The coupling of physical systems with information technologies infrastructure in a networked control system (NCS) has a number of advantages such as remote control, reduced system complexity, low maintenance cost and improved system efficiency. But these benefits come at the cost of making the NCS vulnerable to cyberphysical attacks on the communication layer. One such class of attacks is the zero-dynamics

MEDICAL SCIENCES Correction for “Identification of CDCP1 as a hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) target gene that is associated with survival in clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients,” by Brooke M. Emerling, Cyril H. Benes, George Poulogiannis, Eric L. Bell, Kevin Courtney, Hui Liu, Rayman Choo-Wing, Gary Bellinger, Kazumi S. Tsukazawa, Victoria Brown, Sabina Signoretti, Stephen P. Soltoff, and

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES Correction for “Reduced perceptual narrowing in synesthesia,” by Daphne Maurer, Julian K. Ghloum, Laura C. Gibson, Marcus R. Watson, Lawrence M. Chen, Kathleen Akins, James T. Enns, Takao K. Hensch, and Janet F. Werker, which was first published April 22, 2020; 10.1073/pnas.1914668117 (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117, 10089–10096).

NEUROSCIENCE Correction for “PIAS1 modulates striatal transcription, DNA damage repair, and SUMOylation with relevance to Huntington’s disease,” by Eva L. Morozko, Charlene Smith-Geater, Alejandro Mas Monteys, Subrata Pradhan, Ryan G. Lim, Peter Langfelder, Marketta Kachemov, Austin Hill, Jennifer T. Stocksdale, Pieter R. Cullis, Jie Wu, Joseph Ochaba, Ricardo Miramontes, Anirban Chakraborty, Tapas

IMMUNOLOGY AND INFLAMMATION Correction for “The RNA helicase Dhx15 mediates Wnt-induced antimicrobial protein expression in Paneth cells,” by Yalong Wang, Kaixin He, …

NEUROSCIENCE Correction for “Synaptotagmin-7 deficiency induces mania-like behavioral abnormalities through attenuating GluN2B activity,” by Qiu-Wen Wang, Si-Yao Lu, …

POPULATION BIOLOGY, SOCIAL SCIENCES Correction for “Fine-scale spatial clustering of measles nonvaccination that increases outbreak potential is obscured by aggregated reporting data,” by Nina B. Masters, Marisa C. Eisenberg, Paul L. Delamater, Matthew Kay, Matthew L. Boulton, and Jon Zelner, which was first published October 26, 2020; 10.1073/pnas.2011529117 (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117 …

MATHEMATICS Correction for “On the bounded generation of arithmetic SL2,” by Bruce W. Jordan and Yevgeny Zaytman, which was first published September 4, 2019; 10.1073/pnas.1907728116 (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 116, 18880–18882).

We are deeply grateful for Terhune and Jamieson’s interest in our work (1, 2).

Absorption refers to the hypothesized propensity for experiencing all-encompassing episodes in which one’s attention is so strongly engaged in an activity or experience that they lose awareness of their surroundings (1, 2). It is typically indexed using the Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS) (1), which was subsequently modified to improve its psychometric properties (2). This scale has been used to demonstrate

Turnover numbers (kcat values) quantitatively represent the activity of enzymes, which are mostly measured in vitro. While a few studies have reported in vivo catalytic rates (kapp values) in bacteria, a large-scale estimation of kapp in eukaryotes is lacking. Here, we estimated kapp of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae under diverse conditions. By comparing the maximum kapp across conditions with

Anthropogenic global warming may be accelerated by a positive feedback from the mobilization of methane from thawing Arctic permafrost. There are large uncertainties about the size of carbon stocks and the magnitude of possible methane emissions. Methane cannot only be produced from the microbial decay of organic matter within the thawing permafrost soils (microbial methane) but can also come from

Unlike crystalline atomic and ionic solids, texture development due to crystallographically preferred growth in colloidal crystals is less studied. Here we investigate the underlying mechanisms of the texture evolution in an evaporation-induced colloidal assembly process through experiments, modeling, and theoretical analysis. In this widely used approach to obtain large-area colloidal crystals, the

