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Coherently Coupled Mixtures of Ultracold Atomic Gases Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Alessio Recati, Sandro Stringari
This article summarizes some of the relevant features exhibited by binary mixtures of Bose–Einstein condensates in the presence of coherent coupling at zero temperature. The coupling, which is experimentally produced by proper photon transitions, can involve either negligible momentum transfer from the electromagnetic radiation (Rabi coupling) or large momentum transfer (Raman coupling) associated
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Studying Quantum Materials with Scanning SQUID Microscopy Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Eylon Persky, Ilya Sochnikov, Beena Kalisky
Electronic correlations give rise to fascinating macroscopic phenomena such as superconductivity, magnetism, and topological phases of matter. Although these phenomena manifest themselves macroscopically, fully understanding the underlying microscopic mechanisms often requires probing on multiple length scales. Spatial modulations on the mesoscopic scale are especially challenging to probe, owing to
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How Cross-Link Numbers Shape the Large-Scale Physics of Cytoskeletal Materials Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Sebastian Fürthauer, Michael J. Shelley
Cytoskeletal networks are the main actuators of cellular mechanics, and a foundational example for active matter physics. In cytoskeletal networks, motion is generated on small scales by filaments that push and pull on each other via molecular-scale motors. These local actuations give rise to large-scale stresses and motion. To understand how microscopic processes can give rise to self-organized behavior
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Modeling of Ferroelectric Oxide Perovskites: From First to Second Principles Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Philippe Ghosez, Javier Junquera
Taking a historical perspective, we provide a brief overview of the first-principles modeling of ferroelectric perovskite oxides over the past 30 years. We emphasize how the work done by a relatively small community on the fundamental understanding of ferroelectricity and related phenomena has been at the origin of consecutive theoretical breakthroughs, with an impact going often well beyond the limit
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Understanding Hydrophobic Effects: Insights from Water Density Fluctuations Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Nicholas B. Rego, Amish J. Patel
The aversion of hydrophobic solutes for water drives diverse interactions and assemblies across materials science, biology, and beyond. Here, we review the theoretical, computational, and experimental developments that underpin a contemporary understanding of hydrophobic effects. We discuss how an understanding of density fluctuations in bulk water can shed light on the fundamental differences in the
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The Hubbard Model: A Computational Perspective Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Mingpu Qin, Thomas Schäfer, Sabine Andergassen, Philippe Corboz, Emanuel Gull
The Hubbard model is the simplest model of interacting fermions on a lattice and is of similar importance to correlated electron physics as the Ising model is to statistical mechanics or the fruit fly to biomedical science. Despite its simplicity, the model exhibits an incredible wealth of phases, phase transitions, and exotic correlation phenomena. Although analytical methods have provided a qualitative
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The Hubbard Model Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Daniel P. Arovas, Erez Berg, Steven A. Kivelson, Srinivas Raghu
The repulsive Hubbard model has been immensely useful in understanding strongly correlated electron systems and serves as the paradigmatic model of the field. Despite its simplicity, it exhibits a strikingly rich phenomenology reminiscent of that observed in quantum materials. Nevertheless, much of its phase diagram remains controversial. Here, we review a subset of what is known about the Hubbard
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Irreversibility and Biased Ensembles in Active Matter: Insights from Stochastic Thermodynamics Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Étienne Fodor, Robert L. Jack, Michael E. Cates
Active systems evade the rules of equilibrium thermodynamics by constantly dissipating energy at the level of their microscopic components. This energy flux stems from the conversion of a fuel, present in the environment, into sustained individual motion. It can lead to collective effects without any equilibrium equivalent, some of which can be rationalized by using equilibrium tools to recapitulate
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Olfactory Sensing and Navigation in Turbulent Environments Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Gautam Reddy, Venkatesh N. Murthy, Massimo Vergassola
Fluid turbulence is a double-edged sword for the navigation of macroscopic animals, such as birds, insects, and rodents. On the one hand, turbulence enables pheromone communication among mates and the possibility of locating food by their odors from long distances. Molecular diffusion would indeed be unable to spread odors over relevant distances in natural conditions. On the other hand, turbulent
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Topological Magnons: A Review Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Paul A. McClarty
