1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
  4. Volume 61, 2023
  5. Article

Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics

Volume 61, 2023

Atomic Hydrogen in the Milky Way: A Stepping Stone in the Evolution of Galaxies

Abstract

Atomic hydrogen (H) is a critical stepping stone in the gas evolution cycle of the interstellar medium (ISM) of the Milky Way. H traces both the cold, premolecular state before star formation and the warm, diffuse ISM before and after star formation. This review describes new, sensitive H absorption and emission surveys, which, together with high angular and spectral resolution H emission data, have revealed the physical properties of H, its structure, and its association with magnetic fields. We give an overview of the H phases and discuss how H properties depend on the environment and what its structure can tell us about feedback in the ISM. Key findings include the following:

  • ▪  The mass fraction of the cold neutral medium is ≲40% on average, increasing with due to the increase of mean gas density.
  • ▪  The cold disk extends to at least ∼ 25 kpc.
  • ▪  Approximately 40% of the H is warm, with structural characteristics that derive from feedback events.
  • ▪  Cold H is highly filamentary, whereas warm H is more smoothly distributed.

We summarize future observational and simulation opportunities that can be used to unravel the 3D structure of the atomic ISM and the effects of heating and cooling on H properties.

Keyword(s): atomic hydrogen, galaxy evolution, Hi, interstellar medium, magnetic fields
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-104851
2023-08-18
2024-04-19
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/astro/61/1/annurev-astro-052920-104851.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-104851&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Ade PAR, Aghanim N, Arnaud M et al. (PLANCK Collab.) 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 536:A19
  2. Audit E, Hennebelle P. 2005. Astron. Astrophys. 433:1–13
  3. Baker PL, Burton WB. 1979. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 35:129–52
  4. Beaumont CN, Offner SSR, Shetty R, Glover SCO, Goodman AA. 2013. Ap. J. 777:2173
  5. Begum A, Stanimirović S, Goss WM et al. 2010. Ap. J. 725:21779–85
  6. Belfort P, Crovisier J. 1984. Astron. Astrophys. 136:368–70
  7. Ben Bekhti N, Flöer L, Keller R et al. (HI4PI Collab.) 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 594:A116
  8. Beuther H, Bihr S, Rugel M et al. 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 595:A32
  9. Beuther H, Wang Y, Soler J et al. 2020. Astron. Astrophys. 638:A44
  10. Bialy S. 2020. Ap. J. 903:162
  11. Bialy S, Sternberg A. 2019. Ap. J. 881:2160
  12. Bihr S, Beuther H, Ott J et al. 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 580:A112
  13. Blagrave K, Martin PG, Joncas G et al. 2017. Ap. J. 834:2126
  14. Bland-Hawthorn J, Maloney PR, Stephens A, Zovaro A, Popping A. 2017. Ap. J. 849:151
  15. Bournaud F, Elmegreen BG, Teyssier R, Block DL, Puerari I. 2010. MNRAS 409:31088–99
  16. Bracco A, Jelić V, Marchal A et al. 2020. Astron. Astrophys. 644:L3
  17. Braun R, Walterbos RAM. 1992. Ap. J. 386:120–38
  18. Burton WB. 1971. Astron. Astrophys. 10:76–96
  19. Burton WB 1988. Galactic and Extragalactic Radio Astronomy GL Verschuur, KI Kellermann 295–358. Berlin: Springer. , 2nd ed..