The human brain is just 2% of the body’s weight, but 20% of its metabolic load (1⇓–3), and 10 times more expensive per gram than muscle. On the other hand, the brain manages to produce poetry, design spacecraft, and create art on an energy budget of ∼20 W, a paltry sum given that the computer on which this article is being typed requires 80 W. So where in the brain is power consumed, what is it used

The majority of viruses infecting hyperthermophilic archaea display unique virion architectures and are evolutionarily unrelated to viruses of bacteria and eukaryotes. The lack of relationships to other known viruses suggests that the mechanisms of virus–host interaction in Archaea are also likely to be distinct. To gain insights into archaeal virus–host interactions, we studied the life cycle of the

Excitons can be trapped by moiré potentials in van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures, forming ordered arrays of quantum dots. Excitons can also be trapped by defect potentials as single photon emitters. While the moiré and defect potentials in vdW heterostructures have been studied separately, their interplay remains largely unexplored. Here, we perform first-principles calculations to elucidate the

Changes in mean climatic conditions will affect natural and societal systems profoundly under continued anthropogenic global warming. Changes in the high-frequency variability of temperature exert additional pressures, yet the effect of greenhouse forcing thereon has not been fully assessed or identified in observational data. Here, we show that the intramonthly variability of daily surface temperature

Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) signals through the G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) CRTH2 to mediate various inflammatory responses. CRTH2 is the only member of the prostanoid receptor family that is phylogenetically distant from others, implying a nonconserved mechanism of lipid action on CRTH2. Here, we report a crystal structure of human CRTH2 bound to a PGD2 derivative, 15R-methyl-PGD2 (15mPGD2), by

Early adversity is associated with poor cardiometabolic health, potentially via psychological distress. However, not everyone exposed to adversity develops significant distress. Psychological resilience and positive psychological health despite adversity may protect against unfavorable cardiometabolic outcomes that are otherwise more likely. We examined early adversity, psychological resilience, and

Although it is under-studied relative to other social media platforms, YouTube is arguably the largest and most engaging online media consumption platform in the world. Recently, YouTube’s scale has fueled concerns that YouTube users are being radicalized via a combination of biased recommendations and ostensibly apolitical “anti-woke” channels, both of which have been claimed to direct attention to

The COVID-19 pandemic reached staggering new peaks during a global resurgence more than a year after the crisis began. Although public health guidelines initially helped to slow the spread of disease, widespread pandemic fatigue and prolonged harm to financial stability and mental well-being contributed to this resurgence. In the late stage of the pandemic, it became clear that new interventions were

Decades of air quality improvements have substantially reduced the motor vehicle emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Today, volatile chemical products (VCPs) are responsible for half of the petrochemical VOCs emitted in major urban areas. We show that VCP emissions are ubiquitous in US and European cities and scale with population density. We report significant VCP emissions for New York

Male and female animals exhibit differences in infection outcomes. One possible source of sexually dimorphic immunity is the sex-specific costs of immune activity or pathology, but little is known about the independent effects of immune- versus microbe-induced pathology and whether these may differ for the sexes. Here, by measuring metabolic and physiological outputs in Drosophila melanogaster with

Acidic pH arrests the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro (pH < 5.8) and is thought to significantly contribute to the ability of macrophages to control M. tuberculosis replication. However, this pathogen has been shown to survive and even slowly replicate within macrophage phagolysosomes (pH 4.5 to 5) [M. S. Gomes et al., Infect. Immun. 67, 3199–3206 (1999)] [S. Levitte et al., Cell Host

During growth, cells must expand their cell volumes in coordination with biomass to control the level of cytoplasmic macromolecular crowding. Dry-mass density, the average ratio of dry mass to volume, is roughly constant between different nutrient conditions in bacteria, but it remains unknown whether cells maintain dry-mass density constant at the single-cell level and during nonsteady conditions

Theory identifies factors that can undermine the evolutionary stability of mutualisms. However, theory’s relevance to mutualism stability in nature is controversial. Detailed comparative studies of parasitic species that are embedded within otherwise mutualistic taxa (e.g., fig pollinator wasps) can identify factors that potentially promote or undermine mutualism stability. We describe results from

