A dual-band 10-port multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna array for 5G smartphone is proposed. Each antenna in the MIMO system can work from 3.4 to 3.6 GHz and 5 to 6 GHz with 10 dB (2:1 VSWR) impedance bandwidth. Nevertheless, for a 3:1 VSWR, the antenna operates from 3.3 to 3.8 GHz and 4.67 to 6.24 GHz. The MIMO system is formed by making 10 seven-shaped coupled fed slot antenna elements

Protein structures can provide invaluable information, both for reasoning about biological processes and for enabling interventions such as structure-based drug development or targeted mutagenesis. After decades of effort, 17% of the total residues in human protein sequences are covered by an experimentally-determined structure1. Here we dramatically expand structural coverage by applying the state-of-the-art

AlphaFold neural network produced a ‘totally transformative’ database of more than 350,000 structures from Homo sapiens and 20 model organisms.

Viral load is roughly 1,000 times higher in people infected with the Delta variant than those infected with the original coronavirus strain, according to a study in China.

The classic mode of STING activation is through binding the cyclic dinucleotide 2′3′-cyclic GMP–AMP (cGAMP), produced by the DNA sensor cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS), which is important for the innate immune response to microbial infection and autoimmune disease. Modes of STING activation that are independent of cGAS are much less well understood. Here, through a spatiotemporally resolved proximity

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)—the most common form of liver cancer—is an aggressive malignancy with few effective treatment options1. Lenvatinib is a small-molecule inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases that is used for the treatment of patients with advanced HCC, but this drug has only limited clinical benefit2. Here, using a kinome-centred CRISPR–Cas9 genetic screen, we show that inhibition

Infection-induced aversion against enteropathogens is a conserved sickness behaviour that can promote host survival1,2. The aetiology of this behaviour remains poorly understood, but studies in Drosophila have linked olfactory and gustatory perception to avoidance behaviours against toxic microorganisms3,4,5. Whether and how enteric infections directly influence sensory perception to induce or modulate

The mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) controls cell growth in response to amino acid levels1. Here we report SAR1B as a leucine sensor that regulates mTORC1 signalling in response to intracellular levels of leucine. Under conditions of leucine deficiency, SAR1B inhibits mTORC1 by physically targeting its activator GATOR2. In conditions of leucine sufficiency, SAR1B binds to leucine, undergoes a conformational

Interactions between T cell receptors (TCRs) and their cognate tumour antigens are central to antitumour immune responses1,2,3; however, the relationship between phenotypic characteristics and TCR properties is not well elucidated. Here we show, by linking the antigenic specificity of TCRs and the cellular phenotype of melanoma-infiltrating lymphocytes at single-cell resolution, that tumour specificity

In early mitosis, the duplicated chromosomes are held together by the ring-shaped cohesin complex1. Separation of chromosomes during anaphase is triggered by separase—a large cysteine endopeptidase that cleaves the cohesin subunit SCC1 (also known as RAD212,3,4). Separase is activated by degradation of its inhibitors, securin5 and cyclin B6, but the molecular mechanisms of separase regulation are not

Recently, experimental and theoretical works have reported evidence indicating that photochemical processes may significantly be accelerated at heterogeneous interfaces, although a complete understanding of the phenomenon is still lacking. We have carried out a theoretical study of interface and surface effects on the photochemistry of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) using high-level ab initio methods and

Filamentous actinobacteria of the genus Streptomyces have a complex lifecycle involving the differentiation of reproductive aerial hyphae into spores. We recently showed c-di-GMP controls this transition by arming a unique anti-σ, RsiG, to bind the sporulation-specific σ, WhiG. The Streptomyces venezuelae RsiG–(c-di-GMP)2–WhiG structure revealed that a monomeric RsiG binds c-di-GMP via two E(X)3S(X)2R(X)3Q(X)3D

Many endogenous molecules, mostly proteins, purportedly activate the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)–myeloid differentiation factor-2 (MD-2) complex, the innate immune receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from gram-negative bacteria. However, there is no structural evidence supporting direct TLR4–MD-2 activation by endogenous ligands. Sulfatides (3-O-sulfogalactosylceramides) are natural, abundant

