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“More Is Different” and Sustainable Development Goals: Thermoelectricity Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2023-09-22 Hidetoshi Fukuyama
The thermal Green's function formalism bridging between macroscopic observables and microscopic processes via linear response theory was established in the early 1960s, when I started my research career. I recall stimulating experiences with the help of this technique in exploring transport and thermodynamic properties of Bloch electrons in magnetic fields, especially orbital magnetism and the Hall
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An Adventure into the World of Soft Matter Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2023-03-10 Dominique Langevin
Soft matter is a field of condensed matter physics that began to develop in France in the 1970s under the impulse of Pierre-Gilles de Gennes. I had the chance to participate in this adventure, and I describe in this article some of the memorable events. Soft matter is not only linked to physics but also to chemistry and biology, and working in this multidisciplinary field is quite stimulating. My particular
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Learning Without Neurons in Physical Systems Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2023-03-10 Menachem Stern, Arvind Murugan
Learning is traditionally studied in biological or computational systems. The power of learning frameworks in solving hard inverse problems provides an appealing case for the development of physical learning in which physical systems adopt desirable properties on their own without computational design. It was recently realized that large classes of physical systems can physically learn through local
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Odd Viscosity and Odd Elasticity Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2023-03-10 Michel Fruchart, Colin Scheibner, Vincenzo Vitelli
Elasticity typically refers to a material's ability to store energy, whereas viscosity refers to a material's tendency to dissipate it. In this review, we discuss fluids and solids for which this is not the case. These materials display additional linear response coefficients known as odd viscosity and odd elasticity. We first introduce odd viscosity and odd elasticity from a continuum perspective
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Quantum Many-Body Scars: A Quasiparticle Perspective Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-12-21 Anushya Chandran, Thomas Iadecola, Vedika Khemani, Roderich Moessner
Weakly interacting quasiparticles play a central role in the low-energy description of many phases of quantum matter. At higher energies, however, quasiparticles cease to be well defined in generic many-body systems owing to a proliferation of decay channels. In this review, we discuss the phenomenon of quantum many-body scars, which can give rise to certain species of stable quasiparticles throughout
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Swimming in Complex Fluids Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-12-16 Saverio E. Spagnolie, Patrick T. Underhill
We review the literature on swimming in complex fluids. A classification is proposed by comparing the length- and timescales of a swimmer with those of nearby obstacles, interpreted broadly, extending from rigid or soft confining boundaries to molecules that confer the bulk fluid with complex stresses. A third dimension in the classification is the concentration of swimmers, which incorporates fluids
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Random Quantum Circuits Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-12-12 Matthew P.A. Fisher, Vedika Khemani, Adam Nahum, Sagar Vijay
Quantum circuits—built from local unitary gates and local measurements—are a new playground for quantum many-body physics and a tractable setting to explore universal collective phenomena far from equilibrium. These models have shed light on longstanding questions about thermalization and chaos, and on the underlying universal dynamics of quantum information and entanglement. In addition, such models
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Fermiology of Topological Metals Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-12-09 A. Alexandradinata, Leonid Glazman
The modern scope of fermiology encompasses not just the classical geometry of Fermi surfaces but also the geometry of quantum wave functions over the Fermi surface. This enlarged scope is motivated by the advent of topological metals—metals whose Fermi surfaces are characterized by a robustly nontrivial Berry phase. We review the extent to which topological metals can be diagnosed from magnetic-field-induced
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Physics of Human Crowds Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-11-30 Alessandro Corbetta, Federico Toschi
Understanding the behavior of human crowds is a key step toward a safer society and more livable cities. Despite the individual variability and will of single individuals, human crowds, from dilute to dense, invariably display a remarkable set of universal features and statistically reproducible behaviors. Here, we review ideas and recent progress in employing the language and tools from physics to