At sufficiently low temperatures, magnetic materials often enter correlated phases hosting collective, coherent magnetic excitations such as magnons or triplons. Drawing on the enormous progress on topological materials of the past few years, recent research has led to new insights into the geometry and topology of these magnetic excitations. Berry phases associated with magnetic dynamics can lead
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Active Turbulence Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Ricard Alert, Jaume Casademunt, Jean-François Joanny
Active fluids exhibit spontaneous flows with complex spatiotemporal structure, which have been observed in bacterial suspensions, sperm cells, cytoskeletal suspensions, self-propelled colloids, and cell tissues. Despite occurring in the absence of inertia, chaotic active flows are reminiscent of inertial turbulence, and hence they are known as active turbulence. Here, we survey the field, providing
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Topological Magnets: Functions Based on Berry Phase and Multipoles Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Satoru Nakatsuji, Ryotaro Arita
Macroscopic responses of magnets are often governed by magnetization and, thus, have been restricted to ferromagnets. However, such responses are strikingly large in the newly developed topological magnets, breaking the conventional scaling with magnetization. Taking the recently discovered antiferromagnetic (AF) Weyl semimetals as a prime example, we highlight the two central ingredients driving the
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The Physics of Dense Suspensions Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Christopher Ness, Ryohei Seto, Romain Mari
Dense suspensions of particles are relevant to many applications and are a key platform for developing a fundamental physics of out-of-equilibrium systems. They present challenging flow properties, apparently turning from liquid to solid upon small changes in composition or, intriguingly, in the driving forces applied to them. The emergent physics close to the ubiquitous jamming transition (and to
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Thin Film Skyrmionics Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Takaaki Dohi, Robert M. Reeve, Mathias Kläui
In condensed matter physics, magnetic skyrmions, topologically stabilized magnetic solitons, have been discovered in various materials systems, which has intrigued the community in terms of not only fundamental physics but also with respect to engineering applications. In particular, skyrmions in thin films are easily manipulable by electrical means even at room temperature. Concomitantly, a variety
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Director Deformations, Geometric Frustration, and Modulated Phases in Liquid Crystals Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Jonathan V. Selinger
This article analyzes modulated phases in liquid crystals, from the long-established cholesteric and blue phases to the recently discovered twist-bend, splay-bend, and splay nematic phases, as well as the twist-grain-boundary (TGB) and helical nanofilament variations on smectic phases. The analysis uses the concept of four fundamental modes of director deformation: twist, bend, splay, and a fourth
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Russell Donnelly and His Leaks Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 J.J. Niemela, K.R. Sreenivasan
Russell James Donnelly (b. 1930) was an exceptionally creative physicist with many other interests: art, music, history, and scientific societies and their scholarly journals. He reinvigorated the maturing field of low temperature physics by linking it strongly to fluid turbulence through bold and optimistic leadership at the intersection of the two fields. Immediately after achieving his Ph.D. at
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My Life and Science Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Valery L. Pokrovsky
In this article, I tried to compress the events of my long life and scientific career into a readable manuscript. The choice of scientific problems in development of which I was involved and people with whom I contacted naturally is not complete. I hope, however, that my selection more or less correctly reflects my teaching activity and my participation in the enormous progress of quantum mechanics
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Reflections on 65 Years of Helium Research Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 John D. Reppy
In this autobiographical article, I discuss a number of topics that have absorbed my interest over the years and illustrate how advances in experimental technique, such as the superfluid gyroscope and torsional oscillators, were entwined with expanding knowledge of the properties of helium.
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Organization and Self-Assembly Away from Equilibrium: Toward Thermodynamic Design Principles Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 Michael Nguyen, Yuqing Qiu, Suriyanarayanan Vaikuntanathan
Studies of biological systems and materials, together with recent experimental and theoretical advances in colloidal and nanoscale materials, have shown how nonequilibrium forcing can be used to modulate organization in many novel ways. In this review, we focus on how an accounting of energy dissipation, using the tools of stochastic thermodynamics, can constrain and provide intuition for the correlations
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Topology and Symmetry of Quantum Materials via Nonlinear Optical Responses Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 J. Orenstein, J.E. Moore, T. Morimoto, D.H. Torchinsky, J.W. Harter, D. Hsieh
We review recent progress in the study of photogalvanic effects and optical second-harmonic generation in topological and noncentrosymmetric metals.
