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Atomic Hydrogen in the Milky Way: A Stepping Stone in the Evolution of Galaxies Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2023-05-31 Naomi M. McClure-Griffiths, Snežana Stanimirović, Daniel R. Rybarczyk
Atomic hydrogen (Hi) is a critical stepping stone in the gas evolution cycle of the interstellar medium (ISM) of the Milky Way. Hi traces both the cold, premolecular state before star formation and the warm, diffuse ISM before and after star formation. This review describes new, sensitive Hi absorption and emission surveys, which, together with high angular and spectral resolution Hi emission data
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A Walk in Time and Space: My Journey as a Strategic Scientist Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2023-04-17 Shuhua Ye
This article depicts my life and career over the past decades, beginning with my birth in 1927 and ending in my two dreams yet to be realized. This article focuses on my school years during wartime and my work with Shanghai Astronomical Observatory (SHAO) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) from 1951 on—serving as Director of SHAO during 1981–1993 and a Member of CAS since 1980—and shares some
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Pulsar Magnetospheres and Their Radiation Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2022-08-19 A. Philippov, M. Kramer
The discovery of pulsars opened a new research field that allows studying a wide range of physics under extreme conditions. More than 3,000 pulsars are currently known, including especially more than 200 of them studied at gamma-ray frequencies. By putting recent insights into the pulsar magnetosphere in a historical context and by comparing them to key observational features at radio and high-energy
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Photodissociation and X-Ray-Dominated Regions Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2022-06-13 Mark G. Wolfire, Livia Vallini, Mélanie Chevance
The radiation from stars and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) creates photodissociation regions (PDRs) and X-ray-dominated regions (XDRs), where the chemistry or heating is dominated by far-ultraviolet (FUV) radiation or X-ray radiation, respectively. PDRs include a wide range of environments, from the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) to dense star-forming regions. XDRs are found in the center of galaxies
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New Insights into the Evolution of Massive Stars and Their Effects on Our Understanding of Early Galaxies Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Jan J. Eldridge, Elizabeth R. Stanway
The observable characteristics and subsequent evolution of young stellar populations is dominated by their massive stars. As our understanding of those massive stars and the factors affecting their evolution improves, so our interpretation of distant, unresolved stellar systems can also advance. As observations increasingly probe the distant Universe, and the rare low-metallicity starbursts nearby
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Magnetic Field Diagnostics in the Solar Upper Atmosphere Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2022-06-03 J. Trujillo Bueno, T. del Pino Alemán
The magnetic field is the main driver of the activity in the solar upper atmosphere, but its measurement is notoriously difficult. In order to determine the magnetic field in the chromosphere, transition region, and corona, we need to measure and interpret the polarization signals that the scattering of anisotropic radiation and the Hanle and Zeeman effects introduce in the emitted spectral line radiation
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The Cold Interstellar Medium of Galaxies in the Local Universe Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2022-06-02 Amélie Saintonge, Barbara Catinella
The cold interstellar medium (ISM) plays a central role in the galaxy evolution process. It is the reservoir that fuels galaxy growth via star formation, the repository of material formed by these stars, and a sensitive tracer of internal and external processes that affect entire galaxies. Consequently, significant efforts have gone into systematic surveys of the cold ISM of the galaxies in the local
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Photometric Redshifts for Next-Generation Surveys Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2022-06-02 Jeffrey A. Newman, Daniel Gruen
Photometric redshifts are essential in studies of both galaxy evolution and cosmology, as they enable analyses of objects too numerous or faint for spectroscopy. The Rubin Observatory, Euclid, and Roman Space Telescope will soon provide a new generation of imaging surveys with unprecedented area coverage, wavelength range, and depth. To take full advantage of these data sets, further progress in photometric
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Theory and Diagnostics of Hot Star Mass Loss Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2022-05-14 Jorick S. Vink