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Data-Driven Discovery of Robust Materials for Photocatalytic Energy Conversion Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-11-29 Arunima K. Singh, Rachel Gorelik, Tathagata Biswas
The solar–to–chemical energy conversion of Earth-abundant resources like water or greenhouse gas pollutants like CO2 promises an alternate energy source that is clean, renewable, and environmentally friendly. The eventual large-scale application of such photo-based energy conversion devices can be realized through the discovery of novel photocatalytic materials that are efficient, selective, and robust
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Dissecting Flux Balances to Measure Energetic Costs in Cell Biology: Techniques and Challenges Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-11-22 Easun Arunachalam, William Ireland, Xingbo Yang, Daniel Needleman
Life is a nonequilibrium phenomenon: Metabolism provides a continuous supply of energy that drives nearly all cellular processes. However, very little is known about how much energy different cellular processes use, i.e., their energetic costs. The most direct experimental measurements of these costs involve modulating the activity of cellular processes and determining the resulting changes in energetic
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Tensor Network Algorithms: A Route Map Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-11-09 Mari Carmen Bañuls
Tensor networks provide extremely powerful tools for the study of complex classical and quantum many-body problems. Over the past two decades, the increment in the number of techniques and applications has been relentless, and especially the last ten years have seen an explosion of new ideas and results that may be overwhelming for the newcomer. This short review introduces the basic ideas, the best
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Spatial and Temporal Organization of Chromatin at Small and Large Scales Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-11-09 Helmut Schiessel
DNA molecules with a total length of two meters contain the genetic information in every cell in our body. To control access to the genes, to organize its spatial structure in the nucleus, and to duplicate and faithfully separate the genetic material, the cell makes use of sophisticated physical mechanisms. Base pair sequences multiplex various layers of information, chromatin remodelers mobilize nucleosomes
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Superconductivity and Local Inversion-Symmetry Breaking Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-11-08 Mark H. Fischer, Manfred Sigrist, Daniel F. Agterberg, Youichi Yanase
Inversion and time reversal are essential symmetries for the structure of Cooper pairs in superconductors. The loss of one or both leads to modifications to this structure and can change the properties of the superconducting phases in profound ways. Superconductivity in materials lacking inversion symmetry, or noncentrosymmetric materials, has become an important topic. These materials show unusual
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Spin Seebeck Effect: Sensitive Probe for Elementary Excitation, Spin Correlation, Transport, Magnetic Order, and Domains in Solids Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-11-01 Takashi Kikkawa, Eiji Saitoh
The spin Seebeck effect (SSE) refers to the generation of a spin current as a result of a temperature gradient in a magnetic material, which can be detected electrically via the inverse spin Hall effect in a metallic contact. Since the discovery of the SSE in 2008, intensive studies on the SSE have been conducted to elucidate its origin. SSEs appear in a wide range of magnetic materials including ferro-
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Non-Hermitian Topological Phenomena: A Review Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-10-21 Nobuyuki Okuma, Masatoshi Sato
The past decades have witnessed an explosion of interest in topological materials, and a lot of mathematical concepts have been introduced in condensed matter physics. Among them, the bulk-boundary correspondence is the central topic in topological physics, which has inspired researchers to focus on boundary physics. Recently, the concepts of topological phases have been extended to non-Hermitian Hamiltonians
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Modeling Active Colloids: From Active Brownian Particles to Hydrodynamic and Chemical Fields Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-10-21 Andreas Zöttl, Holger Stark
Active colloids are self-propelled particles moving in viscous fluids by consuming fuel from their surroundings. Here, we review the numerical and theoretical modeling of active colloids propelled by self-generated near-surface flows. We start with the generic model of an active Brownian particle taking into account potential forces and effective pairwise interaction, which include hydrodynamic and
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Generalized Symmetries in Condensed Matter Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-10-21 John McGreevy
Recent advances in our understanding of symmetry in quantum many-body systems offer the possibility of a generalized Landau paradigm that encompasses all equilibrium phases of matter. This is a brief and elementary review of some of these developments.
