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This article presents average modeling of a dual-half-bridge (DHB) dc–dc converter operated with independent control over phase shift, the primary-side duty cycle, and the secondary-side duty cycle. All six possible working modes and their corresponding power transfer characteristics are derived. State-space average models of the working modes are developed, and a corresponding closed-loop control

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Electrification of transportation systems continues to increase both to reduce the negative effect of petroleum-based transportation on the climate and the quality of life and to allow for enhanced safety and comfort of transportation at large. These developments are often subject to tight constraints on cost, mass, and volume. At the same time, the requirements on the reliability of the systems in

In this article, a hybrid-slot radial-flux dual-stator permanent-magnet machine (HS-RDPM) with fault-tolerant consideration is presented. On the one hand, the torque density of this structure is improved compared with conventional fault-tolerant permanent-magnet machines (FTPMs). On the other hand, both large torque ripple and weak phase isolation coming from dual stators are optimized. First, radial-flux

Efficiency and reliability are essential for isolated bidirectional dc–dc converters in electric vehicle (EV) battery charging systems. As one promising power interface between energy storage components and power bus, dual-active-bridge (DAB) dc–dc converters have gained wide applications due to the advantages of galvanic isolation, symmetric circuit structure, high power density, and easy control

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Direct torque control (DTC) is a widely used approach for motor drives due to its distinctive advantages, e.g., fast dynamic response and highly robust against motor parameters uncertainties and external disturbances. To achieve a lower torque ripple, a higher switching frequency is usually required, which, however, can reduce the drive efficiency. Using the emerging silicon carbide (SiC) devices,

Intermittent generation and load demand are one of the major challenges for grid operators. Caused for example by renewables power variability or electric vehicle charging, it can create mismatches between the real-time demand and the forecast demand, affecting frequency regulation. To alleviate this mismatch, operators have to resort either on the balancing market or on extensive use of energy storage

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries offer potential for higher gravimetric energy density in comparison to lithium–ion batteries. Since they behave quite different from lithium–ion batteries, distinctive approaches to state estimation and battery management are required to be developed specifically for them. This article describes an experimental work to model and perform real-time estimation of the progression

To minimize battery aging of electric vehicles (EVs), it is paramount to manage efficiently their energy consumption. An energy management strategy (EMS) has recently been developed, where batteries and supercapacitors (SCs) are coordinated as a function of the driving mode which is determined manually by the driver. In the present article, we improve the EMS by developing a driving mode predictor

Cooperative eco-driving of multi-train combined with dc railway system can achieve energy saving at the substation level for the metro system. This article presents an integrated optimization method for eco-driving by combining energy-efficient train control and dc traction power supply system (TPSS) model, to minimize the substation energy consumption. The coupled time-varying TPSS models for single

The increasing importance of cascaded H-bridge multilevel converters (CHBMCs) in high-power applications requires a higher priority to detect and protect against fault conditions. In this article, a current residual-based diagnosis scheme is proposed for the CHBMCs without additional sensors. On the premise of filtering the sampled dc voltages, comparing the calculated actual values of output current

This article proposes an efficient maximum-torque-per-square-ampere (MTPSA) control for the interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (IPMSMs). The objective of the MTPSA control is to find the optimal current angle, denoted as MTPSA angle, to maximize the ratio of the output torque to the square of the stator current. The proposed MTPSA control is equivalent to the maximum-torque-per-ampere (MTPA)

This article proposes a novel two-step approach to concurrently optimize the train operation, timetable, and energy management strategy of the onboard energy storage device (OESD) to minimize the net energy consumption for a whole urban railway line. In Step 1, approximating functions representing the minimum net energy consumption of each specific interstation operation is obtained by data fitting

The electromagnetic suspension-type maglev train can reach ultrahigh-speed using long stator linear synchronous motors; however, slot effect makes the motors suffer from suspension force ripple, since it causes the nonsinusoidal airgap magnetic field distribution. It has been expounded that the suspension electromagnet system is highly nonlinear and unstable in open loops. Additionally, maglev trains

In order to improve the efficiency of the electric locomotive, the MW-level direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous motor (DD-PMSM) is used to replace the original traction motor and gearbox in the electric locomotive. However, the DD-PMSM parameters will change with the operating conditions during the operation of the electric locomotive, and the absence of the gearbox in direct drives increases

This article presents a novel two-phase dual-model approach to more appropriately handle battery power constraint in model predictive control (MPC)-based hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) energy management. The approach fuses two typical battery models with different fidelities in two consecutive phases of MPC’s prediction horizon, where more accurate first-order resistor–capacitor ( RC ) model is adopted

This article proposes a rotor position and speed estimation method for the interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) in the full-speed range. The proposed method is implemented in the synchronous rotating frame. Based on the voltage equation of the IPMSM in the synchronous rotating frame, a single-variable optimization problem is formulated to solve the rotor position at each current sampling