  20. Campbell JL, Clark SE, Gaensler BM et al. 2022. Ap. J. 927:149
  21. Carilli CL, Dwarakanath KS, Goss WM. 1998. Ap. J. Lett. 502:1L79–83
  22. Carilli CL, Walter F. 2013. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 51:105–61
  23. Chengalur JN, Kanekar N, Roy N. 2013. MNRAS 432:43074–79
  24. Chepurnov A, Lazarian A, Stanimirović S, Heiles C, Peek JEG. 2010. Ap. J. 714:1398–406
  25. Choudhuri S, Roy N. 2019. MNRAS 483:33437–43
  26. Clark BG. 1965. Ap. J. 142:1398–422
  27. Clark PC, Glover SCO, Klessen RS, Bonnell IA. 2012. MNRAS 424:42599–613
  28. Clark SE, Hensley BS. 2019. Ap. J. 887:2136
  29. Clark SE, Hill JC, Peek JEG, Putman ME, Babler BL. 2015. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115:241302
  30. Clark SE, Peek JEG, Miville-Deschênes MA. 2019. Ap. J. 874:2171
  31. Clark SE, Peek JEG, Putman ME. 2014. Ap. J. 789:182
  32. Cortese L, Catinella B, Smith R. 2021. Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. 38:e035
  33. Cox DP. 2005. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 43:337–85
  34. Cox DP, Smith BW. 1974. Ap. J. Lett. 189:L105–8
  35. Crovisier J. 1978. Astron. Astrophys. 70:43–50
  36. Crovisier J. 1981. Astron. Astrophys. 94:162–74
  37. Crovisier J, Dickey JM. 1983. Astron. Astrophys. 122:282–96
  38. Crovisier J, Kazes I, Aubry D 1978. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 32:205–82
  39. Crutcher RM. 1999. Ap. J. 520:706–13
  40. Dawson JR, McClure-Griffiths NM, Kawamura A et al. 2011. Ap. J. 728:127
  41. Dawson JR, Mizuno N, Ohnishi T, McClure-Griffiths NM, Fukui Y. 2008. MNRAS 387:131–44
  42. Deguchi S, Watson WD. 1985. Ap. J. 290:578–86
  43. Dénes H, McClure-Griffiths NM, Dickey JM, Dawson JR, Murray CE. 2018. MNRAS 479:21465–90
  44. Dickey JM, Benson JM. 1982. Astron. J. 87:278–305
  45. Dickey JM, Dempsey JM, Pingel NM et al. 2022. Ap. J. 926:2186
  46. Dickey JM, Lockman FJ. 1990. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 28:215–61
  47. Dickey JM, McClure-Griffiths NM, Gaensler BM, Green AJ. 2003. Ap. J. 585:801–22
  48. Dickey JM, McClure-Griffiths NM, Stanimirović S, Gaensler BM, Green AJ. 2001. Ap. J. 561:264–71
  49. Dickey JM, Salpeter EE, Terzian Y. 1977. Ap. J. Lett. 211:L77–81
  50. Dickey JM, Salpeter EE, Terzian Y. 1978. Ap. J. Suppl. 36:77–114
  51. Dickey JM, Strasser S, Gaensler BM et al. 2009. Ap. J. 693:1250–60
  52. Dobbs CL, Pringle JE, Burkert A. 2012. MNRAS 425:2157–68
  53. D'Onghia E, Fox AJ. 2016. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 54:363–400
  54. Dove JB, Shull JM. 1994. Ap. J. 423:196–206
  55. Dwarakanath KS, Carilli CL, Goss WM. 2002. Ap. J. 567:940–46
  56. Ehlerová S, Palous J. 2005. Astron. Astrophys. 437:101–12
  57. Ehlerová S, Palouš J. 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 550:A23
  58. Ekers RD, Rots AH. 1979. Image Formation from Coherence Functions in Astronomy C van Schooneveld, D Reidel 61–63. Berlin: Springer
