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Boson–Boson Interactions at the LHC Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2023-09-25 J. Manjarrés Ramos, Guillelmo Gómez-Ceballos
Vector boson scattering is a key production process to probe the electroweak symmetry breaking of the Standard Model and is one of the most important topics of the physics program for the HL-LHC since it involves both self-couplings of vector bosons and their coupling with the Higgs boson. If the Higgs mechanism is not the sole source of electroweak symmetry breaking, the scattering amplitude deviates
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Lepton Flavor Violation and Lepton Flavor Universality Violation in b and c Decays Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2023-09-25 Diego Guadagnoli, Patrick Koppenburg
Two topics have recently risen to prominence within the ongoing searches of beyond–Standard Model effects in b and c decays: observables that test lepton flavor universality (LFU) and those that test lepton flavor violation (LFV). A coherent set of measurements suggests nonstandard LFU effects. General arguments relate LFU to LFV, and the observed size of the former gives hope of observable signals
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Physics of the Top Quark at the LHC: An Appraisal and Outlook of the Road Ahead Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2023-09-25 P. Ferreira da Silva
Since its start, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has helped advance both theory and experiment on the production and properties of the heaviest fundamental particle, the top quark. This review focuses on a selected set of measurements and associated searches for new physics, which have opened the door for unprecedented precision in this area of high-energy physics. Fundamental parameters of the theory
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Implications of Large-Nc QCD for the NN Interaction Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2023-09-25 Thomas R. Richardson, Matthias R. Schindler, Roxanne P. Springer
We present a method for ordering two-nucleon interactions based upon their scaling with the number of QCD colors, N c, in the limit that N c becomes large. Available data in the two-nucleon sector show general agreement with this ordering, indicating that the method may be useful in other contexts where data are less readily available. However, several caveats and potential pitfalls can make the large-
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Physics Beyond the Standard Model Associated with the Top Quark Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2023-09-25 Roberto Franceschini
In this article, I review scenarios of physics beyond the Standard Model in which the top quark plays a special role. Models that aim at the stabilization of the weak scale are presented together with the specific phenomenology of partner states that are characteristic of this type of model. Further, I present models of flavor in which the top quark is singled out as a special flavor in the Standard
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Deep-Sea and Lunar Radioisotopes from Nearby Astrophysical Explosions Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2023-09-25 Brian D. Fields, Anton Wallner
Live (not decayed) radioisotopes on the Earth and Moon are messengers from recent nearby astrophysical explosions. Measurements of 60Fe in deep-sea samples, Antarctic snow, and lunar regolith reveal two pulses about 3 Myr and 7 Myr ago. Detection of 244Pu in a deep-sea crust indicates a recent r-process event. We review the ultrasensitive accelerator mass spectrometry techniques that enable these findings
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New Solutions to the Gauge Hierarchy Problem Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2023-09-25 Anson Hook
Applying dimensional analysis to the Higgs mass leads one to predict new physics interactions that generate this mass at a scale of the order of 1 TeV. The question of what these interactions could be is known as the gauge hierarchy problem. Resolving this question has been a central aim of particle physics for the past few decades. Traditional solutions introduce new particles with masses below 1
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Ultra-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2023-09-25 Zhen Cao, Songzhan Chen, Ruoyu Liu, Ruizhi Yang
Ultra-high-energy (UHE, >0.1 PeV) γ-ray astronomy is rapidly evolving into an expanding branch of γ-ray astronomy with the surprising discovery of 12 PeVatrons and the detection of a handful of photons above 1 PeV. Nearly all known celestial object types that have emissions in the TeV band are found also to emit UHE photons. UHE γ-rays have a well-defined horizon inside our Galaxy due to the absorption
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Experimental Considerations in Long-Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Measurements Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2023-09-25 Francesca Di Lodovico, Ryan B. Patterson, Masato Shiozawa, Elizabeth Worcester
Long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments, which are among the largest neutrino experiments in the world, have extensive physics programs to make precision measurements of three-flavor oscillation parameters, search for physics beyond the Standard Model, and study neutrinos from astrophysical sources. In this article, experimental considerations, including oscillation phenomenology, detector and