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Floquet States in Open Quantum Systems Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-10-06 Takashi Mori
In Floquet engineering, periodic driving is used to realize novel phases of matter that are inaccessible in thermal equilibrium. For this purpose, the Floquet theory provides us a recipe for obtaining a static effective Hamiltonian. Although many existing works have treated closed systems, it is important to consider the effect of dissipation, which is ubiquitous in nature. Understanding the interplay
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A Journey Through Nonlinear Dynamics: The Case of Temperature Gradients Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-09-21 Albert Libchaber
The overall effect of temperature gradients is stressed for the Earth's core and surface, but also for the Sun's surface. Using Rayleigh–Bénard convection in helium and mercury, we measured all of the scaling properties of the period-doubling cascade and quasiperiodicity. Hard turbulence scaling properties are presented in an experiment using helium gas at low temperature. A [Formula: see text] scaling
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Coherently Coupled Mixtures of Ultracold Atomic Gases Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Alessio Recati, Sandro Stringari
This article summarizes some of the relevant features exhibited by binary mixtures of Bose–Einstein condensates in the presence of coherent coupling at zero temperature. The coupling, which is experimentally produced by proper photon transitions, can involve either negligible momentum transfer from the electromagnetic radiation (Rabi coupling) or large momentum transfer (Raman coupling) associated
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Studying Quantum Materials with Scanning SQUID Microscopy Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Eylon Persky, Ilya Sochnikov, Beena Kalisky
Electronic correlations give rise to fascinating macroscopic phenomena such as superconductivity, magnetism, and topological phases of matter. Although these phenomena manifest themselves macroscopically, fully understanding the underlying microscopic mechanisms often requires probing on multiple length scales. Spatial modulations on the mesoscopic scale are especially challenging to probe, owing to
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How Cross-Link Numbers Shape the Large-Scale Physics of Cytoskeletal Materials Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Sebastian Fürthauer, Michael J. Shelley
Cytoskeletal networks are the main actuators of cellular mechanics, and a foundational example for active matter physics. In cytoskeletal networks, motion is generated on small scales by filaments that push and pull on each other via molecular-scale motors. These local actuations give rise to large-scale stresses and motion. To understand how microscopic processes can give rise to self-organized behavior
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Modeling of Ferroelectric Oxide Perovskites: From First to Second Principles Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Philippe Ghosez, Javier Junquera
Taking a historical perspective, we provide a brief overview of the first-principles modeling of ferroelectric perovskite oxides over the past 30 years. We emphasize how the work done by a relatively small community on the fundamental understanding of ferroelectricity and related phenomena has been at the origin of consecutive theoretical breakthroughs, with an impact going often well beyond the limit
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Understanding Hydrophobic Effects: Insights from Water Density Fluctuations Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Nicholas B. Rego, Amish J. Patel
The aversion of hydrophobic solutes for water drives diverse interactions and assemblies across materials science, biology, and beyond. Here, we review the theoretical, computational, and experimental developments that underpin a contemporary understanding of hydrophobic effects. We discuss how an understanding of density fluctuations in bulk water can shed light on the fundamental differences in the
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The Hubbard Model: A Computational Perspective Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Mingpu Qin, Thomas Schäfer, Sabine Andergassen, Philippe Corboz, Emanuel Gull
The Hubbard model is the simplest model of interacting fermions on a lattice and is of similar importance to correlated electron physics as the Ising model is to statistical mechanics or the fruit fly to biomedical science. Despite its simplicity, the model exhibits an incredible wealth of phases, phase transitions, and exotic correlation phenomena. Although analytical methods have provided a qualitative
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The Hubbard Model Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Daniel P. Arovas, Erez Berg, Steven A. Kivelson, Srinivas Raghu
The repulsive Hubbard model has been immensely useful in understanding strongly correlated electron systems and serves as the paradigmatic model of the field. Despite its simplicity, it exhibits a strikingly rich phenomenology reminiscent of that observed in quantum materials. Nevertheless, much of its phase diagram remains controversial. Here, we review a subset of what is known about the Hubbard
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Irreversibility and Biased Ensembles in Active Matter: Insights from Stochastic Thermodynamics Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Étienne Fodor, Robert L. Jack, Michael E. Cates
Active systems evade the rules of equilibrium thermodynamics by constantly dissipating energy at the level of their microscopic components. This energy flux stems from the conversion of a fuel, present in the environment, into sustained individual motion. It can lead to collective effects without any equilibrium equivalent, some of which can be rationalized by using equilibrium tools to recapitulate
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Olfactory Sensing and Navigation in Turbulent Environments Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Gautam Reddy, Venkatesh N. Murthy, Massimo Vergassola