Massive stars have strong stellar winds that direct their evolution through the upper Hertzsprung–Russell diagram and determine the black hole mass function. Furthermore, wind strength dictates the atmospheric structure that sets the ionizing flux. Finally, the wind directly intervenes with the stellar envelope structure, which is decisive for both single-star and binary evolution, affecting predictions
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Atmospheres of Rocky Exoplanets Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2022-04-28 Robin Wordsworth, Laura Kreidberg
Rocky planets are common around other stars, but their atmospheric properties remain largely unconstrained. Thanks to a wealth of recent planet discoveries and upcoming advances in observing capability, we are poised to characterize the atmospheres of dozens of rocky exoplanets in this decade. The theoretical understanding of rocky exoplanet atmospheres has advanced considerably in the last few years
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Spirals in Galaxies Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2022-04-08 J.A. Sellwood, Karen L. Masters
Spirals in galaxies have long been thought to be caused by gravitational instability in the stellar component of the disk, but discerning the precise mechanism had proved elusive. Tidal interactions, and perhaps bars, may provoke some spiral responses, but spirals in many galaxies must be self-excited. We survey the relevant observational data and aspects of disk dynamical theory. The origin of the
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Asteroseismology Across the Hertzsprung–Russell Diagram Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2022-04-08 Donald W. Kurtz
Asteroseismology has grown from its beginnings three decades ago to a mature field teeming with discoveries and applications. This phenomenal growth has been enabled by space photometry with precision 10–100 times better than ground-based observations, with nearly continuous light curves for durations of weeks to years, and by large-scale ground-based surveys spanning years designed to detect all time-variable
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Galaxy Formation and Reionization: Key Unknowns and Expected Breakthroughs by the James Webb Space Telescope Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2022-04-08 Brant E. Robertson
The launch of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) in late 2021 marks a new start for studies of galaxy formation at high redshift ( z ≳ 6) during the era of cosmic reionization. JWST can capture sensitive, high-resolution images and multiobject spectroscopy in the IR that will transform our view of galaxy formation during the first billion years of cosmic history. This review summarizes our current
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Cosmology and High-Energy Astrophysics: A 50-Year Perspective on Personalities, Progress, and Prospects Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2022-04-08 Martin J. Rees
In the 1960s, novel and increasingly powerful observational techniques opened up the field of high-energy astrophysics. Cosmology started to become an empirical science, and there was a resurgence in the study of general relativity. Martin Rees became a graduate student at the University of Cambridge during that period and subsequently held postdoc positions in the United States. He was therefore fortunate
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Carrington Events Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2021-09-08 Hugh S. Hudson
The Carrington event in 1859, a solar flare with an associated geomagnetic storm, has served as a prototype of possible superflare occurrence on the Sun. Recent geophysical (14C signatures in tree rings) and precise time-series photometry [the bolometric total solar irradiance (TSI) for the Sun, and the broadband photometry from Kepler and Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, for the stars] have
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New Insights into Classical Novae Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2021-09-08 Laura Chomiuk, Brian D. Metzger, Ken J. Shen
We survey our understanding of classical novae—nonterminal, thermonuclear eruptions on the surfaces of white dwarfs in binary systems. The recent and unexpected discovery of GeV gamma rays from Galactic novae has highlighted the complexity of novae and their value as laboratories for studying shocks and particle acceleration. We review half a century of nova literature through this new lens, and conclude
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Evolution and Mass Loss of Cool Aging Stars: A Daedalean Story Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2021-09-08 Leen Decin
A multitude of phenomena—such as the chemical enrichment of the Universe, the mass spectrum of planetary nebulae, white dwarfs and gravitational wave progenitors, the frequency distribution of supernovae, the fate of exoplanets, etc.—are highly regulated by the amounts of mass that stars expel through a powerful wind. For more than half a century, these winds of cool aging stars have been interpreted