  59. Elmegreen BG, Elmegreen DM, Leitner SN. 2003. Ap. J. 590:1271–83
  60. Elmegreen BG, Scalo J. 2004. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 42:211–73
  61. Ewen HI, Purcell EM. 1951. Nature 168:356–58
  62. Field GB. 1958. Proc. IRE 46:240–50
  63. Field GB, Goldsmith DW, Habing HJ. 1969. Ap. J. Lett. 155:L149–54
  64. Ford HA, Lockman FJ, McClure-Griffiths NM. 2010. Ap. J. 722:367–79
  65. Ford HA, McClure-Griffiths NM, Lockman FJ et al. 2008. Ap. J. 688:290–305
  66. Fukui Y, Okamoto R, Kaji R et al. 2014. Ap. J. 796:59
  67. Fukui Y, Onishi T, Abe R et al. 1999. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 51:6751–64
  68. Fukui Y, Torii K, Onishi T et al. 2015. Ap. J. 798:16
  69. Gibson SJ, Taylor AR, Higgs LA, Brunt CM, Dewdney PE. 2005a. Ap. J. 626:195–213
  70. Gibson SJ, Taylor AR, Higgs LA, Brunt CM, Dewdney PE. 2005b. Ap. J. 626:214–32
  71. Gibson SJ, Taylor AR, Higgs LA, Dewdney PE. 2000. Ap. J. 540:851–62
  72. Glover SCO, Clark PC. 2012. MNRAS 421:19–19
  73. Glover SCO, Federrath C, Mac Low MM, Klessen RS 2010. MNRAS 404:12–29
  74. Goldbaum NJ, Krumholz MR, Matzner CD, McKee CF. 2011. Ap. J. 738:1101
  75. Gong M, Ostriker EC, Wolfire MG. 2017. Ap. J. 843:138
  76. González-Casanova DF, Lazarian A. 2017. Ap. J. 835:141
  77. Green DA. 1993. MNRAS 262:327–42
  78. Green GM, Schlafly E, Zucker C, Speagle JS, Finkbeiner D. 2019. Ap. J. 887:193
  79. Grenier IA, Casandjian JM, Terrier R. 2005. Science 307:1292–95
  80. Grisdale K, Agertz O, Renaud F, Romeo AB. 2018. MNRAS 479:33167–80
  81. Grisdale K, Agertz O, Romeo AB, Renaud F, Read JI. 2017. MNRAS 466:11093–110
  82. Hagen JP, Lilley AE, McClain EF. 1955. Ap. J. 122:361–75
  83. Haud U, Kalberla PMW. 2007. Astron. Astrophys. 466:555–64
  84. Haworth TJ, Glover SCO, Koepferl CM, Bisbas TG, Dale JE. 2018. New Astron. Rev. 82:1–58
  85. Hayashi K, Okamoto R, Yamamoto H et al. 2019. Ap. J. 878:2131
  86. Heeschen DS. 1955. Ap. J. 121:569–84
  87. Heiles C. 1979. Ap. J. 229:533–37
  88. Heiles C. 1984. Ap. J. Suppl. 55:585–95
  89. Heiles C. 1989. Ap. J. 336:808–21
  90. Heiles C. 1997. Ap. J. 481:193–204
  91. Heiles C. 1998. Ap. J. 498:689–703
  92. Heiles C. 2000. Astron. J. 119:923–27
  93. Heiles C, Troland TH. 2003a. Ap. J. Suppl. 145:329–54
  94. Heiles C, Troland TH. 2003b. Ap. J. 586:1067–93
  95. Heiles C, Troland TH. 2004. Ap. J. Suppl. 151:271–97
  96. Heiles C, Troland TH. 2005. Ap. J. 624:773–93
  97. Hennebelle P, Audit E. 2007. Astron. Astrophys. 465:431–43
  98. Hennebelle P, Falgarone E. 2012. Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 20:55
  99. Hennebelle P, Inutsuka S-i 2006. Ap. J. 647:1404–11
  100. Heyer M, Dame TM. 2015. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 53:583–629
  101. Hill AS, Mac Low MM, Gatto A, Ibáñez-Meja JC 2018. Ap. J. 862:155
  102. Hopkins PF, Grudić MY, Wetzel A et al. 2020. MNRAS 491:33702–29
  103. Hopkins PF, Quataert E, Murray N. 2012. MNRAS 421:43522–37