Fluid turbulence is a double-edged sword for the navigation of macroscopic animals, such as birds, insects, and rodents. On the one hand, turbulence enables pheromone communication among mates and the possibility of locating food by their odors from long distances. Molecular diffusion would indeed be unable to spread odors over relevant distances in natural conditions. On the other hand, turbulent
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Topological Magnons: A Review Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Paul A. McClarty
At sufficiently low temperatures, magnetic materials often enter correlated phases hosting collective, coherent magnetic excitations such as magnons or triplons. Drawing on the enormous progress on topological materials of the past few years, recent research has led to new insights into the geometry and topology of these magnetic excitations. Berry phases associated with magnetic dynamics can lead
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Active Turbulence Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Ricard Alert, Jaume Casademunt, Jean-François Joanny
Active fluids exhibit spontaneous flows with complex spatiotemporal structure, which have been observed in bacterial suspensions, sperm cells, cytoskeletal suspensions, self-propelled colloids, and cell tissues. Despite occurring in the absence of inertia, chaotic active flows are reminiscent of inertial turbulence, and hence they are known as active turbulence. Here, we survey the field, providing
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Topological Magnets: Functions Based on Berry Phase and Multipoles Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Satoru Nakatsuji, Ryotaro Arita
Macroscopic responses of magnets are often governed by magnetization and, thus, have been restricted to ferromagnets. However, such responses are strikingly large in the newly developed topological magnets, breaking the conventional scaling with magnetization. Taking the recently discovered antiferromagnetic (AF) Weyl semimetals as a prime example, we highlight the two central ingredients driving the
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The Physics of Dense Suspensions Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Christopher Ness, Ryohei Seto, Romain Mari
Dense suspensions of particles are relevant to many applications and are a key platform for developing a fundamental physics of out-of-equilibrium systems. They present challenging flow properties, apparently turning from liquid to solid upon small changes in composition or, intriguingly, in the driving forces applied to them. The emergent physics close to the ubiquitous jamming transition (and to
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Thin Film Skyrmionics Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Takaaki Dohi, Robert M. Reeve, Mathias Kläui
In condensed matter physics, magnetic skyrmions, topologically stabilized magnetic solitons, have been discovered in various materials systems, which has intrigued the community in terms of not only fundamental physics but also with respect to engineering applications. In particular, skyrmions in thin films are easily manipulable by electrical means even at room temperature. Concomitantly, a variety
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Director Deformations, Geometric Frustration, and Modulated Phases in Liquid Crystals Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Jonathan V. Selinger
This article analyzes modulated phases in liquid crystals, from the long-established cholesteric and blue phases to the recently discovered twist-bend, splay-bend, and splay nematic phases, as well as the twist-grain-boundary (TGB) and helical nanofilament variations on smectic phases. The analysis uses the concept of four fundamental modes of director deformation: twist, bend, splay, and a fourth
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Russell Donnelly and His Leaks Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 J.J. Niemela, K.R. Sreenivasan
Russell James Donnelly (b. 1930) was an exceptionally creative physicist with many other interests: art, music, history, and scientific societies and their scholarly journals. He reinvigorated the maturing field of low temperature physics by linking it strongly to fluid turbulence through bold and optimistic leadership at the intersection of the two fields. Immediately after achieving his Ph.D. at
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My Life and Science Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 Valery L. Pokrovsky
In this article, I tried to compress the events of my long life and scientific career into a readable manuscript. The choice of scientific problems in development of which I was involved and people with whom I contacted naturally is not complete. I hope, however, that my selection more or less correctly reflects my teaching activity and my participation in the enormous progress of quantum mechanics
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Reflections on 65 Years of Helium Research Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 John D. Reppy
In this autobiographical article, I discuss a number of topics that have absorbed my interest over the years and illustrate how advances in experimental technique, such as the superfluid gyroscope and torsional oscillators, were entwined with expanding knowledge of the properties of helium.
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Organization and Self-Assembly Away from Equilibrium: Toward Thermodynamic Design Principles Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 Michael Nguyen, Yuqing Qiu, Suriyanarayanan Vaikuntanathan
Studies of biological systems and materials, together with recent experimental and theoretical advances in colloidal and nanoscale materials, have shown how nonequilibrium forcing can be used to modulate organization in many novel ways. In this review, we focus on how an accounting of energy dissipation, using the tools of stochastic thermodynamics, can constrain and provide intuition for the correlations
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Topology and Symmetry of Quantum Materials via Nonlinear Optical Responses Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 J. Orenstein, J.E. Moore, T. Morimoto, D.H. Torchinsky, J.W. Harter, D. Hsieh
We review recent progress in the study of photogalvanic effects and optical second-harmonic generation in topological and noncentrosymmetric metals.