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Band Representations and Topological Quantum Chemistry Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 Jennifer Cano, Barry Bradlyn
In this article, we provide a pedagogical review of the theory of topological quantum chemistry and topological crystalline insulators. We begin with an overview of the properties of crystal symmetry groups in position and momentum space. Next, we introduce the concept of a band representation, which quantifies the symmetry of topologically trivial band structures. By combining band representations
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Symmetry Breaking and Nonlinear Electric Transport in van der Waals Nanostructures Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 Toshiya Ideue, Yoshihiro Iwasa
The recent development of artificially fabricated van der Waals nanostructures makes it possible to design and control the symmetry of solids and to find novel physical properties and related functionalities. A characteristic physical property reflecting such symmetry breaking is the nonlinear response, which is typically studied as the second harmonic generation of light, although studies have recently
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Enzymes as Active Matter Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 Subhadip Ghosh, Ambika Somasundar, Ayusman Sen
Nature has designed multifaceted cellular structures to support life. Cells contain a vast array of enzymes that collectively perform essential tasks by harnessing energy from chemical reactions. Despite the complexity, intra- and intercellular motility at low Reynolds numbers remain the epicenter of life. In the past decade, detailed investigations on enzymes that are freely dispersed in solution
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Polyelectrolyte Complex Coacervates: Recent Developments and New Frontiers Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 Artem M. Rumyantsev, Nicholas E. Jackson, Juan J. de Pablo
Polyelectrolyte complex coacervates represent a wide class of materials with applications ranging from coatings and adhesives to pharmaceutical technologies. They also underpin multiple biological processes, which are only now beginning to be deciphered. The means by which molecular-scale architecture propagates into macroscopic structure, thermodynamics, and dynamics in complex coacervates is of central
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Stem Cell Populations as Self-Renewing Many-Particle Systems Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 David J. Jörg, Yu Kitadate, Shosei Yoshida, Benjamin D. Simons
This article reviews the physical principles of stem cell populations as active many-particle systems that are able to self-renew, control their density, and recover from depletion. We illustrate the dynamical and statistical hallmarks of homeostatic mechanisms, from stem cell density fluctuations and transient large-scale oscillation dynamics during recovery to the scaling behavior of clonal dynamics
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Creep Motion of Elastic Interfaces Driven in a Disordered Landscape Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 Ezequiel E. Ferrero, Laura Foini, Thierry Giamarchi, Alejandro B. Kolton, Alberto Rosso
The thermally activated creep motion of an elastic interface weakly driven on a disordered landscape is one of the best examples of glassy universal dynamics. Its understanding has evolved over the past 30 years thanks to a fruitful interplay among elegant scaling arguments, sophisticated analytical calculations, efficient optimization algorithms, and creative experiments. In this article, starting
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Modeling Grain Boundaries in Polycrystalline Halide Perovskite Solar Cells Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 Ji-Sang Park, Aron Walsh
Solar cells are semiconductor devices that generate electricity through charge generation upon illumination. For optimal device efficiency, the photogenerated carriers must reach the electrical contact layers before they recombine. A deep understanding of the recombination process and transport behavior is essential to design better devices. Halide perovskite solar cells are commonly made of a polycrystalline
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The Fracture of Highly Deformable Soft Materials: A Tale of Two Length Scales Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 Rong Long, Chung-Yuen Hui, Jian Ping Gong, Eran Bouchbinder
The fracture of highly deformable soft materials is of great practical importance in a wide range of technological applications, emerging in fields such as soft robotics, stretchable electronics, and tissue engineering. From a basic physics perspective, the failure of these materials poses fundamental challenges due to the strongly nonlinear and dissipative deformation involved. In this review, we
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On the Role of Competing Interactions in Charged Colloids with Short-Range Attraction Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 José Ruiz-Franco, Emanuela Zaccarelli
In this review, we discuss recent advances in the investigation of colloidal systems interacting via a combination of short-range attraction and long-range repulsion. The prototypical examples of this phenomenology are charged colloids with depletion interactions, but the results apply, to a large extent, also to suspensions of globular proteins, clays, and, in general, to systems with competing attractive
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Mechanical Frequency Tuning by Sensory Hair Cells, the Receptors and Amplifiers of the Inner Ear Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 Pascal Martin, A.J. Hudspeth
We recognize sounds by analyzing their frequency content. Different frequency components evoke distinct mechanical waves that each travel within the hearing organ, or cochlea, to a frequency-specific place. These signals are detected by hair cells, the ear's sensory receptors, in response to vibrations of mechanically sensitive antennas termed hair bundles. An active process enhances the sensitivity
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A Career in Physics Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 Bertrand I. Halperin
Over the course of my career, I have had the opportunity to work on a wide variety of problems in condensed matter physics, benefiting from superb collaborators and environments full of inspiring colleagues. I review here some highlights of my journey so far. Subjects include theories of dynamic critical phenomena, phase transitions in two-dimensional systems, systems with strong disorder, quantum
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Have I Really Been a Condensed Matter Theorist? I'm Not Sure, but Does It Matter? Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 Edouard Brézin
My life as a physicist has been a blend of field theory, statistical physics, and condensed matter physics over half a century.