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The Hubble Tension and Early Dark Energy Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2023-08-24 Marc Kamionkowski, Adam G. Riess
Over the past decade, the disparity between the value of the cosmic expansion rate determined directly from measurements of distance and redshift and that determined instead from the standard Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM) cosmological model, calibrated by measurements from the early Universe, has grown to a level of significance requiring a solution. Proposed systematic errors are not supported by
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The s Process and Beyond Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2023-08-02 Maria Lugaro, Marco Pignatari, René Reifarth, Michael Wiescher
Neutron captures produce the vast majority of abundances of elements heavier than iron in the Universe. Beyond the classical slow ( s) and rapid ( r) processes, there is observational evidence for neutron-capture processes that operate at neutron densities in between, at different distances from the valley of β stability. Here, we review the main properties of the s process within the general context
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A Guide to Hunting Long-Lived Particles at the LHC Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Simon Knapen, Steven Lowette
This article is a pedagogical review of searches for long-lived particles at the LHC. It is primarily aimed at experimentalists and theorists seeking to initiate and/or deepen their research in this field. We cover the general theoretical motivation and some example models, the main experimental techniques employed in searches for long-lived particles, and some of the important subtleties involved
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Recent Progress in Leptonic and Semileptonic Decays of Charmed Hadrons Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2023-07-25 Bai-Cian Ke, Jonna Koponen, Hai-Bo Li, Yangheng Zheng
We present a comprehensive review of purely leptonic and semileptonic decays of D0(+), [Formula: see text], and charmed baryons (including [Formula: see text], Ξ c, and Ω c). The precise studies of these decays help deepen our understanding and knowledge of quantum chromodynamics via measuring decay constants and form factors, and test the Standard Model through examining the unitarity of the Cabi
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High-Energy to Ultrahigh-Energy Neutrino Interactions Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2023-07-17 Mary Hall Reno
The cross sections for neutrino interactions with nucleons have been measured directly in accelerator experiments and through the zenith-angle and energy dependence of neutrino events at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Fluxes of high-energy neutrinos are produced at the Large Hadron Collider and by cosmic rays in the atmosphere. High-energy neutrinos also come from astrophysical and cosmic sources
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Medium Response and Jet–Hadron Correlations in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2023-07-17 Shanshan Cao, Guang-You Qin
The study of high-energy heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider has evolved from a qualitative understanding to the precise extraction of the properties of the quantum chromodynamics medium at extremely high temperatures. Jet quenching has offered unique insights into the transport properties of the quark–gluon plasma (QGP) created in these energetic
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Detection and Calibration of Low-Energy Nuclear Recoils for Dark Matter and Neutrino Scattering Experiments Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2023-06-27 Jingke Xu, P.S. Barbeau, Ziqing Hong
Detection of low-energy nuclear recoil events plays a central role in searches for particle dark matter interactions with atomic matter and studies of coherent neutrino scatters. Precise nuclear recoil calibration data allow the responses of these dark matter and neutrino detectors to be characterized and enable in situ evaluation of an experiment's sensitivity to anticipated signals. This article
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COHERENT at the Spallation Neutron Source Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2023-05-23 P.S. Barbeau, Yu. Efremenko, K. Scholberg
The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory provides an intense, high-quality source of neutrinos from pion decay at rest. This source was recently used for the first measurements of coherent elastic neutrino–nucleus scattering (CEvNS) by the COHERENT Collaboration, which resulted in new constraints of physics beyond the Standard Model. The SNS neutrino source will enable further
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Progress in Understanding Short-Range Structure in Nuclei: An Experimental Perspective Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2022-09-26 John Arrington, Nadia Fomin, Axel Schmidt
High-energy electron scattering is a clean, precise probe for measurements of hadronic and nuclear structure and plays a key role in understanding the role of high-momentum nucleons (and quarks) in nuclei. Jefferson Lab has dramatically expanded our knowledge of the high-momentum nucleons generated by short-range correlations, providing sufficient insight to model much of their impact on nuclear structure