Prostate adenocarcinoma is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide, and the initiating factors are unknown. Oncogenic TMPRSS2:ERG (ERG+) gene fusions are facilitated by DNA breaks and occur in up to 50% of prostate cancers. Infection-driven inflammation is implicated in the formation of ERG+ fusions, and we hypothesized that these fusions initiate in early inflammation-associated

Cueva de Ardales in Málaga, Spain, is one of the richest and best-preserved Paleolithic painted caves of southwestern Europe, containing over a thousand graphic representations. Here, we study the red pigment in panel II.A.3 of “Sala de las Estrellas,” dated by U-Th to the Middle Paleolithic, to determine its composition, verify its anthropogenic nature, infer the associated behaviors, and discuss

Enhancing vaccine uptake is a critical public health challenge1. Overcoming vaccine hesitancy2,3 and failure to follow-through on vaccination intentions3 requires effective communication strategies3,4. We present two sequential randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to test the impact of behavioral interventions on COVID-19 vaccine uptake. We designed text-based reminders that make vaccination salient

Data from research flights through smoke plumes show that tiny particulates affect cloud droplet formation.

Agrochemical scientist Sarah Iveson is excited about digital agriculture’s potential to make crops more resilient to climate change as the global population grows.

People who give freely to a single individual get selfish in a crowd.

A book from the Oxford–AstraZeneca team, and a documentary, go behind the scenes in the race to vaccinate the world.

Psychologist Ann-Marie Creaven regularly discusses her research on Ireland’s most listened-to station.

The study, now withdrawn, deals a blow to the anti-parasite drug’s chances as a COVID treatment, researchers say.

People who received a short ‘nudge’ by mobile phone were more likely to get a jab than were those who did not.

Shooting glass beads across the inside of a satellite could probe the limits of quantum wave behaviour. Here’s how.

Survey results show that many white-tailed deer, a familiar sight on US lawns and golf courses, have antibodies to SARS-CoV-2.

Interconnected LPWAN devices, which create the IoT, are usually powered by batteries that significantly limit their operational lifetime. The main disadvantage of batteries is that they must be periodically/manually replaced with new ones or recharged when they are depleted. This kind of maintenance increases the cost and restricts the large-scale deployments of these devices. Furthermore, wireless

Known as elite suppressors, some individuals infected with HIV show no symptoms and barely detectable virus levels years after initial infection, despite never having received treatment. Joel N. Blankson has spent much of his career studying elite suppressors, who represent less than 1% of people with HIV, with the hope that they may serve as models for developing new treatments. Blankson is a professor

Decades of preclinical studies indicate that dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain modulate animal behavior and cognition (1). The role of dopaminergic VTA neurons in wakefulness, and hence consciousness, emerged more recently from VTA stimulation experiments utilizing pharmacologic (2, 3), electrophysiologic (4), optogenetic (5, 6), and chemogenetic (7) methods,

John Speakman’s interest in science was spurred by his early interest in birds. “I was a very keen birdwatcher, and I used to spend lots of time watching birds in my youth,” he says. At age 16, he would go to the same site every day to count small wading birds and try to work out the factors influencing their numbers.

Breastfeeding is the best way to feed an infant. Not only does it supply the proper nutrition, but it also supports the development of the immune system, provides healthy microbiome, reduces risk of diseases, and brings down overall mortality (1). There are also benefits resulting from the ability of breastfeeding to suppress maternal ovarian function and to delay the next pregnancy. Birth spacing

The International Space Station was briefly pushed out of position when rockets on a newly docked module accidentally fired. Plus: Female authors get fewer citations in elite medical journals, and why obesity doesn’t always lead to ill health.

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha subunit (CaMKIIα) is a key neuronal signaling protein and an emerging drug target. The central hub domain regulates the activity of CaMKIIα by organizing the holoenzyme complex into functional oligomers, yet pharmacological modulation of the hub domain has never been demonstrated. Here, using a combination of photoaffinity labeling and chemical proteomics

Nations short of vaccine should get first doses to curb the pandemic, researchers say.