Insulin-signaling requires conformational change: whereas the free hormone and its receptor each adopt autoinhibited conformations, their binding leads to structural reorganization. To test the functional coupling between insulin’s “hinge opening” and receptor activation, we inserted an artificial ligand-dependent switch into the insulin molecule. Ligand-binding disrupts an internal tether designed

The importin α family belongs to the conserved nuclear transport pathway in eukaryotes. However, the biological functions of importin α in the plasma membrane are still elusive. Here, we report that importin α, as a plasma membrane–associated protein, is exploited by the rice stripe virus (RSV) to enter vector insect cells, especially salivary gland cells. When the expression of three importin α genes

RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) functions in de novo methylation in CG, CHG, and CHH contexts. Here, we performed map-based cloning of OsNRPE1, which encodes the largest subunit of RNA polymerase V (Pol V), a key regulator of gene silencing and reproductive development in rice. We found that rice Pol V is required for CHH methylation on RdDM loci by transcribing long noncoding RNAs. Pol V influences

Many bacteria harbor RNA-dependent nucleoside-triphosphatases of the DEAH/RHA family, whose molecular mechanisms and cellular functions are poorly understood. Here, we show that the Escherichia coli DEAH/RHA protein, HrpA, is an ATP-dependent 3 to 5′ RNA helicase and that the RNA helicase activity of HrpA influences bacterial survival under antibiotics treatment. Limited proteolysis, crystal structure

“Taste-like” tuft cells in the intestine trigger type 2 immunity in response to worm infection. The secretion of interleukin-13 (IL-13) from type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) represents a key step in the tuft cell–ILC2 cell–intestinal epithelial cell circuit that drives the clearance of worms from the gut via type 2 immune responses. Hallmark features of type 2 responses include tissue remodeling

Transcription initiation is highly regulated by promoter sequence, transcription factors, and ligands. All known transcription inhibitors, an important class of antibiotics, act in initiation. To understand regulation and inhibition, the biophysical mechanisms of formation and stabilization of the “open” promoter complex (OC), of synthesis of a short RNA–DNA hybrid upon nucleotide addition, and of

Cellulose is synthesized at the plasma membrane by cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs), which are assembled in the Golgi and secreted to the plasma membrane through the trans-Golgi network (TGN) compartment. However, the molecular mechanisms that guide CSCs through the secretory system and deliver them to the plasma membrane are poorly understood. Here, we identified an uncharacterized gene

Nuclear envelope budding (NEB) is a recently discovered alternative pathway for nucleocytoplasmic communication distinct from the movement of material through the nuclear pore complex. Through quantitative electron microscopy and tomography, we demonstrate how NEB is evolutionarily conserved from early protists to human cells. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, NEB events occur with higher frequency

Machine learning is significantly used for malware and adversary detection in the industrial internet of things networks. However, majority of these methods require a significant prior knowledge of malware properties to identify optimal features for malware detection. This is a more significant challenge in IoT environment due to limited availability of malware samples. Some researchers utilized data

LoRaWAN is the most adopted communication technology for the Internet of Things (IoT) applications for enabling flexible, cost-effective long-range communication with low power consumption. The deployment of a wide range of IoT devices brings many benefits to many applications, but new challenges arise from the network point of view with this deployment. For instance, IoT applications have different

The Internet of Drones (IoD) recently gained momentum due to its high adaptability to a wide variety of complex scenarios. Indeed, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can successfully be employed in different applications, such as agriculture, search and rescue missions, surveillance systems, mission-critical services, among others, thanks to some technological and practical advantages: high mobility,

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) provide safety management and entertainment services in smart city scenarios. However, due to the highly time-varying network topology caused by vehicles’ movement and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) areas in complex urban environment, the connection time between vehicles might be very short, leading to limited transmission capacity between vehicles. As a result, large file

ECOLOGY Researcher collecting bulk surface sediment samples from a modern coral reef in Bocas del Toro, Panama. Image credit: Sean Mattson (International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali, Colombia). Human exploitation of Caribbean shark communities The size and diversity of Caribbean shark populations prior to human exploitation have been difficult to...