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Bubbly and Buoyant Particle–Laden Turbulent Flows Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Varghese Mathai, Detlef Lohse, Chao Sun
Fluid turbulence is commonly associated with stronger drag, greater heat transfer, and more efficient mixing than in laminar flows. In many natural and industrial settings, turbulent liquid flows contain suspensions of dispersed bubbles and light particles. Recently, much attention has been devoted to understanding the behavior and underlying physics of such flows by use of both experiments and high-resolution
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Statistical Mechanics of Deep Learning Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Yasaman Bahri, Jonathan Kadmon, Jeffrey Pennington, Sam S. Schoenholz, Jascha Sohl-Dickstein, Surya Ganguli
The recent striking success of deep neural networks in machine learning raises profound questions about the theoretical principles underlying their success. For example, what can such deep networks compute? How can we train them? How does information propagate through them? Why can they generalize? And how can we teach them to imagine? We review recent work in which methods of physical analysis rooted
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Discrete Time Crystals Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Dominic V. Else, Christopher Monroe, Chetan Nayak, Norman Y. Yao
Experimental advances have allowed for the exploration of nearly isolated quantum many-body systems whose coupling to an external bath is very weak. A particularly interesting class of such systems is those that do not thermalize under their own isolated quantum dynamics. In this review, we highlight the possibility for such systems to exhibit new nonequilibrium phases of matter. In particular, we
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Self-Propelled Rods: Insights and Perspectives for Active Matter Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Markus Bär, Robert Großmann, Sebastian Heidenreich, Fernando Peruani
A wide range of experimental systems including gliding, swarming and swimming bacteria, in vitro motility assays, and shaken granular media are commonly described as self-propelled rods. Large ensembles of those entities display a large variety of self-organized, collective phenomena, including the formation of moving polar clusters, polar and nematic dynamic bands, mobility-induced phase separation
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The Actin Cytoskeleton as an Active Adaptive Material Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Shiladitya Banerjee, Margaret L. Gardel, Ulrich S. Schwarz
Actin is the main protein used by biological cells to adapt their structure and mechanics to their needs. Cellular adaptation is made possible by molecular processes that strongly depend on mechanics. The actin cytoskeleton is also an active material that continuously consumes energy. This allows for dynamical processes that are possible only out of equilibrium and opens up the possibility for multiple
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Majorana Zero Modes in Networks of Cooper-Pair Boxes: Topologically Ordered States and Topological Quantum Computation Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Yuval Oreg, Felix von Oppen
Recent experimental progress introduced devices that can combine topological superconductivity with Coulomb-blockade effects. Experiments with these devices have already provided additional evidence for Majorana zero modes in proximity-coupled semiconductor wires. They also stimulated numerous ideas for how to exploit interactions between Majorana zero modes generated by Coulomb charging effects in
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Superconducting Qubits: Current State of Play Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Morten Kjaergaard, Mollie E. Schwartz, Jochen Braumüller, Philip Krantz, Joel I.-J. Wang, Simon Gustavsson, William D. Oliver
Superconducting qubits are leading candidates in the race to build a quantum computer capable of realizing computations beyond the reach of modern supercomputers. The superconducting qubit modality has been used to demonstrate prototype algorithms in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) technology era, in which non-error-corrected qubits are used to implement quantum simulations and quantum
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Topology and Broken Symmetry in Floquet Systems Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Fenner Harper, Rahul Roy, Mark S. Rudner, S.L. Sondhi
Floquet systems are governed by periodic, time-dependent Hamiltonians. Prima facie they should absorb energy from the external drives involved in modulating their couplings and heat up to infinite temperature. However, this unhappy state of affairs can be avoided in many ways. Instead, as has become clear from much recent work, Floquet systems can exhibit a variety of nontrivial behavior—some of which
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Machine-Learning Quantum States in the NISQ Era Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Giacomo Torlai, Roger G. Melko