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Exoplanet Statistics and Theoretical Implications Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2021-09-08 Wei Zhu, Subo Dong
In the past few years, significant advances have been made in understanding the distributions of exoplanet populations and the architecture of planetary systems. We review the recent progress of planet statistics, with a focus on the inner ≲1-AU region of planetary systems that has been fairly thoroughly surveyed by the Kepler mission. We also discuss the theoretical implications of these statistical
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Wave Dark Matter Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2021-09-08 Lam Hui
We review the physics and phenomenology of wave dark matter: a bosonic dark matter candidate lighter than about 30 eV. Such particles have a de Broglie wavelength exceeding the average interparticle separation in a galaxy like the Milky Way and are, thus, well described as a set of classical waves. We outline the particle physics motivations for such particles, including the quantum chromodynamics
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Transneptunian Space Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2021-09-08 Brett Gladman, Kathryn Volk
We provide a nonspecialist overview of the current state of understanding of the structure and origin of our Solar System's transneptunian region (often called the Kuiper Belt), highlighting perspectives on planetesimal formation, planet migration, and the contextual relationship with protoplanetary disks. We review the dynamical features of the transneptunian populations and their associated differences
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First Multimessenger Observations of a Neutron Star Merger Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2021-09-08 Raffaella Margutti, Ryan Chornock
We describe the first observations of the same celestial object with gravitational waves and light. ▪ GW170817 was the first detection of a neutron star merger with gravitational waves. ▪ The detection of a spatially coincident weak burst of gamma-rays (GRB 170817A) 1.7 s after the merger constituted the first electromagnetic detection of a gravitational wave source and established a connection between
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Observational Constraints on Black Hole Spin Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2021-09-08 Christopher S. Reynolds
The spin of a black hole is an important quantity to study, providing a window into the processes by which a black hole was born and grew. Furthermore, spin can be a potent energy source for powering relativistic jets and energetic particle acceleration. In this review, I describe the techniques currently used to detect and measure the spins of black holes. It is shown that: ▪ Two well-understood
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Microarcsecond Astrometry: Science Highlights from Gaia Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2021-09-08 Anthony G.A. Brown
Access to microarcsecond astrometry is now routine in the radio, infrared (IR), and optical domains. In particular, the publication of the second data release (Gaia DR2) from the Gaia mission made it possible for every astronomer to work with easily accessible, high-precision astrometry for 1.7 billion sources to twenty-first magnitude over the full sky. ▪ Gaia provides splendid astrometry, but at
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Tidal Disruption Events Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2021-09-08 Suvi Gezari
The concept of stars being tidally ripped apart and consumed by a massive black hole (MBH) lurking in the center of a galaxy first captivated theorists in the late 1970s. The observational evidence for these rare but illuminating phenomena for probing otherwise dormant MBHs first emerged in archival searches of the soft X-ray ROSAT All-Sky Survey in the 1990s, but has recently accelerated with the
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The Journey of a Radio Astronomer: Growth of Radio Astronomy in India Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2021-09-08 Govind Swarup
In this autobiographical account, I first describe my family, then childhood and education in India. During 1953–55, I worked in the new field of radio astronomy at the Division of Radiophysics of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation in Australia. During 1956–57, I worked at the Radio Astronomy Station of Harvard University at Fort Davis, Texas, where I made observations
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Introduction Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2020-08-18 Ewine F. van Dishoeck,Robert C. Kennicutt
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Astrochemistry During the Formation of Stars Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2020-08-18 Jes K. Jørgensen, Arnaud Belloche, Robin T. Garrod
Star-forming regions show a rich and varied chemistry, including the presence of complex organic molecules—in both the cold gas distributed on large scales and the hot regions close to young stars ...