  104. Hopkins PF, Wetzel A, Kereš D et al. 2018. MNRAS 477:21578–603
  105. Hotan AW, Bunton JD, Chippendale AP et al. 2021. Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. 38:e009
  106. Hu EM. 1981. Ap. J. 248:119–27
  107. Hu Y, Lazarian A, Xu S. 2021. arXiv:2104.02842 [ astro-ph.GA]
  108. Hughes MP, Thompson AR, Colvin RS. 1971. Ap. J. Suppl. 23:323–70
  109. Iffrig O, Hennebelle P. 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 604:A70
  110. Iwasaki K, Inutsuka S-i 2014. Ap. J. 784:2115
  111. Kalberla PMW, Burton WB, Hartmann D et al. 2005. Astron. Astrophys. 440:775–82
  112. Kalberla PMW, Dedes L. 2008. Astron. Astrophys. 487:951–63
  113. Kalberla PMW, Dedes L, Kerp J, Haud U. 2007. Astron. Astrophys. 469:511–27
  114. Kalberla PMW, Haud U. 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 578:A78
  115. Kalberla PMW, Haud U. 2018. Astron. Astrophys. 619:A58
  116. Kalberla PMW, Haud U. 2019. Astron. Astrophys. 627:A112
  117. Kalberla PMW, Kerp J. 2009. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 47:27–61
  118. Kalberla PMW, Kerp J, Haud U. 2020. Astron. Astrophys. 639:A26
  119. Kalberla PMW, Kerp J, Haud U. 2021. Astron. Astrophys. 654:A91
  120. Kalberla PMW, Kerp J, Haud U et al. 2016. Ap. J. 821:2117
  121. Kalberla PMW, McClure-Griffiths NM, Pisano DJ et al. 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 521:17
  122. Kanekar N, Braun R, Roy N. 2011. Ap. J. Lett. 737:2L33
  123. Kanekar N, Subrahmanyan R, Chengalur JN, Safouris V. 2003. MNRAS 346:4L57–61
  124. Kang Jh, Koo BC. 2007. Ap. J. Suppl. 173:185–103
  125. Khalil A, Joncas G, Nekka F, Kestener P, Arneodo A. 2006. Ap. J. Suppl. 165:2512–50
  126. Kim C-G, Kim JG, Gong M, Ostriker EC. 2022. arXiv:2211.13293 [astro-ph.GA]
  127. Kim C-G, Ostriker EC. 2017. Ap. J. 846:2133
  128. Kim C-G, Ostriker EC. 2018. Ap. J. 853:2173
  129. Kim C-G, Ostriker EC, Kim WT. 2013. Ap. J. 776:1
  130. Kim C-G, Ostriker EC, Kim WT. 2014. Ap. J. 786:64
  131. Kim JG, Kim WT. 2013. Ap. J. 779:148
  132. Knapp GR. 1974. Ap. J. 79:527–54
  133. Knapp GR, Verschuur GL. 1972. Astron. J. 77:717–25
  134. Knee LBG, Brunt CM. 2001. Nature 412:308–10
  135. Koch EW, Rosolowsky EW, Schruba A et al. 2019. MNRAS 485:22324–42
  136. Körtgen B, Pingel N, Killerby-Smith N. 2021. MNRAS 505:21972–86
  137. Koyama H, Inutsuka S. 2000. Ap. J. 532:980–93
  138. Koyama H, Inutsuka S. 2002. Ap. J. 564:L97–100
  139. Kritsuk AG, Norman ML, Padoan P, Wagner R. 2007. Ap. J. 665:416–31
  140. Krumholz MR, Burkhart B. 2016. MNRAS 458:21671–77
  141. Krumholz MR, Leroy AK, McKee CF. 2011. Ap. J. 731:25
  142. Krumholz MR, McKee CF, Tumlinson J. 2009. Ap. J. 693:216–35
  143. Kulkarni SR, Fich M. 1985. Ap. J. 289:792–802
  144. Kulkarni SR, Heiles C. 1987. Interstellar Processes DJ Hollenbach, HA Thronson 87–122. Berlin: Springer
  145. Kulkarni SR, Heiles C 1988. Galactic and Extragalactic Radio Astronomy GL Verschuur, KI Kellermann 95–153. Berlin: Springer. , 2nd ed..