We review the development of generative modeling techniques in machine learning for the purpose of reconstructing real, noisy, many-qubit quantum states. Motivated by its interpretability and utility, we discuss in detail the theory of the restricted Boltzmann machine. We demonstrate its practical use for state reconstruction, starting from a classical thermal distribution of Ising spins, then moving
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Fluctuations and the Higgs Mechanism in Underdoped Cuprates Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 C. Pépin, D. Chakraborty, M. Grandadam, S. Sarkar
The physics of the pseudogap phase of high-temperature cuprate superconductors has been an enduring mystery over the past 30 years. The ubiquitous presence of the pseudogap phase in underdoped cuprates suggests that understanding it is key to unraveling the origin of high-temperature superconductivity. We review various theoretical approaches to this problem, emphasizing the concept of emergent symmetries
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Smart Responsive Polymers: Fundamentals and Design Principles Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Debashish Mukherji, Carlos M. Marques, Kurt Kremer
In this review, we summarize recent theoretical and computational developments in the field of smart responsive materials, together with complementary experimental data. A material is referred to as smart responsive when a slight change in external stimulus can drastically alter its structure, function, or stability. Because of this smart responsiveness, these systems are used for the design of advanced
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The Physics of Pair-Density Waves: Cuprate Superconductors and Beyond Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Daniel F. Agterberg, J.C. Séamus Davis, Stephen D. Edkins, Eduardo Fradkin, Dale J. Van Harlingen, Steven A. Kivelson, Patrick A. Lee, Leo Radzihovsky, John M. Tranquada, Yuxuan Wang
We review the physics of pair-density wave (PDW) superconductors. We begin with a macroscopic description that emphasizes order induced by PDW states, such as charge-density wave, and discuss related vestigial states that emerge as a consequence of partial melting of the PDW order. We review and critically discuss the mounting experimental evidence for such PDW order in the cuprate superconductors
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The Strange Metal State of the Electron-Doped Cuprates Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Richard L. Greene, Pampa R. Mandal, Nicholas R. Poniatowski, Tarapada Sarkar
An understanding of the high-temperature copper oxide (cuprate) superconductors has eluded the physics community for over thirty years and represents one of the greatest unsolved problems in condensed matter physics. Particularly enigmatic is the normal state from which superconductivity emerges, so much so that this phase has been dubbed a “strange metal.” In this article, we review recent research
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Dry Aligning Dilute Active Matter Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Hugues Chaté
Active matter physics is about systems in which energy is dissipated at some local level to produce work. This is a generic situation, particularly in the living world but not only. What is at stake is the understanding of the fascinating, sometimes counterintuitive, emerging phenomena observed, from collective motion in animal groups to in vitro dynamical self-organization of motor proteins and biofilaments
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Counting Rules of Nambu–Goldstone Modes Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Haruki Watanabe
When global continuous symmetries are spontaneously broken, there appear gapless collective excitations called Nambu–Goldstone modes (NGMs) that govern the low-energy property of the system. The application of this famous theorem ranges from high-energy particle physics to condensed matter and atomic physics. When a symmetry breaking occurs in systems that lack the Lorentz invariance to start with
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Nonequilibrium Aspects of Integrable Models Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Colin Rylands, Natan Andrei
Driven by breakthroughs in experimental and theoretical techniques, the study of nonequilibrium quantum physics is a rapidly expanding field with many exciting new developments. Among the manifold ways the topic can be investigated, one-dimensional systems provide a particularly fine platform. The trifecta of strongly correlated physics, powerful theoretical techniques, and experimental viability have
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Topographic Mechanics and Applications of Liquid Crystalline Solids Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Mark Warner
Liquid crystal elastomers and glasses suffer huge length changes on heating, illumination, exposure to humidity, etc. A challenge is to program these changes to give a complex mechanical response for micromachines and soft robotics. Also desirable can be strong response, where bend is avoided in favor of stretch and compression, even in the slender shells that are our subject.