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Fundamental Neutron Physics at Spallation Sources Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2022-09-26 Nadia Fomin, Jason Fry, Robert W. Pattie, Geoffrey L. Greene
Low-energy neutrons have been a useful probe in fundamental physics studies for more than 70 years. With advances in accelerator technology, many new sources are spallation based. These new, high-flux facilities are becoming the sites for many next-generation fundamental neutron physics experiments. In this review, we present an overview of the sources and the current and upcoming fundamental neutron
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The Proton Structure in and out of Muonic Hydrogen Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2022-09-26 Aldo Antognini, Franziska Hagelstein, Vladimir Pascalutsa
Laser spectroscopy of muonic atoms has been recently used to probe properties of light nuclei with unprecedented precision. We introduce nuclear effects in hydrogen-like atoms, nucleon structure quantities (form factors, structure functions, polarizabilities), and their effects in the Lamb shift and hyperfine splitting (HFS) of muonic hydrogen (μH). Updated theory predictions for the Lamb shift and
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Novel Quantum Sensors for Light Dark Matter and Neutrino Detection Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2022-09-26 Sunil R. Golwala, Enectali Figueroa-Feliciano
The fields of light dark matter and neutrino physics offer compelling signals at recoil energies of eV to even meV, well below the [Formula: see text] keV thresholds of many techniques currently employed in these fields. Sensing of such small energies can benefit from the emergence of so-called quantum sensors, which employ fundamentally quantum mechanical phenomena to transduce energy depositions
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BFlavor Anomalies: 2021 Theoretical Status Report Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2022-09-26 David London, Joaquim Matias
At the present time (2022), there are discrepancies with the predictions of the Standard Model in several observables involving b → sℓ+ℓ−and [Formula: see text] decays. These are the B flavor anomalies. In this review, we summarize the data as of Moriond 2021 and present theoretical new physics explanations from both a model-independent effective field theory point of view and through the building
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Searches for Heavy Resonances with Substructure Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2022-08-01 Petar Maksimović
In the past decade, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has probed a higher energy scale than ever before. Most models of physics beyond the standard model (BSM) predict the production of new heavy particles; the LHC results have excluded lower masses of such particles. This makes the high-mass regions especially interesting for current and future searches. In most BSM scenarios of interest, the new heavy
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High-Energy Extragalactic Neutrino Astrophysics Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2022-07-18 Naoko Kurahashi, Kohta Murase, Marcos Santander
The detection of an astrophysical flux of neutrinos in the TeV–PeV energy range by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory has opened new possibilities for the study of extreme cosmic accelerators. The apparent isotropy of the neutrino arrival directions favors an extragalactic origin for this flux, potentially created by a large population of distant sources. Recent evidence for the detection of neutrino
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Short-Lived Nuclides in the Early Solar System: Abundances, Origins, and Applications Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2022-07-14 Andrew M. Davis
Several short-lived radionuclides (SLRs) were present in the first few million years of Solar System history. Their abundances have profound impact on the timing of stellar nucleosynthesis events prior to Solar System formation, chronology of events in the early Solar System, early solar activity, heating of early-formed planetesimals, and chronology of planet formation. Isotopic analytical techniques
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Electroweak Penguin Decays of b-Flavored Hadrons Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2022-07-09 Ulrik Egede, Shohei Nishida, Mitesh Patel, Marie-Hélène Schune
In the past decade, electroweak penguin decays have provided a number of precision measurements and have become one of the most competitive ways to search for New Physics describing phenomena beyond the Standard Model. An overview of the measurements made at the B factories and hadron colliders is given, and the experimental methods are presented. Experimental measurements required to provide further
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Status of Lattice QCD Determination of Nucleon Form Factors and Their Relevance for the Few-GeV Neutrino Program Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2022-07-09 Aaron S. Meyer, André Walker-Loud, Callum Wilkinson
Calculations of neutrino–nucleus cross sections begin with the neutrino–nucleon interaction, making the latter critically important to flagship neutrino oscillation experiments despite limited measurements with poor statistics. Alternatively, lattice quantum chromodynamics (LQCD) can be used to determine these interactions from the Standard Model with quantifiable theoretical uncertainties. Recent