  146. Lallement R, Babusiaux C, Vergely JL et al. 2019. Astron. Astrophys. 625:A135
  147. Lazareff B. 1975. Astron. Astrophys. 42:25–35
  148. Lazarian A, Pogosyan D. 2000. Ap. J. 537:720–48
  149. Lee MY, Stanimirovic S, Murray CE, Heiles C, Miller J. 2015. Ap. J. 809:56
  150. Leike RH, Glatzle M, Enßlin TA. 2020. Astron. Astrophys. 639:A138
  151. Leroy AK, Walter F, Brinks E et al. 2008. Astron. J. 136:2782–845
  152. Levine ES, Blitz L, Heiles C. 2006. Ap. J. 643:881–96
  153. Li D, Goldsmith PF. 2003. Ap. J. 585:823–39
  154. Li D, Goldsmith PF. 2012. Ap. J. 756:12
  155. Lindner RR, Vera-Ciro C, Murray CE et al. 2015. Astron. J. 149:138
  156. Liszt H. 2001. Astron. Astrophys. 371:698–707
  157. Liszt H, Gerin M, Grenier I. 2018. Astron. Astrophys. 617:A54
  158. Lockman FJ. 1984. Ap. J. 283:90–97
  159. Lockman FJ. 2002. Ap. J. Lett. 580:L47–50
  160. Lockman FJ, Hobbs LM, Shull JM. 1986. Ap. J. 301:380–94
  161. Lockman FJ, McClure-Griffiths NM. 2016. Ap. J. 826:2215
  162. Mac Low MM, Balsara DS, Kim J, de Avillez MA 2005. Ap. J. 626:2864–76
  163. Maloney P. 1993. Ap. J. 414:41–56
  164. Marchal A, Miville-Deschênes MA. 2021. Ap. J. 908:2186
  165. Marchal A, Miville-Deschênes MA, Orieux F et al. 2019. Astron. Astrophys. 626:A101
  166. Martin PG, Blagrave KPM, Lockman FJ et al. 2015. Ap. J. 809:2153
  167. McClure-Griffiths NM, Dickey JM. 2016. Ap. J. 831:2124
  168. McClure-Griffiths NM, Dickey JM, Gaensler BM, Green AJ. 2001. Ap. J. 562:424–32
  169. McClure-Griffiths NM, Dickey JM, Gaensler BM, Green AJ. 2002. Ap. J. 578:176–93
  170. McClure-Griffiths NM, Dickey JM, Gaensler BM, Green AJ. 2003. Ap. J. 594:833–43
  171. McClure-Griffiths NM, Dickey JM, Gaensler BM, Green AJ. 2004. Ap. J. Lett. 607:L127–30
  172. McClure-Griffiths NM, Dickey JM, Gaensler BM, Green AJ, Haverkorn M. 2006. Ap. J. 652:1339–47
  173. McClure-Griffiths NM, Dickey JM, Gaensler BM, Green AJ, Haverkorn M, Strasser S. 2005. Ap. J. Suppl. 158:178–87
  174. McClure-Griffiths NM, Ford A, Pisano DJ et al. 2006. Ap. J. 638:196–205
  175. McClure-Griffiths NM, Pisano DJ, Calabretta MR et al. 2009. Ap. J. Suppl. 181:398–412
  176. McKee CF, Ostriker JP. 1977. Ap. J. 218:148–69
  177. Mebold U, Düsterberg C, Dickey JM, Staveley-Smith L, Kalberla P. 1997. Ap. J. Lett. 490:1L65–68
  178. Mebold U, Winnberg A, Kalberla PMW, Goss WM. 1982. Astron. Astrophys. 115:2223–41