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Band Representations and Topological Quantum Chemistry Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 Jennifer Cano, Barry Bradlyn
In this article, we provide a pedagogical review of the theory of topological quantum chemistry and topological crystalline insulators. We begin with an overview of the properties of crystal symmetry groups in position and momentum space. Next, we introduce the concept of a band representation, which quantifies the symmetry of topologically trivial band structures. By combining band representations
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Symmetry Breaking and Nonlinear Electric Transport in van der Waals Nanostructures Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 Toshiya Ideue, Yoshihiro Iwasa
The recent development of artificially fabricated van der Waals nanostructures makes it possible to design and control the symmetry of solids and to find novel physical properties and related functionalities. A characteristic physical property reflecting such symmetry breaking is the nonlinear response, which is typically studied as the second harmonic generation of light, although studies have recently
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Enzymes as Active Matter Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 Subhadip Ghosh, Ambika Somasundar, Ayusman Sen
Nature has designed multifaceted cellular structures to support life. Cells contain a vast array of enzymes that collectively perform essential tasks by harnessing energy from chemical reactions. Despite the complexity, intra- and intercellular motility at low Reynolds numbers remain the epicenter of life. In the past decade, detailed investigations on enzymes that are freely dispersed in solution
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Polyelectrolyte Complex Coacervates: Recent Developments and New Frontiers Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 Artem M. Rumyantsev, Nicholas E. Jackson, Juan J. de Pablo
Polyelectrolyte complex coacervates represent a wide class of materials with applications ranging from coatings and adhesives to pharmaceutical technologies. They also underpin multiple biological processes, which are only now beginning to be deciphered. The means by which molecular-scale architecture propagates into macroscopic structure, thermodynamics, and dynamics in complex coacervates is of central
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Stem Cell Populations as Self-Renewing Many-Particle Systems Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 David J. Jörg, Yu Kitadate, Shosei Yoshida, Benjamin D. Simons
This article reviews the physical principles of stem cell populations as active many-particle systems that are able to self-renew, control their density, and recover from depletion. We illustrate the dynamical and statistical hallmarks of homeostatic mechanisms, from stem cell density fluctuations and transient large-scale oscillation dynamics during recovery to the scaling behavior of clonal dynamics
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Creep Motion of Elastic Interfaces Driven in a Disordered Landscape Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 Ezequiel E. Ferrero, Laura Foini, Thierry Giamarchi, Alejandro B. Kolton, Alberto Rosso
The thermally activated creep motion of an elastic interface weakly driven on a disordered landscape is one of the best examples of glassy universal dynamics. Its understanding has evolved over the past 30 years thanks to a fruitful interplay among elegant scaling arguments, sophisticated analytical calculations, efficient optimization algorithms, and creative experiments. In this article, starting
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Modeling Grain Boundaries in Polycrystalline Halide Perovskite Solar Cells Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 Ji-Sang Park, Aron Walsh
Solar cells are semiconductor devices that generate electricity through charge generation upon illumination. For optimal device efficiency, the photogenerated carriers must reach the electrical contact layers before they recombine. A deep understanding of the recombination process and transport behavior is essential to design better devices. Halide perovskite solar cells are commonly made of a polycrystalline
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The Fracture of Highly Deformable Soft Materials: A Tale of Two Length Scales Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 Rong Long, Chung-Yuen Hui, Jian Ping Gong, Eran Bouchbinder
The fracture of highly deformable soft materials is of great practical importance in a wide range of technological applications, emerging in fields such as soft robotics, stretchable electronics, and tissue engineering. From a basic physics perspective, the failure of these materials poses fundamental challenges due to the strongly nonlinear and dissipative deformation involved. In this review, we
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On the Role of Competing Interactions in Charged Colloids with Short-Range Attraction Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 José Ruiz-Franco, Emanuela Zaccarelli
In this review, we discuss recent advances in the investigation of colloidal systems interacting via a combination of short-range attraction and long-range repulsion. The prototypical examples of this phenomenology are charged colloids with depletion interactions, but the results apply, to a large extent, also to suspensions of globular proteins, clays, and, in general, to systems with competing attractive
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Mechanical Frequency Tuning by Sensory Hair Cells, the Receptors and Amplifiers of the Inner Ear Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 Pascal Martin, A.J. Hudspeth
We recognize sounds by analyzing their frequency content. Different frequency components evoke distinct mechanical waves that each travel within the hearing organ, or cochlea, to a frequency-specific place. These signals are detected by hair cells, the ear's sensory receptors, in response to vibrations of mechanically sensitive antennas termed hair bundles. An active process enhances the sensitivity
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A Career in Physics Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 Bertrand I. Halperin
Over the course of my career, I have had the opportunity to work on a wide variety of problems in condensed matter physics, benefiting from superb collaborators and environments full of inspiring colleagues. I review here some highlights of my journey so far. Subjects include theories of dynamic critical phenomena, phase transitions in two-dimensional systems, systems with strong disorder, quantum
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Have I Really Been a Condensed Matter Theorist? I'm Not Sure, but Does It Matter? Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2021-03-10 Edouard Brézin
My life as a physicist has been a blend of field theory, statistical physics, and condensed matter physics over half a century.