Many species of plants, animals, and microorganisms exchange genes well after the point of evolutionary divergence at which taxonomists recognize them as species. Genomes contain signatures of past gene exchange and, in some cases, they reveal a legacy of lineages that no longer exist. But genomic data are not available for many organisms, and particularly problematic for reconstructing and interpreting

Biofilms are aggregates of bacterial cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix. Much progress has been made in studying biofilm growth on solid substrates; however, little is known about the biophysical mechanisms underlying biofilm development in three-dimensional confined environments in which the biofilm-dwelling cells must push against and even damage the surrounding environment to proliferate

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in the environment has increased sharply in recent decades. The effect of environmental EMR on living organisms remains poorly characterized. Here, we report the impact of wireless-range EMR on the sleep architecture of mouse. Prolonged exposure to 2.4-GHz EMR modulated by 100-Hz square pulses at a nonthermal output level results in markedly increased time of wakefulness

Therapies that boost the antitumor immune response have shown a great deal of success. Although most of these therapies have focused on enhancing T cell functions, there is a growing interest in developing therapies that can target other immune cell subsets. Like T cells, natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic effector cells that play a key role in the antitumor response. To advance the development

Outer-membrane beta barrels (OMBBs) are found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and eukaryotic organelles. OMBBs fold as antiparallel β-sheets that close onto themselves, forming pores that traverse the membrane. Currently known structures include only one barrel, of 8 to 36 strands, per chain. The lack of multi-OMBB chains is surprising, as most OMBBs form oligomers, and some function

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2 (UGP2), the enzyme that synthesizes uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose, rests at the convergence of multiple metabolic pathways, however, the role of UGP2 in tumor maintenance and cancer metabolism remains unclear. Here, we identify an important role for UGP2 in the maintenance of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) growth in both in vitro and in vivo tumor models

Salmonella spp. express Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 Type III Secretion System 1 (T3SS-1) genes to mediate the initial phase of interaction with their host. Prior studies indicate short-chain fatty acids, microbial metabolites at high concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract, limit population-level T3SS-1 gene expression. However, only a subset of Salmonella cells in a population express these

Secondary small interfering RNA (siRNA) production, triggered by primary small RNA targeting, is critical for proper development and antiviral defense in many organisms. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) is a key factor in this pathway. However, how RDR specifically converts the targets of primary small RNAs into double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) intermediates remains unclear. Here, we develop an in vitro

The evolutionary context of why caloric restriction (CR) activates physiological mechanisms that slow the process of aging remains unclear. The main goal of this analysis was to identify, using metabolomics, the common pathways that are modulated across multiple tissues (brown adipose tissue, liver, plasma, and brain) to evaluate two alternative evolutionary models: the “disposable soma” and “clean

When aged below the glass transition temperature, Tg, the density of a glass cannot exceed that of the metastable supercooled liquid (SCL) state, unless crystals are nucleated. The only exception is when another polyamorphic SCL state exists, with a density higher than that of the ordinary SCL. Experimentally, such polyamorphic states and their corresponding liquid–liquid phase transitions have only

There are no validated biomarkers for schizophrenia (SCZ), a disorder linked to neural network dysfunction. We demonstrate that collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP2), a master regulator of cytoskeleton and, hence, neural circuitry, may form the basis for a biomarker because its activity is uniquely imbalanced in SCZ patients. CRMP2’s activity depends upon its phosphorylation state. While an

We present APAC-Net, an alternating population and agent control neural network for solving stochastic mean-field games (MFGs). Our algorithm is geared toward high-dimensional instances of MFGs that are not approachable with existing solution methods. We achieve this in two steps. First, we take advantage of the underlying variational primal-dual structure that MFGs exhibit and phrase it as a convex–concave

Polyguanine tracts (PolyGs) are short guanine homopolymer repeats that are prone to accumulating mutations when cells divide. This feature makes them especially suitable for cell lineage tracing, which has been exploited to detect and characterize precancerous and cancerous somatic evolution. PolyG genotyping, however, is challenging because of the inherent biochemical difficulties in amplifying and

A network of molecular factors drives the development, differentiation, and maintenance of endothelial cells. Friend leukemia integration 1 transcription factor (FLI1) is a bona fide marker of endothelial cells during early development. In zebrafish Tg(fli1:EGFP)y1, we identified two endothelial cell populations, high-fli1+ and low-fli1+, by the intensity of green fluorescent protein signal. By comparing