Dysfunction in T cells limits the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. We profiled the epigenome, transcriptome, and enhancer connectome of exhaustion-prone GD2-targeting HA-28z chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and control CD19-targeting CAR T cells, which present less exhaustion-inducing tonic signaling, at multiple points during their ex vivo expansion. We found widespread, dynamic changes in

Grain boundary formation during coarsening of nanoporous gold (NPG) is investigated wherein a nanocrystalline structure can form by particles detaching and reattaching to the structure. MicroLaue and electron backscatter diffraction measurements demonstrate that an in-grain orientation spread develops as NPG is coarsened. The volume fraction of the NPG sample is near the limit of bicontinuity, at which

Cytoskeletal active nematics exhibit striking nonequilibrium dynamics that are powered by energy-consuming molecular motors. To gain insight into the structure and mechanics of these materials, we design programmable clusters in which kinesin motors are linked by a double-stranded DNA linker. The efficiency by which DNA-based clusters power active nematics depends on both the stepping dynamics of the

Organoheterotrophs are the dominant bacteria in most soils worldwide. While many of these bacteria can subsist on atmospheric hydrogen (H2), levels of this gas are generally insufficient to sustain hydrogenotrophic growth. In contrast, bacteria residing within soil-derived termite mounds are exposed to high fluxes of H2 due to fermentative production within termite guts. Here, we show through community

In this work, a printed coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed single band antenna based on expanded graphite material is introduced. The proposed antenna is based on a CPW-monopole antenna with a U-shape conductor strip connected with the ground. Expanded graphite, a grade of graphene, is used as a conductor to design the uniplanar antenna over a flexible paper substrate. The antenna is designed for 2.4 GHz

Neoantigen-specific T cells are strongly implicated as being critical for effective immune checkpoint blockade treatment (ICB) (e.g., anti–PD-1 and anti–CTLA-4) and are being targeted for vaccination-based therapies. However, ICB treatments show uneven responses between patients, and neoantigen vaccination efficiency has yet to be established. Here, we characterize neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells

The paper presents a numerical simulation of the propagation characteristics of symmetric E-type and H-type waves in microwave circular shielded waveguide with radially inhomogeneous dielectric filling. Using the modified Galerkin method, the calculation of a circular two-layer shielded waveguide was carried out, as a result of which the distribution of the electromagnetic field of the waveguide with

The paper proposes a system consisting of novel programmable system on chip (PSoC)-controlled phase shifters which in turn guides the beam of an antenna array attached to it. Four antennae forming an array receive individual inputs from the programmable phase shifters (IC 2484). The input to the PSoC-based phase shifter is provided from an optimized 1:4 Wilkinson power divider. The antenna consists

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-regulated transcription factor (TF) that controls the tissue- and gene-specific transactivation and transrepression of thousands of target genes. Distinct GR DNA-binding sequences with activating or repressive activities have been identified, but how they modulate transcription in opposite ways is not known. We show that GR forms phase-separated condensates

Sensitivity to satiety constitutes a basic requirement for neuronal coding of subjective reward value. Satiety from natural ongoing consumption affects reward functions in learning and approach behavior. More specifically, satiety reduces the subjective economic value of individual rewards during choice between options that typically contain multiple reward components. The unconfounded assessment of

The unequal spatial distribution of ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2), an air pollutant related to traffic, leads to higher exposure for minority and low socioeconomic status communities. We exploit the unprecedented drop in urban activity during the COVID-19 pandemic and use high-resolution, remotely sensed NO2 observations to investigate disparities in NO2 levels across different demographic subgroups

Hybrids account for nearly all commercially planted varieties of maize and many other crop plants because crosses between inbred lines of these species produce first-generation [F1] offspring that greatly outperform their parents. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, called heterosis or hybrid vigor, are not well understood despite over a century of intensive research. The leading hypotheses—which

Klein (1) challenges two interpretations in Niespolo et al. (2). Regarding his first point, we maintain that Ysterfontein 1 (YFT1) does provide the oldest known example of full coastal adaptation as indicated by the presence of shell middens (cf. ref. 3). Klein inaccurately characterizes the age of the deepest shell midden layers at Klasies River Main (KRM) given in ref. 4. While other workers identify