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Bubbly and Buoyant Particle–Laden Turbulent Flows Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Varghese Mathai, Detlef Lohse, Chao Sun
Fluid turbulence is commonly associated with stronger drag, greater heat transfer, and more efficient mixing than in laminar flows. In many natural and industrial settings, turbulent liquid flows contain suspensions of dispersed bubbles and light particles. Recently, much attention has been devoted to understanding the behavior and underlying physics of such flows by use of both experiments and high-resolution
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Statistical Mechanics of Deep Learning Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Yasaman Bahri, Jonathan Kadmon, Jeffrey Pennington, Sam S. Schoenholz, Jascha Sohl-Dickstein, Surya Ganguli
The recent striking success of deep neural networks in machine learning raises profound questions about the theoretical principles underlying their success. For example, what can such deep networks compute? How can we train them? How does information propagate through them? Why can they generalize? And how can we teach them to imagine? We review recent work in which methods of physical analysis rooted
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Discrete Time Crystals Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Dominic V. Else, Christopher Monroe, Chetan Nayak, Norman Y. Yao
Experimental advances have allowed for the exploration of nearly isolated quantum many-body systems whose coupling to an external bath is very weak. A particularly interesting class of such systems is those that do not thermalize under their own isolated quantum dynamics. In this review, we highlight the possibility for such systems to exhibit new nonequilibrium phases of matter. In particular, we
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Self-Propelled Rods: Insights and Perspectives for Active Matter Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Markus Bär, Robert Großmann, Sebastian Heidenreich, Fernando Peruani
A wide range of experimental systems including gliding, swarming and swimming bacteria, in vitro motility assays, and shaken granular media are commonly described as self-propelled rods. Large ensembles of those entities display a large variety of self-organized, collective phenomena, including the formation of moving polar clusters, polar and nematic dynamic bands, mobility-induced phase separation
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The Actin Cytoskeleton as an Active Adaptive Material Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Shiladitya Banerjee, Margaret L. Gardel, Ulrich S. Schwarz
Actin is the main protein used by biological cells to adapt their structure and mechanics to their needs. Cellular adaptation is made possible by molecular processes that strongly depend on mechanics. The actin cytoskeleton is also an active material that continuously consumes energy. This allows for dynamical processes that are possible only out of equilibrium and opens up the possibility for multiple
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Majorana Zero Modes in Networks of Cooper-Pair Boxes: Topologically Ordered States and Topological Quantum Computation Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Yuval Oreg, Felix von Oppen
Recent experimental progress introduced devices that can combine topological superconductivity with Coulomb-blockade effects. Experiments with these devices have already provided additional evidence for Majorana zero modes in proximity-coupled semiconductor wires. They also stimulated numerous ideas for how to exploit interactions between Majorana zero modes generated by Coulomb charging effects in
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Superconducting Qubits: Current State of Play Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Morten Kjaergaard, Mollie E. Schwartz, Jochen Braumüller, Philip Krantz, Joel I.-J. Wang, Simon Gustavsson, William D. Oliver
Superconducting qubits are leading candidates in the race to build a quantum computer capable of realizing computations beyond the reach of modern supercomputers. The superconducting qubit modality has been used to demonstrate prototype algorithms in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) technology era, in which non-error-corrected qubits are used to implement quantum simulations and quantum
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Topology and Broken Symmetry in Floquet Systems Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. (IF 22.6) Pub Date : 2020-03-16 Fenner Harper, Rahul Roy, Mark S. Rudner, S.L. Sondhi
Floquet systems are governed by periodic, time-dependent Hamiltonians. Prima facie they should absorb energy from the external drives involved in modulating their couplings and heat up to infinite temperature. However, this unhappy state of affairs can be avoided in many ways. Instead, as has become clear from much recent work, Floquet systems can exhibit a variety of nontrivial behavior—some of which