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Star-Forming Galaxies at Cosmic Noon Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2020-08-18 Natascha M. Förster Schreiber, Stijn Wuyts
Ever deeper and wider lookback surveys have led to a fairly robust outline of the cosmic star formation history, which culminated around z~2 -- a period often nicknamed "cosmic noon." Our knowledge about star-forming galaxies at these epochs has dramatically advanced from increasingly complete population censuses and detailed views of individual galaxies. We highlight some of the key observational
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Observations of the Lyman-α Universe Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2020-08-18 Masami Ouchi, Yoshiaki Ono, Takatoshi Shibuya
Hydrogen Lyman-α (Lyα) emission has been one of the major observational probes for the high-redshift Universe since the first discoveries of high-z Lyα-emitting galaxies in the late 1990s. Due to t...
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Evidence for Initial Mass Function Variation in Massive Early-Type Galaxies Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2020-08-18 Russell J. Smith
The initial mass function (IMF), describing the distribution of birth masses of stars, plays a pivotal role in establishing the observable properties of galaxies. This article reviews the evidence ...
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The Dust Attenuation Law in Galaxies Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2020-08-18 Samir Salim, Desika Narayanan
Understanding the properties and physical mechanisms that shape dust attenuation curves in galaxies is one of the fundamental questions of extragalactic astrophysics, with a great practical significance for deriving the physical properties of galaxies, such as the star formation rate and stellar mass. Attenuation curves result from a combination of dust grain properties, dust content, and the spatial
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Observations of Protoplanetary Disk Structures Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2020-08-18 Sean M. Andrews
The disks that orbit young stars are the essential conduits and reservoirs of material for star and planet formation. Their structures, meaning the spatial variations of the disk physical conditions, reflect the underlying mechanisms that drive those formation processes. Observations of the solids and gas in these disks, particularly at high resolution, provide fundamental insights on their mass distributions
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Magnetohydrodynamic Waves in the Solar Corona Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2020-08-18 Valery M. Nakariakov, Dmitrii Y. Kolotkov
The corona of the Sun is a unique environment in which magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves, one of the fundamental processes of plasma astrophysics, are open to a direct study. There is striking progre...
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Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Active Galactic Nucleus Disks and Jets Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2020-08-18 Shane W. Davis, Alexander Tchekhovskoy
There is a broad consensus that accretion onto supermassive black holes and consequent jet formation power the observed emission from active galactic nuclei (AGNs). However, there has been less agr...
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The Cosmic Baryon and Metal Cycles Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2020-08-18 Céline Péroux, J. Christopher Howk
Characterizing the relationship between stars, gas, and metals in galaxies is a critical component of understanding the cosmic baryon cycle. We compile contemporary censuses of the baryons in colla...
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Astronomers Engaging with the Education Ecosystem: A Best-Evidence Synthesis Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2020-08-18 Stephen M. Pompea, Pedro Russo
Astronomers have played many roles in their engagement with the larger astronomy education ecosystem. Their activities have served both the formal and informal education communities worldwide, with levels of involvement from the occasional participant to the full-time professional. We discuss these many diverse roles, giving background, context, and perspective on their value in encouraging and improving
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Intermediate-Mass Black Holes Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2020-08-18 Jenny E. Greene, Jay Strader, Luis C. Ho
We describe ongoing searches for intermediate-mass black holes with M_BH ~ 100-10^5 M_sun. We review a range of search mechanisms, both dynamical and those that rely on accretion signatures. We find that dynamical and accretion signatures alike point to a high fraction of 10^9-10^10 M_sun galaxies hosting black holes with M_BH<10^5 M_sun. In contrast, there are no solid detections of black holes in
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Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2020-08-18 Amina Helmi
The advent of Gaia's 2nd data release in combination with large spectroscopic surveys are revolutionizing our understanding of the Galaxy. Thanks to these and the knowledge accumulated thus far, a more mature picture of the evolution of the early Milky Way is emerging: * Two of the traditional Galactic components, i.e. the stellar halo and the thick disk, appear to be intimately linked: stars with