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Probing the Neutrino-Mass Scale with the KATRIN Experiment Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2022-07-09 Alexey Lokhov, Susanne Mertens, Diana S. Parno, Magnus Schlösser, Kathrin Valerius
The absolute mass scale of neutrinos is an intriguing open question in contemporary physics. The as-yet-unknown mass of the lightest and, at the same time, most abundant massive elementary particle species bears fundamental relevance to theoretical particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. The most model-independent experimental approach consists of precision measurements of the kinematics of
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Precision QCD Physics at the LHC Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2022-07-09 Thomas Gehrmann, Bogdan Malaescu
This review describes the current status of precision quantum chromodynamics (QCD) studies at the LHC. We introduce the main experimental and theoretical methods, and we discuss their cross-stimulated developments and recent advances. The different types of QCD observables that are measured at the LHC, including cross sections and event- and jet-level properties, for various final states, are summarized
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Exploring Stars in Underground Laboratories: Challenges and Solutions Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2022-07-09 Marialuisa Aliotta, Axel Boeltzig, Rosanna Depalo, György Gyürky
For millennia, mankind has been fascinated by the marvel of the starry night sky. Yet, a proper scientific understanding of how stars form, shine, and die is a relatively recent achievement, made possible by the interplay of different disciplines as well as by significant technological, theoretical, and observational progress. We now know that stars are sustained by nuclear fusion reactions and are
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Something Can Come of Nothing: Surface Approaches to Quantum Fluctuations and the Casimir Force Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2022-07-06 Giuseppe Bimonte, Thorsten Emig, Noah Graham, Mehran Kardar
The Casimir force provides a striking example of the effects of quantum fluctuations in a mesoscopic system. Because it arises from the objects’ electromagnetic response, the necessary calculations in quantum field theory are most naturally expressed in terms of electromagnetic scattering from each object. In this review, we illustrate a variety of such techniques, with a focus on those that can be
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Exotic Higgs Decays Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2022-06-27 María Cepeda, Stefania Gori, Verena Ingrid Martinez Outschoorn, Jessie Shelton
Exotic decays of the Standard Model (SM)-like Higgs boson into beyond-the-SM particles are predicted in a wide range of well-motivated theories. The enormous samples of Higgs bosons that have been and will be produced at the Large Hadron Collider thus constitute one of the key discovery opportunities at that facility, particularly in the upcoming high-statistics, high-luminosity run. Here we review
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Testing Lepton Flavor Universality with Pion, Kaon, Tau, and Beta Decays Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2022-06-15 Douglas Bryman, Vincenzo Cirigliano, Andreas Crivellin, Gianluca Inguglia
We present an overview of searches for violation of lepton flavor universality with a focus on low energy precision probes using π, K, τ, and nuclear beta decays. We review the current experimental results, summarize the theoretical status within the context of the Standard Model, and discuss future prospects (both experimental and theoretical). We review the implications of these measurements for
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The Road to Precision Cosmology Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Michael S. Turner
In the past 50 years, cosmology has gone from a field known for the errors being in the exponents to a precision science. The transformation—powered by ideas, technology, a paradigm shift, and culture change—has revolutionized our understanding of the Universe, with the Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM) paradigm as its crowning achievement. I chronicle the journey of precision cosmology and finish with
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Implications of New Physics Models for the Couplings of the Higgs Boson Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2021-09-21 Matthew McCullough
It has been almost a decade since the first hints of the Higgs boson discovery began to emerge from CERN, making a review of our updated expectations for the Higgs boson properties, in light of New Physics models, timely. In this review I attempt to draw connections between modified Higgs boson couplings and the big questions that broad classes of New Physics models aim to answer. Questions considered
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The Future of Solar Neutrinos Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2021-09-21 Gabriel D. Orebi Gann, Kai Zuber, Daniel Bemmerer, Aldo Serenelli
In this article we review the current state of the field of solar neutrinos, including flavor oscillations, nonstandard effects, solar models, cross section measurements, and the broad experimental program thus motivated and enabled. We describe the historical discoveries that contributed to current knowledge, and define critical open questions to be addressed in the next decade. We discuss standard