Niespolo et al. (1) report 230Th/238U “burial ages” for ostrich eggshell fragments from a 3.8-m-thick Middle Stone Age (MSA) sequence at Ysterfontein 1 shelter, west coast of South Africa (2). The ages are in expected stratigraphic order and imply that the entire 3.8-m sequence accumulated in as little as 2,300 y around 115,000 y ago. The authors believe they have identified the oldest firmly dated

Since its outbreak in December 2019, the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has spread to 191 countries and caused millions of deaths. Many countries have experienced multiple epidemic waves and faced containment pressures from both domestic and international transmission. In this study, we conduct a multiscale geographic analysis of the spread of COVID-19 in a policy-influenced dynamic network to quantify

Humans first began cultivating cannabis, a source of both fibres and drugs, some 12,000 years ago.

Hear the biggest stories from the world of science | 21 July 2021

Just 5% of the world’s power plants account for almost three-quarters of carbon emissions from electricity generation.

Nearly 50 years ago, Intel created the world’s first commercially produced microprocessor—the 4004 (ref. 1), a modest 4-bit CPU (central processing unit) with 2,300 transistors fabricated using 10 μm process technology in silicon and capable only of simple arithmetic calculations. Since this ground-breaking achievement, there has been continuous technological development with increasing sophistication

X-ray free-electron lasers can generate intense and coherent radiation at wavelengths down to the sub-ångström region1,2,3,4,5, and have become indispensable tools for applications in structural biology and chemistry, among other disciplines6. Several X-ray free-electron laser facilities are in operation2,3,4,5; however, their requirement for large, high-cost, state-of-the-art radio-frequency accelerators

Moiré quantum matter has emerged as a materials platform in which correlated and topological phases can be explored with unprecedented control. Among them, magic-angle systems constructed from two or three layers of graphene have shown robust superconducting phases with unconventional characteristics1,2,3,4,5. However, direct evidence of unconventional pairing remains to be experimentally demonstrated

Although Venus is a terrestrial planet similar to Earth, its atmospheric circulation is much different and poorly characterized1. Winds at the cloud top have been measured predominantly on the dayside. Prominent poleward drifts have been observed with dayside cloud tracking and interpreted to be caused by thermal tides and a Hadley circulation2,3,4; however, the lack of nightside measurements over

Whereas ferromagnets have been known and used for millennia, antiferromagnets were only discovered in the 1930s1. At large scale, because of the absence of global magnetization, antiferromagnets may seem to behave like any non-magnetic material. At the microscopic level, however, the opposite alignment of spins forms a rich internal structure. In topological antiferromagnets, this internal structure

Since its discovery1,2, the deep-sea glass sponge Euplectella aspergillum has attracted interest in its mechanical properties and beauty. Its skeletal system is composed of amorphous hydrated silica and is arranged in a highly regular and hierarchical cylindrical lattice that begets exceptional flexibility and resilience to damage3,4,5,6. Structural analyses dominate the literature, but hydrodynamic

The unconventional T cell compartment encompasses a variety of cell subsets that straddle the line between innate and adaptive immunity, often reside at mucosal surfaces and can recognize a wide range of non-polymorphic ligands. Recent advances have highlighted the role of unconventional T cells in tissue homeostasis and disease. In this Review, we recast unconventional T cell subsets according to

Rigid molecular sieving materials work well for small molecules with the complete exclusion of large ones1,2,3, and molecules with matching physiochemical properties may be separated using dynamic molecular sieving materials4,5,6. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)7,8,9 are known for their precise control of structures and functions on a molecular level10,11,12,13,14,15. However, the rational design of

Free-electron lasing in a plasma wave.

Structural evidence shows how cyclin-dependent kinase inhibits separase.

The University of Liverpool is planning to make lay-offs on the basis of controversial measures. How should the global movement for responsible research respond?

Evidence of spin-triplet superconductivity in a quasi-2D system.

With historically high levels of new funding, US gun-violence research is starting to find its footing.

Cryo-EM data sheds light on a protein complex needed for male fertility.

Simulations of fluid dynamics through an intricate sponge skeleton.

Safety and equity concerns prompt some journals and scientific societies to hasten use of new names on transgender authors’ works.