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The Evolution of the Star-Forming Interstellar Medium Across Cosmic Time Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2020-08-18 Linda J. Tacconi, Reinhard Genzel, Amiel Sternberg
Over the past decade increasingly robust estimates of the dense molecular gas content in galaxy populations between redshift 0 and the peak of cosmic galaxy/star formation from redshift 1-3 have become available. This rapid progress has been possible due to the advent of powerful ground-based, and space telescopes for combined study of several millimeter to far-IR, line or continuum tracers of the
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Spatially Resolved Spectroscopic Properties of Low-Redshift Star-Forming Galaxies Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2020-08-18 Sebastián F. Sánchez
I review here the spatially-resolved spectroscopic properties of low-redshift star-forming galaxies (and their retired counter-parts), using results from the most recent Integral Field Spectroscopy galaxy surveys. First, I briefly summarise the global spectroscopic properties of these galaxies, discussing the main ionization processes, and the global relations described between the star-formation rates
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The Assembly of the First Massive Black Holes Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2020-08-18 Kohei Inayoshi, Eli Visbal, Zoltán Haiman
The existence of $\approx$10^9 Msun supermassive black holes (SMBHs) within the first billion year of the universe has stimulated numerous ideas for the prompt formation and rapid growth of BHs in the early universe. Here we review ways in which the seeds of massive BHs may have first assembled, how they may have subsequently grown as massive as $\approx$10^9 Msun, and how multi-messenger observations
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Jack of All Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2020-08-18 James E. Gunn
This article is basically a scientific autobiography from a long and very rewarding career, covering childhood, education, theoretical work, observations, instrumentation, and some social activitie...
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Introduction Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2019-08-18 S.M. Faber,Ewine F. van Dishoeck
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Angular Momentum Transport in Stellar Interiors Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2019-08-18 Conny Aerts, Stéphane Mathis, Tamara M. Rogers
Stars lose a significant amount of angular momentum between birth and death, implying that efficient processes transporting it from the core to the surface are active. Space asteroseismology delive...
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Nancy Grace Roman and the Dawn of Space Astronomy Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2019-08-18 Nancy Grace Roman
Dear readers: We are sad to report that, soon after submitting her draft manuscript for this prefatory chapter, Nancy Grace Roman passed away on December 25, 2018. This final version of her memoir ...
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Cometary Chemistry and the Origin of Icy Solar System Bodies: The View After Rosetta Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2019-08-18 Kathrin Altwegg, Hans Balsiger, Stephen A. Fuselier
In situ research on cometary chemistry began when measurements from the Giotto mission at comet 1P/Halley revealed the presence of complex organics in the coma. New telescopes and space missions have provided detailed remote and in situ measurements of the composition of cometary volatiles. Recently, the Rosetta mission to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko more than doubled the number of parent species
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New View of the Solar Chromosphere Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2019-08-18 Mats Carlsson, Bart De Pontieu, Viggo H. Hansteen
The solar chromosphere forms a crucial, yet complex and until recently poorly understood, interface between the solar photosphere and the heliosphere. ▪ Advances in high-resolution instrumentation,...
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Cosmological Tests of Gravity Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2019-08-18 Pedro G. Ferreira
Cosmological observations are beginning to reach a level of precision that allow us to test some of the most fundamental assumptions in our working model of the Universe. One such an assumption is that gravity is governed by the General Theory of Relativity. In this review we discuss how one might go about extending General Relativity and how such extensions can be described in a unified way on large
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The Most Luminous Supernovae Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2019-08-18 Avishay Gal-Yam
Over a decade ago, a group of supernova explosions with peak luminosities far exceeding (often by >100) those of normal events, has been identified. These superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) have been a focus of intensive study. I review the accumulated observations and discuss the implications for the physics of these extreme explosions. SLSNe can be classified into hydrogen poor (SLSNe-I) and hydrogen
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The Properties of the Solar Corona and Its Connection to the Solar Wind Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2019-08-18 Steven R. Cranmer, Amy R. Winebarger
The corona is a layer of hot plasma that surrounds the Sun, traces out its complex magnetic field, and ultimately expands into interplanetary space as the supersonic solar wind. Although much has b...
