In this review, we consider a general theoretical framework for fermionic color-singlet states—including a singlet, a doublet, and a triplet under the Standard Model SU(2)L gauge symmetry, corresponding to the bino, higgsino, and wino in supersymmetric theories—generically dubbed electroweakinos for their mass eigenstates. Depending on the relations among these states’ three mass parameters and their

The quark–gluon plasma (QGP) produced by collisions between ultrarelativistic heavy nuclei is well described in the language of hydrodynamics. Noncentral collisions are characterized by very large angular momentum, which in a fluid system manifests as flow vorticity. This rotational structure can lead to a spin polarization of the hadrons that eventually emerge from the plasma, and thus these collisions

Although the dark matter is usually assumed to be made up of some form of elementary particle, primordial black holes (PBHs) could also provide some of it. However, various constraints restrict the possible mass windows to 1016–1017 g, 1020–1024 g, and 10–103M⊙. The last possibility is contentious but of special interest in view of the recent detection of black hole mergers by LIGO/Virgo. PBHs might

Ultraperipheral collisions (UPCs) of heavy ions and protons are the energy frontier for electromagnetic interactions. Both photonuclear and two-photon collisions are studied at collision energies that are far higher than those available elsewhere. In this review, we discuss physics topics that can be addressed with UPCs, including nuclear shadowing, nuclear structure, and searches for physics beyond

The interplay of quantum anomalies with strong magnetic fields and vorticity in chiral systems could lead to novel transport phenomena, such as the chiral magnetic effect (CME), the chiral magnetic wave (CMW), and the chiral vortical effect (CVE). In high-energy nuclear collisions, these chiral effects may survive the expansion of a quark–gluon plasma fireball and be detected in experiments. The experimental

The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS) following the Great East Japan Earthquake and the subsequent tsunami in March 2011 changed people's perceptions regarding nuclear power generation in Japan and worldwide. The failure to prevent the accident and the response to it had an enormous impact specifically on the communities close to the site but also across Japan and globally

This review provides an overview of the conceptual issues regarding the interpretation of so-called direct top quark mass measurements, which are based on the kinematic reconstruction of top quark decay products at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). These measurements quote the top mass parameter of Monte Carlo event generators with current uncertainties of around 0.5 GeV. The problem of finding a rigorous

Extended scalar sectors appear in various extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics, such as supersymmetric models. They are also generic extensions of the Standard Model and can address a number of its shortcomings. Direct searches for additional Higgs bosons and measurements of the 125-GeV Higgs boson, both of which provide insights into the different possible sectors, are carried out

Hardware-based track reconstruction in the CMS and ATLAS trigger systems for the high-luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC) will provide unique capabilities. In this review, we present an overview of earlier track trigger systems at hadron colliders, in particular those at the Tevatron CDF and DØ experiments. We discuss the plans of the CMS and ATLAS experiments to implement hardware-based track reconstruction

Astrophysical simulations require knowledge of a wide array of reaction rates. For a number of reasons, many of these reaction rates cannot be measured directly and instead are probed with indirect nuclear reactions. We review the current state of the art regarding the techniques used to extract reaction information that is relevant to describe stars, including their explosions and collisions. We focus

More than 30 years have passed since the successful detection of supernova (SN) neutrinos from SN 1987A. In the last few decades, remarkable progress has been made in neutrino detection techniques, through which it may be possible to detect neutrinos from a new source, presupernova (pre-SN) neutrinos. They are emitted from a massive star prior to core bounce. Because neutrinos escape from the core

With the first observation of a binary neutron star merger through gravitational waves and light, GW170817, compact binary mergers have now taken the center stage in nuclear astrophysics. They are thought to be one of the main astrophysical sites of production of r-process elements, and merger observations have become a fundamental tool to constrain the properties of matter. Here, we review our current

Following a major shortage of 99Mo in the 2009–2010 period, concern grew that the aging reactor production facilities needed to be replaced. Most producers were using highly enriched 235U (HEU) as the target material. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the International Atomic Energy Agency sought to remedy these issues by removing HEU from medical isotope production and

We review the current status of parton distribution function (PDF) determinations for unpolarized and longitudinally polarized protons and for unpolarized nuclei, which are probed by high-energy hadronic scattering in perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD). We present the established theoretical framework, the experimental information, and the methodological aspects inherent to any modern PDF extraction

How does subatomic matter organize itself? Neutron stars are cosmic laboratories uniquely poised to answer this fundamental question that lies at the heart of nuclear science. Newly commissioned rare isotope facilities, telescopes operating across the entire electromagnetic spectrum, and ever more sensitive gravitational wave detectors will probe the properties of neutron-rich matter with unprecedented

In this informal memoir, the author describes his passage through a golden age of elementary particle physics. It includes not only his career trajectory as a theoretical physicist but also his excursions into experimental physics and particle accelerator theory. While his successes are highlighted, some unsuccessful efforts are included in the narrative as well. Those “losers” were arguably as pleasurable

The recent discoveries of high-energy cosmic neutrinos and gravitational waves from astrophysical objects have led to a new era of multimessenger astrophysics. In particular, electromagnetic follow-up observations triggered by these cosmic signals have proved to be highly successful and have brought about new opportunities in time-domain astronomy. We review high-energy particle production in various

We present an introductory review of the early-time dynamics of high-energy heavy-ion collisions and the kinetics of high-temperature quantum chromodynamic matter. The equilibration mechanisms in the quark–gluon plasma uniquely reflect the nonabelian and ultrarelativistic character of the many-body system. Starting with a brief exposé of the key theoretical and experimental questions, we provide an

The ultrarelativistic heavy-ion programs at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider have entered an era of quantitative analysis of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) at high temperatures. The remarkable discovery of the strongly coupled quark–gluon plasma (sQGP), as deduced from its hydrodynamic behavior at long wavelengths, calls for probes that can reveal its inner workings.