To overcome the disadvantages of traditional switched reluctance machine (SRM) with moderate power/torque density and high torque ripple, this article proposes a novel double-stator SRM (DSSRM) with the inner and outer stators both adopting U-shaped segmental stator structure. By optimizing the polarity distribution of the inner and outer stator magnetic fields, the inner and outer stator magnetic

Electric dump trucks (EDTs) are expected to work in fast-changing conditions of torque and speed, which causes the inefficient working status of traction motors. To improve the economic performance of the dump truck, a novel integrated dual-motor transmission (IDMT) is proposed in this article. The energy consumption level of this kind of system relies on a wise energy management strategy. This article

Electrified vehicles are considered a promising technology for energy savings and emission reductions. Both powertrain design (configuration design and component sizing) and energy management strategies (EMSs) for electrified vehicles have been studied extensively. However, powertrain design and energy management need to be examined holistically and optimized simultaneously, from a mechatronic viewpoint

In more-electric aircraft (MEA), the synchronous generators are connected directly to the turbo engine to develop a constant-voltage variable-frequency (CVVF) ac supply bus. In addition, the MEA has adopted a high-voltage dc bus in its power system to cater to the various categories of load used by aircraft. Therefore, this change in power paradigm has created a requirement for ac–dc power factor correction

To improve the efficiency and power density of electronic vehicles, battery packs with higher voltage levels have been gradually adopted. This change poses new challenges for conventional battery charger designs based on two-level topologies and low-voltage rating switches. Therefore, in this article, a bidirectional buck–boost three-level series-resonant converter (BBTL-SRC) for high-output voltage

Electric transport systems and renewable energy sources (RESs) have recently attracted significant interest, because of the limitations and drawbacks of fossil fuels and the growing demand for utilization of clean energy. Suitable paradigms are needed to manage the atypical and heterogeneous load of electric vehicles (EVs), the intermittent nature of RESs, and the changeability of electrical loads

This study aims to answer the key question for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) on how to manage the power flow in HEVs with recent intelligent and electrified upgrades in automotive industries. The new energy management strategy (EMS) needs to fuse both the physic and cyber systems, reflecting the dynamic vehicle system in the physical layer, as well as taking full advantage of the outside information

Mutual inductance is a key parameter in a wireless power transfer (WPT) system that determines transmission power and transmission efficiency. Mutual inductance can be increased, and magnetic leakage can be reduced by adding electromagnetic (EM) shielding materials to the coil structure. However, the calculation of the mutual inductance between two arbitrarily positioned circular coils, including the

The performance of the electromechanical actuator (EMA) in the aircraft braking system suffers from the system’s nonlinear characteristics, whereas the robust control can contribute to the improvement of tracking precision in its servo system. In this article, a chattering suppression fast terminal sliding mode (FTSM) control strategy with an embedded nonlinear disturbance observer (NDO) is proposed

The two-parallel interleaved converters system is essentially a multilevel converter and introduces more vector redundancies than a single converter, leaving a large space for vector sequences optimization for the simultaneous optimization of crucial indicators. However, the vector redundancies have not been fully explored by previous studies to achieve multiple crucial indicators optimization. This

This article presents an optimal control strategy for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive using three voltage vectors. First, in order to simultaneously control torque and flux excellently, three voltage vectors including two active vectors and one zero voltage vector are selected. Second, the duration of the three voltage vectors in one period is calculated by the principle of simultaneous

During the dynamic operation of the dc metro system, excessive neutral direct current (NDC) of the grounding transformer appears in the ac power system, which has not been clarified until now. Seriously, the high-level NDC has led the transformer under dc bias, which affects the lifespan and safety of transformers and systems. To analyze the NDC of the grounding transformer with the dynamic metro train

This article presents a composite sliding mode control (CSMC) method for speed control of surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors (SPMSMs). The proposed CSMC consists of a new sliding mode control (SMC) based on a novel hybrid reaching law (HRL) and an extended sliding mode disturbance observer (ESMDO). The new HRL is composed of two parts: a terminal reaching part and an exponential plus

Periodic torque ripples caused by current harmonics seriously affect the control accuracy of the Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). A conventional approach to reducing current harmonics is the use of a proportional–integral resonant controller in the current loop. Nonetheless, harmonics can still cause steady-state errors. Furthermore, the PI-based control structure is sensitive to parameter

This article presents a sensorless control for the permanent-magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) under the energy-feeding mode in vehicle regenerative suspension. The proposed method is based on a multiple-iterative search algorithm to obtain a limited quantity of mover position signals (electrical angle) precisely, which are utilized to observe the $d$ -axis back electromotive force (EMF). Then

With the development of electric vehicles and high-speed train, the demand for power traction system (PTS) is on the rise. Its stability greatly relies on the performance of power traction converters, whose faults are mainly due to the microsecond- or nanosecond-level switching transient process. To avoid overheat or overvoltage failures, researchers should consider this ultrafast dynamics in power