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Accuracy and Precision of Industrial Stellar Abundances Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2019-08-18 Paula Jofré, Ulrike Heiter, Caroline Soubiran
There has been an incredibly large investment in obtaining high-resolution stellar spectra for determining chemical abundances of stars. This information is crucial to answer fundamental questions in Astronomy by constraining the formation and evolution scenarios of the Milky Way as well as the stars and planets residing in it. We have just entered a new era, in which chemical abundances of FGK-type
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Understanding Galaxy Evolution Through Emission Lines Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2019-08-18 Lisa J. Kewley, David C. Nicholls, Ralph S. Sutherland
We review the use of emission lines for understanding galaxy evolution, focusing on excitation source, metallicity, ionization parameter, ISM pressure, and electron density. We discuss the physics,...
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Star Clusters Across Cosmic Time Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2019-08-18 Mark R. Krumholz, Christopher F. McKee, Joss Bland-Hawthorn
Star clusters stand at the intersection of much of modern astrophysics: the interstellar medium, gravitational dynamics, stellar evolution, and cosmology. Here we review observations and theoretical models for the formation, evolution, and eventual disruption of star clusters. Current literature suggests a picture of this life cycle with several phases: (1) Clusters form in hierarchically-structured
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The Faintest Dwarf Galaxies Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2019-08-18 Joshua D. Simon
The lowest luminosity (L < 10^5 L_sun) Milky Way satellite galaxies represent the extreme lower limit of the galaxy luminosity function. These ultra-faint dwarfs are the oldest, most dark matter-dominated, most metal-poor, and least chemically evolved stellar systems known. They therefore provide unique windows into the formation of the first galaxies and the behavior of dark matter on small scales
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Millimeterwave and Submillimeterwave Laboratory Spectroscopy in Support of Observational Astronomy Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2019-08-18 Susanna L. Widicus Weaver
The recent advancements in far-infrared (far-IR) astronomy brought about by the Herschel, SOFIA, and ALMA observatories have led to technological advancements in millimeterwave and submillimeterwav...
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Fast Radio Bursts: An Extragalactic Enigma Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2019-08-18 James M. Cordes, Shami Chatterjee
We summarize our understanding of millisecond radio bursts from an extragalactic population of sources. FRBs occur at an extraordinary rate, thousands per day over the entire sky with radiation energy densities at the source about ten billion times larger than those from Galactic pulsars. We survey FRB phenomenology, source models and host galaxies, coherent radiation models, and the role of plasma
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Relativistic Jets from Active Galactic Nuclei Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2019-08-18 Roger Blandford, David Meier, Anthony Readhead
The nuclei of most normal galaxies contain supermassive black holes, which can accrete gas through a disk and become active. These Active Galactic Nuclei, AGN, can form jets which are observed on scales from AU to Mpc and from meter wavelengths to TeV gamma ray energies. High resolution radio imaging and multi-wavelength/messenger campaigns are elucidating the conditions under which this happens. Evidence
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Exoplanetary Atmospheres: Key Insights, Challenges, and Prospects Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2019-08-18 Nikku Madhusudhan
Exoplanetary science is on the verge of an unprecedented revolution. The thousands of exoplanets discovered over the past decade have most recently been supplemented by discoveries of potentially habitable planets around nearby low-mass stars. Currently, the field is rapidly progressing towards detailed spectroscopic observations to characterise the atmospheres of these planets. While various surveys
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Introduction Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2018-09-14 S.M. Faber,Ewine F. van Dishoeck
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Cosmology Paradigm Changes Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (IF 37.226) Pub Date : 2018-09-14 Jaan Einasto
I describe here my background and main steps in my studies. Each following step was a basis for the next one without a certain plan. I started my path with the study of kinematical properties of galactic populations, which smoothly transformed into the calculation of population models of galaxies. I had difficulties in satisfactorily modeling galaxies using population data; this led me to the dark