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Efimov Physics and Connections to Nuclear Physics Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2021-09-21 A. Kievsky, M. Gattobigio, L. Girlanda, M. Viviani
Physical systems characterized by a shallow two-body bound or virtual state are governed at large distances by continuous scale invariance, which is broken into discrete scale invariance when three or more particles come into play. This symmetry induces a universal behavior for different systems that is independent of the details of the underlying interaction and rooted in the smallness of the ratio
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Neutron Stars and the Nuclear Matter Equation of State Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2021-09-21 J.M. Lattimer
Neutron stars provide a window into the properties of dense nuclear matter. Several recent observational and theoretical developments provide powerful constraints on their structure and internal composition. Among these are the first observed binary neutron star merger, GW170817, whose gravitational radiation was accompanied by electromagnetic radiation from a short γ-ray burst and an optical afterglow
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Chiral Effective Field Theory and the High-Density Nuclear Equation of State Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2021-09-21 C. Drischler, J.W. Holt, C. Wellenhofer
Born in the aftermath of core-collapse supernovae, neutron stars contain matter under extraordinary conditions of density and temperature that are difficult to reproduce in the laboratory. In recent years, neutron star observations have begun to yield novel insights into the nature of strongly interacting matter in the high-density regime where current theoretical models are challenged. At the same
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Study of the Strong Interaction Among Hadrons with Correlations at the LHC Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2021-09-21 L. Fabbietti, V. Mantovani Sarti, O. Vázquez Doce
The strong interaction among hadrons has been measured in the past by scattering experiments. Although this technique has been extremely successful in providing information about the nucleon–nucleon and pion–nucleon interactions, when unstable hadrons are considered the experiments become more challenging. In the last few years, the analysis of correlations in the momentum space for pairs of stable
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The Trojan Horse Method: A Nuclear Physics Tool for Astrophysics Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2021-09-21 Aurora Tumino, Carlos A. Bertulani, Marco La Cognata, Livio Lamia, Rosario Gianluca Pizzone, Stefano Romano, Stefan Typel
The Trojan Horse Method (THM) represents an indirect path to determine the bare nucleus astrophysical S-factor for reactions among charged particles at astrophysical energies. This is achieved by measuring the quasi-free cross section of a suitable three-body process. The method is also suited to study neutron-induced reactions, especially in the case of radioactive ion beams. A comprehensive review
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Progress in the Glauber Model at Collider Energies Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2021-09-21 David d'Enterria, Constantin Loizides
We review the theoretical and experimental progress in the Glauber model of multiple nucleon and/or parton scatterings after the last 10–15 years of operation with proton and nuclear beams at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The main developments and the state of the art of the field are summarized. These encompass measurements of the inclusive inelastic proton
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The Search for Feebly Interacting Particles Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2021-09-21 Gaia Lanfranchi, Maxim Pospelov, Philip Schuster
At the dawn of a new decade, particle physics faces the challenge of explaining the mystery of dark matter, the origin of matter over antimatter in the Universe, the apparent fine-tuning of the electroweak scale, and many other aspects of fundamental physics. Perhaps the most striking frontier to emerge in the search for answers involves New Physics at mass scales comparable to that of familiar matter—below
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Nuclear Dynamics and Reactions in the Ab Initio Symmetry-Adapted Framework Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2021-09-21 Kristina D. Launey, Alexis Mercenne, Tomas Dytrych
We review the ab initio symmetry-adapted (SA) framework for determining the structure of stable and unstable nuclei, along with related electroweak, decay, and reaction processes. This framework utilizes the dominant symmetry of nuclear dynamics, the shape-related symplectic symmetry, which has been shown to emerge from first principles and to expose dominant degrees of freedom that are collective
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Recent Progress in the Physics of Axions and Axion-Like Particles Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2021-09-21 Kiwoon Choi, Sang Hui Im, Chang Sub Shin
