The three-dimensional printing of thermoset materials is of use in the development of flexible electronics and soft robotics. However, the process typically involves the deposition and removal of supporting materials that require extensive cycles of pre- and post-processing. Here we describe a three-dimensional printing method for constructing functional and arbitrary free-standing thermoset structures

The long-term recording of neural activity could be used to understand complex behaviours and disorders. However, the development of technology capable of such measurements faces a variety of technical challenges, including the relative motion between recording electrodes and tissue and the excessive displaced volume from implanted electronics. Here we report a subnanolitre-volume tetherless optoelectronic

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces operating at microwave frequencies are of potential use in the development of the sixth generation of wireless communications technology. Such surfaces could, in particular, be used to reprogram the wireless propagation channels in controlled ways and thus provide low-cost wireless capacity boosting, coverage extension and enhanced energy efficiency. To reprogram

Soft electronic fibres are potential building blocks for a variety of emerging technologies including smart textiles and wearable health monitors. However, it remains a challenge to fabricate fibres that combine conductive and dielectric domains in complex architectures in a simple and scalable way. Here we show that a thermal drawing approach can be used to fabricate stretchable fibre-based sensors

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors are promising building blocks for advanced electronic devices. However, the fabrication of high-quality 2D semiconductor wafers with engineered layers remains a challenge. Here we describe a direct wafer bonding and debonding method that can be applied to semiconductor monolayers that have been grown epitaxially on high-adhesion substrates such as sapphire. The process

Neuromorphic computing could be used to create artificial intelligence with high compactness and efficiency. However, complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) circuits are inherently different to biological neurons, and intricate CMOS circuits are needed to realize neuromorphic behaviours. Diffusive memristors are based on ion dynamics and have similarities with biological neurons. They could

Optical imaging offers a number of advantages over electrophysiology including cell-type specificity. However, its application has been limited to the investigation of shallow brain regions (less than 2 mm) because of the light scattering property of brain tissue. Passive optical conduits, such as graded-index lenses and waveguides, have permitted access to deeper locales but with restricted resolution

Metaphotonics uses nanoengineered materials to manipulate the electromagnetic fields and is of use in multidimensional optoelectronic applications such as Stokes detection. Machine learning algorithms are often used in the device design and post-signal processing of these systems. During post-signal processing, such algorithms can be used to reconstruct the physical quantities from multiparameter optical

Tin halide perovskites are a potential p-type channel material for thin-film transistors due to their high room-temperature hole mobility and easy processability. However, creating a high-quality thin film with a three-dimensional tin halide perovskite is challenging due to its inherent instability and defect density. Here we show that the coordinated control of A-site cations and X-site anions in

Printed transistors have a wide range of applications, but the limited resolution of printing techniques (10–30 µm) has been a barrier to utility and scalability. Printed submicrometre channel lengths have previously been achieved. However, this has required chemical processes or tedious post-processing, which limits applicability. Here we show that capillary flow printing can create submicrometre

The development of low-power computing sectors requires compact, power-efficient and high-performance integrated circuits. Hybrid technology that combines n-type metal oxide thin-film transistors and p-type organic thin-film transistors offers a potential solution. However, increasing the transistor density of these systems through vertical stacking is challenging due to issues related to thermal budget

Non-volatile compute-in-memory macros can reduce data transfer between processing and memory units, providing fast and energy-efficient artificial intelligence computations. However, the non-volatile compute-in-memory architecture typically relies on analogue computing, which is limited in terms of accuracy, scalability and robustness. Here we report a 64-kb non-volatile digital compute-in-memory macro

Frequency multiplier devices based on Schottky barrier diodes can be used to generate terahertz radiation, offering high power output and potential integration into all-solid-state systems. However, the scaling of the output power of such devices is often limited by the power handling capacity of a single diode. A connected chain of Schottky barrier diodes, together with a power combining approach

Precision has long been the central bottleneck of analogue computing. Bit-slicing or analogue compensation can be used to perform matrix–vector multiplication with precision, but solving matrix equations using such techniques is challenging. Here we describe a precise and scalable analogue matrix inversion solver. Our approach uses an iterative algorithm that combines analogue low-precision matrix

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors possess ideal attributes for meeting industry scaling targets for transistor channel technology. However, the development of scaled field-effect transistors (FETs) requires industry-compatible gate dielectrics with low equivalent oxide thicknesses. Here we show that zirconium oxide (ZrO2)—an industry-compatible high-dielectric-constant

Biosensors based on organic field-effect transistors can offer mechanical flexibility, stretchability and operational stability for conformal on-skin monitoring. However, bending, stretching, moisture and temperature changes can lead to signal artefacts and drifts. Here we report skin-like drift-free biosensors based on stretchable diode-connected organic field-effect transistors. Our approach relies

Films of aligned semiconducting carbon nanotubes could be used to build complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors for digital integrated circuits and radio-frequency transistors for terahertz analogue integrated circuits. However, the operating frequencies of such devices remains too low for potential application in the sixth generation of wireless communications. Here we report

High-performance and low-power thin-film transistor technology is needed for the development of wearable electronics and the Internet of Things. However, the thermionic limit of the subthreshold swing sets an upper bound on the performance of such systems. Here we report a subthermionic organic thin-film tunnel transistor based on interfacial molecule decoupling. In these devices, minimized gap states

Developing artificial intelligence systems that are capable of learning at the edge of a network requires both energy-efficient inference and learning. However, current memory technology cannot provide the necessary combination of high endurance, low programming energy and non-destructive read processes. Here we report a unified memory stack that functions as a memristor as well as a ferroelectric