. Generally, devices with weak EM emission intensities are not targeted. However, even these devices would be subject to attacks if it becomes possible to actively sense the electrical changes that occur within them when information is

Surge protective devices (SPDs) are installed between the neutral and earth lines at the power substation in a TT system to protect the equipment in a building struck directly by lightning. In this case, when operating the SPD, the wiring system of the low-voltage distribution line is a TN system. Using this system, our previous study clarified that the overvoltage generated in the distribution board

When a TT system is used for earthing a low-voltage distribution line, the conductive enclosure of the equipment is grounded separately from the system ground for the power line. In such a case, lightning protection depends on the installation of surge protective devices (SPD) on the equipment side. However, in newer systems, a protective earth (PE) line is wired from the power substation for stable

Wave energy distribution within enclosures with irregular boundaries is a common phenomenon in many branches of electromagnetics. If the wavelength of the injected wave is small compared with the structure size, the scattering properties of the enclosure will be extremely sensitive to small changes in geometry or wave frequency. In this case, statistical models are sought. The random coupling model

Coupling analysis of shielded and unshielded star quad cables excited by an intentional electromagnetic pulse (IEMP) is investigated using the transmission line theory-based perturbation technique. A detailed modal analysis is presented to obtain the modal per-unit-length parameters of the modal signals in such shielded/unshielded star quad cables. Due to their geometrical balanced structures, with

Accurate evaluation and simulation of power noise is critical in the development of modern electronic devices. However, the widely used target impedance fails to predict the low-frequency noise generated in a device due to the existence of the dc–dc converter, whose output impedance can change under different loading conditions. A physical circuit model is then desired to replicate the behavior of

Frequency selective rasorber (FSR) has been applied in many fields due to the specific ability to filter and absorb electromagnetic waves by designing the geometrical shapes and the structural parameters elaborately. However, the bulky structure and low angular stability of conventional FSR conflict with the conformal application. Further, the response of FSR is determined by multiparameters, making

Environmental factors, such as aging and thermal stress, can seriously impact the electromagnetic compatibility behavior of an integrated circuit (IC). The standardized IC emission model for conducted emission (ICEM-CE) and IC immunity model for conducted immunity (ICIM-CI) can be used in industry to predict electromagnetic behavior at the IC and the printed circuit board level. However, these do not

Performing accurate measurements of power cables input impedance can be useful for many applications, e.g., identify the cable parameters for electromagnetic interference modeling, locate faults along the cable, etc. However, performing a transparent connection between a power cable of large dimensions and an impedance analyzer is challenging. This article proposes an input impedance measurement adapter

A reconfigurable common-mode (CM) filter with a wide tunable bandwidth and frequency-range is proposed in this article. The filter adopts four compact dual-slot-based defected ground structure (DGS) cells to achieve a wide suppression of CM noise. To simplify the design, only one varactor and one dc-blocking capacitance are loaded on one DGS cell directly, which retains the original structure of the

This article investigates the working principle of the inductive power transfer (IPT) system from the perspectives of electromagnetic field distribution. According to the limitations of frequency and transmission distance, it is proved in this paper that the IPT system works in the near field, where the energy density of the magnetic field is much stronger than that of the electric field. Therefore

A multicomponent iterative method is proposed for efficient source reconstruction based on magnitude-only and single-plane near field scanning. Compared with the conventional method filling the multicomponent data into a whole transformation matrix, the multicomponent iterative method can save huge calculation time by evenly reducing the size of the transformation matrix into magnetic group and electric