The axion is a light pseudoscalar particle postulated to solve issues with the Standard Model, including the strong CP problem and the origin of dark matter. In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in the physics of axions in several directions. An unusual type of axion-like particle termed the relaxion was proposed as a new solution to the weak scale hierarchy problem. There are also new
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Directional Recoil Detection Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2021-09-21 Sven E. Vahsen, Ciaran A.J. O'Hare, Dinesh Loomba
Searches for dark matter–induced recoils have made impressive advances in the last few years. Yet the field is confronted by several outstanding problems. First, the inevitable background of solar neutrinos will soon inhibit the conclusive identification of many dark matter models. Second, and more fundamentally, current experiments have no practical way of confirming a detected signal's Galactic origin
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New Developments in Flavor Evolution of a Dense Neutrino Gas Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2021-09-21 Irene Tamborra, Shashank Shalgar
Neutrino–neutrino refraction dominates the flavor evolution in core-collapse supernovae, neutron star mergers, and the early Universe. Ordinary neutrino flavor conversions develop on timescales determined by the vacuum oscillation frequency. However, when the neutrino density is large enough, collective flavor conversions may arise because of pairwise neutrino scattering. Pairwise conversions are deemed
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Precise Measurements of the Decay of Free Neutrons Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2021-09-21 Dirk Dubbers, Bastian Märkisch
The impact of new and highly precise neutron β decay data is reviewed. We focus on recent results from neutron lifetime, β asymmetry, and electron–neutrino correlation experiments. From these results, weak interaction parameters are extracted with unprecedented precision, which is possible also because of progress in effective field theory and lattice QCD. Limits on New Physics beyond the Standard
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Rare Kaon Decays Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2021-09-21 Augusto Ceccucci
Historically important in the development of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics, rare kaon decays are still a privileged tool for looking beyond it. The main reasons to continue the study of rare kaon decays are to test the CKM quark-mixing and CP-violation paradigm, to make quantitative comparisons with the B sector, and to search for explicit violations of the SM. Current research on rare
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What Can We Learn About QCD and Collider Physics from N=4 Super Yang–Mills? Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2021-09-21 Johannes M. Henn
Tremendous ongoing theory efforts are dedicated to developing new methods for quantum chromodynamics (QCD) calculations. Qualitative rather than incremental advances are needed to fully exploit data that are still to be collected at the LHC. The maximally supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory, super Yang–Mills (sYM), shares with QCD the gluon sector, which contains the most complicated Feynman graphs but
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Mixing and CP Violation in the Charm System Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2021-09-21 Alexander Lenz, Guy Wilkinson
In recent years charm physics has undergone a renaissance, which has been catalyzed by an unexpected and impressive set of experimental results from the B factories, the Tevatron, and LHCb. The existence of oscillations is now well established, and the recent discovery of CP violation in D0 decays has further renewed interest in the charm sector. In this article, we review the current status of charm-mixing
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Searches for Dark Photons at Accelerators Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2021-09-21 Matt Graham, Christopher Hearty, Mike Williams
Dark matter particles may interact with other dark matter particles via a new force mediated by a dark photon, A′, which would be the dark-sector analog to the ordinary photon of electromagnetism. The dark photon can obtain a highly suppressed mixing-induced coupling to the electromagnetic current, providing a portal through which dark photons can interact with ordinary matter. This review focuses
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J. David Jackson (January 19, 1925–May 20, 2016): A Biographical Memoir Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2021-09-21 Robert N. Cahn
John David (“Dave”) Jackson, a Canadian-born theoretical physicist, contributed significantly to particle, nuclear, and atomic physics. He is best known, however, for his text Classical Electrodynamics, which has been a fixture in physics graduate education around the world for more than 50 years. It is generally referred to simply as “Jackson.” This textbook, which has inspired fear and wonder alike
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Adventures with Particles Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2021-09-21 Mary K. Gaillard
Despite some gender-related bumps in the road, the author had the good fortune that her career spanned the evolution of the Standard Model from its inception in the late 1960s and early 1970s to its final confirmation with the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012. Her major contributions to these developments and other facets of her career are described.