After 10 years of physics at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the particle physics landscape has greatly evolved. Today, a staged Future Circular Collider (FCC), consisting of a luminosity-frontier highest-energy electron–positron collider (FCC-ee) followed by an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), promises the most far-reaching physics program for the post-LHC era. FCC-ee will be a precision

The Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) program consists of three liquid argon time-projection chamber detectors located along the Booster Neutrino Beam at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. Its main goals include searches for New Physics—particularly eV-scale sterile neutrinos, detailed studies of neutrino–nucleus interactions at the GeV energy scale, and the advancement of the liquid argon detector

The nuclear shell model has perhaps been the most important conceptual and computational paradigm for the understanding of the structure of atomic nuclei. While the shell model has been used predominantly in a phenomenological context, there have been efforts stretching back more than half a century to derive shell model parameters based on a realistic interaction between nucleons. More recently, several

In recent years, the combination of precise quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) methods with realistic nuclear interactions and consistent electroweak currents, in particular those constructed within effective field theories (EFTs), has led to new insights in light and medium-mass nuclei, neutron matter, and electroweak reactions. For example, with the same chiral interactions, QMC calculations can reproduce

With myriads of detection events from a prospective Galactic core-collapse supernova, current and future neutrino detectors will be able to sample detailed, time-dependent neutrino fluxes and spectra. This will offer significant possibilities of inferring supernova physics from the various phases of the neutrino signal, ranging from the neutronization burst through the accretion and early explosion

Neutrinoless double-beta decay is a forbidden, lepton-number-violating nuclear transition whose observation would have fundamental implications for neutrino physics, theories beyond the Standard Model, and cosmology. In this review, we summarize the theoretical progress to understand this process, the expectations and implications under various particle physics models, and the nuclear physics challenges

This article discusses some of the history of parity-violation experiments that culminated in the Qweak experiment, which provided the first determination of the proton's weak charge . The guiding principles necessary to the success of that experiment are outlined, followed by a brief description of the Qweak experiment. Several consistent methods used to determine from the asymmetry measured in the

We address the phenomenology of light sterile neutrinos, with an emphasis on short-baseline neutrino oscillations. After reviewing the observed short-baseline neutrino oscillation anomalies, we discuss the global fit of the data and the current appearance–disappearance tension. We also review briefly the effects of light sterile neutrinos in β decay, neutrinoless double-β decay, and cosmology. Finally

Direct dark matter detection experiments will soon be sensitive to neutrinos from astrophysical sources, including the Sun, the atmosphere, and supernovae, which will set an important benchmark and open a new window into neutrino physics and astrophysics. The detection of these neutrinos will be complementary to accelerator- and reactor-based experiments that study neutrinos over the same energy range

A well-established knowledge of nuclear phenomena including fission, reaction cross sections, and structure/decay properties is critical for applications ranging from the design of new reactors to nonproliferation to the production of radioisotopes for the diagnosis and treatment of illness. However, the lack of a well-quantified, predictive theoretical capability means that most nuclear observables

Most strong-interaction resonances have decay channels involving three or more particles, including many of the recently discovered X, Y, and Z resonances. In order to study such resonances from first principles using lattice QCD, one must understand finite-volume effects for three particles in the cubic box used in calculations. We review efforts to develop a three-particle quantization condition

Mergers of binary neutron stars and black hole–neutron star binaries are among the most promising sources for ground-based gravitational-wave (GW) detectors and are also high-energy astrophysical phenomena, as illustrated by the observations of GWs and electromagnetic (EM) waves in the event of GW170817. Mergers of these neutron star binaries are also the most promising sites for r-process nucleosynthesis

Precise predictions for collider observables require the computation of higher orders in perturbation theory. This task usually involves the evaluation of complicated multiloop integrals, which typically give rise to complicated special functions. This article discusses recent progress in understanding the mathematics underlying multiloop Feynman integrals and discusses a class of functions that generalizes

Sidney David Drell, professor emeritus at Stanford University and senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, died shortly after his 90th birthday in Palo Alto, California. In a career spanning nearly 70 years, Sid—as he was universally known—achieved prominence as a theoretical physicist, public servant, and humanitarian.

The center of the Galaxy is one of the prime targets in the search for a signal of annihilating (or decaying) dark matter. If such a signal were to be detected, it would shed light on one of the biggest mysteries in physics today: What is dark matter? Fundamental properties of the particle nature of dark matter, such as its mass, annihilation cross section, and annihilation final states, could be measured