To realize energy conservation and emission reduction of railways, as well as alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of energy, a hybrid traction power supply system integrated with photovoltaic sources (HTPSS-PVSs) is proposed. HTPSS-PVS can achieve the on-site access and consumption of photovoltaic (PV) sources along the railway line, without affecting the original structure of the

The reliability performance of electrical machines (EMs) and power electronics converters (PECs) is generally verified separately even if the two components are meant to be part of the same electric drive. Depending on the application, however, it might be necessary that the whole drive fulfills a certain reliability target, which is predefined by the application itself. An appropriate design approach

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)/battery hybrid electric vehicle is considered as promising transportation due to its eco-friendly characteristics. This article investigates a fuzzy logic (FL)-based adaptive backstepping sliding-mode control (BSMC) approach to generate stable charging current and voltage for battery charging applications on a non-plug-in PEMFC vehicle. An adaptive BSMC is

To facilitate the diagnosis of battery internal short circuit (ISC) using thermal behaviors, this work integrates several thermal effects, including the commonly ignored heat conduction hysteresis and radiation, to elaborate a lumped thermal model. Then, a pseudo-distributed model structure is built up to approximate the characteristics of real batteries by synthesizing multiple isomorphic electrical/thermal

This article presents an in-depth analysis of all electric-aircraft (AEA) architectures. This work aims to provide a global vision of the current AEA state of the art, to estimate the main technological gaps and drivers, and to identify the most promising architecture configuration for future electrical aircraft in the context of a twin-propeller 20-MW aircraft. The comparison between architectures

The pulsed power supply based on air-core pulsed alternators, with advantages in terms of miniaturization and lightweight, has been a preferred power source for electromagnetic launch (EML) systems in all-electric vehicles or ships. However, when an air-core pulsed alternator is used to drive the electromagnetic railgun, the bulk of the inertial energy storage converts into energy losses. These losses

This article presents a novel renewable microgrid-enabled metro traction power system (MMTPS), where the renewable energies and regenerative braking (RB) power of metro trains are unifiedly managed by renewable microgrids to reduce energy consumption and obtain the economic benefits for metro traction power system (MTPS). The concept and system framework of MMTPS is first established, where the metro

All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are considered to be the next generation of lithium-ion batteries. Physics-based models (PBMs) can effectively simulate the internal electrochemical reactions and provide critical internal states for battery management. In order to promote the onboard applications of PBMs for ASSBs, in this article, the parameter sensitivity of a typical PBM is analyzed, and a joint

Modern transit systems are equipped with platform screen doors (PSDs) that represent a new element introduced in electrical safety and stray current protection scenarios. Passengers may interact with PSDs and platforms while boarding, leaving, and waiting for trains. Typical contractual requirements and applicable standards are discussed, identifying touch voltage scenarios suitably defining electrical

We study the interdependence between transportation and power systems considering decentralized renewable generators and electric vehicles (EVs). We formulate the problem in a stochastic multiagent optimization framework considering the complex interactions between EV/conventional vehicle drivers, renewable/conventional generators, and independent system operators, with locational electricity and charging

Turn fault detection technique is of key importance for system safety, which can protect the machine and enable the appropriate mitigation strategies. In this article, an advanced turn fault detection method is investigated for an interior permanent magnet machine (IPM) using the ripple current induced by the inherent pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage harmonics. The resultant current harmonics under

With the rapid progress in railway electrification and energy storage technologies, onboard energy storage devices (OESDs) have been widely utilized in modern railway systems to reduce energy consumption. This article aims to develop the optimal driving strategy of electric trains with three popular types of energy storage devices, namely supercapacitors, flywheels, and Li-ion batteries, as the OESD

To address the power interruption and the speed loss caused by neutral sections in ac electrified railway, many ground-charged auto-passing neutral section devices have been proposed recently. For these devices, the accurate positioning of trains is necessary and important. An automatic pantograph location technique based on voltage and current signals is analyzed ideally in our preceding research

In recent decades, extensive research has been conducted on the electrification of commercial aircraft to reduce the dependence on mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic systems and replace them with electrical systems. A primary goal of this path is to make the power density of the more-/all-electric aircraft (MEA/AEA) closer to that of conventional aircraft. While current commercial aircraft operate

This article presents a simplified model predictive control (MPC) method for single-phase four-level hybrid-clamped converters (1P-4L-HCCs), achieving high-quality current control and strong capacitor voltage balancing. Different from a conventional MPC, the proposed method aims to dramatically reduce switching states (control voltage vectors) in the cost function optimization of MPC. It utilizes only

This article presents a single-phase, single-stage onboard plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charger. The single-phase PEV chargers have an inherent problem of introducing a second-order ripple component on dc side. This problem is further exaggerated during the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) mode of operation where it may be normally controlled to supply both active as well as reactive power. During the V2G reactive