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The Fermi–LAT Galactic Center Excess: Evidence of Annihilating Dark Matter? Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2020-10-19 Simona Murgia
The center of the Galaxy is one of the prime targets in the search for a signal of annihilating (or decaying) dark matter. If such a signal were to be detected, it would shed light on one of the bi...
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The Search for Electroweakinos Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2020-10-19 Anadi Canepa, Tao Han, Xing Wang
In this review, we consider a general theoretical framework for fermionic color-singlet states, including a singlet, a doublet and a triplet under the standard model SU(2)$_{\rm L}$ gauge symmetry, corresponding to the Bino, Higgsino and Wino in Supersymmetric theories, generically dubbed as "electroweakinos" for their mass eigenstates. Depending on the relations among their three mass parameters and
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Polarization and Vorticity in the Quark–Gluon Plasma Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2020-10-19 Francesco Becattini, Michael A. Lisa
The quark-gluon plasma produced by collisions between ultra-relativistic heavy nuclei is well described in the language of hydrodynamics. Non-central collisions are characterized by very large angular momentum, which in a fluid system manifests as flow vorticity. This rotational structure can lead to a spin polarization of the hadrons that eventually emerge from the plasma, providing experimental access
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Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter: Recent Developments Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2020-10-19 Bernard Carr, Florian Kühnel
Primordial black holes (PBHs) could provide the dark matter but a variety of constraints restrict the possible mass windows to $10^{16}$ - $10^{17}\,$g, $10^{20}$ - $10^{24}\,$g and $10$ - $10^{3}\,M_{\odot}$. The last possibility is contentious but of special interest in view of the recent detection of black-hole mergers by LIGO/Virgo. PBHs might have important consequences and resolve various cosmological
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Photonuclear and Two-Photon Interactions at High-Energy Nuclear Colliders Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2020-10-19 Spencer R. Klein, Peter Steinberg
Ultra-peripheral collisions of heavy ions and protons are the energy frontier for electromagnetic interactions. Both photonuclear and two-photon collisions are studied, at collision energies that are far higher than are available elsewhere. In this review, we will discuss physics topics that can be addressed with UPCs, including nuclear shadowing and nuclear structure and searches for beyond-standard-model
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Chiral Magnetic Effects in Nuclear Collisions Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (IF 12.4) Pub Date : 2020-10-19 Wei Li, Gang Wang
The interplay of quantum anomalies with strong magnetic field and vorticity in chiral systems could lead to novel transport phenomena, such as the chiral magnetic effect (CME), the chiral magnetic wave (CMW) and the chiral vortical effect (CVE). In high-energy nuclear collisions, these chiral effects may survive the expansion of a quark-gluon plasma fireball and be detected in experiments. The experimental