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Higgs Mode in Superconductors Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Ryo Shimano, Naoto Tsuji
When the continuous symmetry of a physical system is spontaneously broken, two types of collective modes typically emerge: the amplitude and the phase modes of the order-parameter fluctuation. For superconductors, the amplitude mode is referred to most recently as the Higgs mode as it is a condensed-matter analog of a Higgs boson in particle physics. Higgs mode is a scalar excitation of the order parameter
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Physical Models of Collective Cell Migration Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Ricard Alert, Xavier Trepat
Collective cell migration is a key driver of embryonic development, wound healing, and some types of cancer invasion. Here, we provide a physical perspective of the mechanisms underlying collective cell migration. We begin with a catalog of the cell–cell and cell–substrate interactions that govern cell migration, which we classify into positional and orientational interactions. We then review the physical
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Superconducting Hydrides Under Pressure Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Chris J. Pickard, Ion Errea, Mikhail I. Eremets
The measurement of superconductivity at above 200 K in compressed samples of hydrogen sulfide and in lanthanum hydride at 250 K is reinvigorating the search for conventional high temperature superconductors. At the same time, it exposes a fascinating interplay between theory, computation, and experiment. Conventional superconductivity is well understood, and theoretical tools are available for accurate
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Quantum Turbulence in Quantum Gases Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 L. Madeira, M.A. Caracanhas, F.E.A. dos Santos, V.S. Bagnato
Turbulence is characterized by a large number of degrees of freedom, distributed over several length scales, that result in a disordered state of a fluid. The field of quantum turbulence deals with the manifestation of turbulence in quantum fluids, such as liquid helium and ultracold gases. We review, from both experimental and theoretical points of view, advances in quantum turbulence focusing on
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Competition of Pairing and Nematicity in the Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Katherine A. Schreiber, Gábor A. Csáthy
Due to its extremely rich phase diagram, the two-dimensional electron gas exposed to perpendicular magnetic fields has been the subject of intense and sustained study. One particularly interesting problem in this system is that of the half-filled Landau level, where the Fermi sea of composite fermions, a fractional quantum Hall state arising from a pairing instability of the composite fermions, and
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Matchmaking Between Condensed Matter and Quantum Foundations, and Other Stories: My Six Decades in Physics Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Anthony J. Leggett
I present some rather selective reminiscences of my long career in physics, from my doctoral work to the present. I do not spend time on topics such as the nuclear magnetic resonance behavior of 3He, as I have reviewed the history extensively elsewhere, but rather concentrate, first, on my long-running project to make condensed matter physics relevant to questions in the foundations of quantum mechanics
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A Tour of My Soft Matter Garden: From Shining Globules and Soap Bubbles to Cell Aggregates Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2019-03-11 Françoise Brochard-Wyart
Like The Magic Flute, my career has been paved by wonderful and unexpected stories played by enthusiastic and talented students, in close contact with experiments and industry. I participated in the birth of soft matter physics under the impulse of Pierre-Gilles de Gennes: polymers, liquid crystals, colloids, and wetting, which I later applied to the study of living matter. By teaching in the early
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Metallicity and Superconductivity in Doped Strontium Titanate Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2019-03-11 Clément Collignon,Xiao Lin,Carl Willem Rischau,Benoît Fauqué,Kamran Behnia
Strontium titanate is a wide-gap semiconductor avoiding a ferroelectric instability thanks to quantum fluctuations. This proximity leads to strong screening of static Coulomb interaction and paves the way for the emergence of a very dilute metal with extremely mobile carriers at liquid-helium temperature. Upon warming, mobility decreases by several orders of magnitude. Yet, metallicity persists above
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Multilayer Networks in a Nutshell Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2019-03-11 Alberto Aleta,Yamir Moreno
Complex systems are characterized by many interacting units that give rise to emergent behavior. A particularly advantageous way to study these systems is through the analysis of the networks that encode the interactions among the system constituents. During the past two decades, network science has provided many insights in natural, social, biological, and technological systems. However, real systems
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Monte Carlo Studies of Quantum Critical Metals Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2019-03-11 Erez Berg,Samuel Lederer,Yoni Schattner,Simon Trebst
Metallic quantum critical phenomena are believed to play a key role in many strongly correlated materials, including high-temperature superconductors. Theoretically, the problem of quantum criticality in the presence of a Fermi surface has proven to be highly challenging. However, it has recently been realized that many models used to describe such systems are amenable to numerically exact solution
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Universal Spin Transport and Quantum Bounds for Unitary Fermions Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 16.109) Pub Date : 2019-03-11 Tilman Enss,Joseph H. Thywissen
We review recent advances in experimental and theoretical understanding of spin transport in strongly interacting Fermi gases. The central new phenomenon is the observation of a lower bound on the (bare) spin diffusivity in the strongly interacting regime. Transport bounds are of broad interest for the condensed matter community, with a conceptual similarity to observed bounds in shear viscosity and