  179. Meyer DM, Lauroesch JT, Heiles C, Peek JEG, Engelhorn K. 2006. Ap. J. Lett. 650:1L67–70
  180. Meyer DM, Lauroesch JT, Peek JEG, Heiles C. 2012. Ap. J. 752:2119
  181. Miville-Deschênes MA, Joncas G, Falgarone E, Boulanger F. 2003. Astron. Astrophys. 411:109–21
  182. Moss VA, McClure-Griffiths NM, Murphy T et al. 2013. Ap. J. Suppl. 209:112
  183. Muller CA, Oort JH. 1951. Nature 168:4270357–58
  184. Murray CE, Lindner RR, Stanimirović S et al. 2014. Ap. J. Lett. 781:2L41
  185. Murray CE, Peek JEG, Kim C-G. 2020. Ap. J. 899:115
  186. Murray CE, Stanimirović S, Goss WM et al. 2015. Ap. J. 804:289
  187. Murray CE, Stanimirović S, Goss WM et al. 2018. Ap. J. Suppl. 238:214
  188. Murray CE, Stanimirović S, Heiles C et al. 2021. Ap. J. Suppl. 256:237
  189. Murray CE, Stanimirović S, Kim C-G et al. 2017. Ap. J. 837:155
  190. Nguyen H, Dawson JR, Lee MY et al. 2019. Ap. J. 880:2141
  191. Nguyen H, Dawson JR, Miville-Deschênes MA et al. 2018. Ap. J. 862:149
  192. Nidever DL, Price-Whelan AM, Choi Y et al. 2019. Ap. J. 887:2115
  193. Normandeau M, Taylor AR, Dewdney PE. 1996. Nature 380:687–89
  194. Ntormousi E, Burkert A, Fierlinger K, Heitsch F. 2011. Ap. J. 731:113
  195. Offner SSR, Arce HG. 2014. Ap. J. 784:161
  196. Panopoulou GV, Lenz D. 2020. Ap. J. 902:2120
  197. Payne HE, Dickey JM, Salpeter EE, Terzian Y. 1978. Ap. J. Lett. 221:L95–98
  198. Peek JEG, Babler BL, Zheng Y et al. 2018. Ap. J. Suppl. 234:12
  199. Peek JEG, Clark SE. 2019. Ap. J. Lett. 886:1L13
  200. Peek JEG, Heiles C, Peek KMG, Meyer DM, Lauroesch JT. 2011. Ap. J. 735:2129
  201. Peek JEG, Tchernyshyov K, Miville-Deschênes MA. 2022. Ap. J. 925:2201
  202. Pidopryhora Y, Lockman FJ, Dickey JM, Rupen MP. 2015. Ap. J. Suppl. 219:216
  203. Pidopryhora Y, Lockman FJ, Shields JC. 2007. Ap. J. 656:928–42
  204. Pingel NM, Lee MY, Burkhart B, Stanimirović S. 2018. Ap. J. 856:2136
  205. Pingel NM, Stanimirović S, Peek JEG et al. 2013. Ap. J. 779:136
  206. Piontek RA, Ostriker EC. 2004. Ap. J. 601:2905–20
  207. Piontek RA, Ostriker EC. 2005. Ap. J. 629:2849–64
  208. Piontek RA, Ostriker EC. 2007. Ap. J. 663:1183–203
  209. Pisano DJ. 2014. Astron. J. 147:348
  210. Price-Whelan AM, Nidever DL, Choi Y et al. 2019. Ap. J. 887:119
  211. Pritchard JR, Loeb A. 2012. Rep. Prog. Phys. 75:086901
  212. Putman ME, Peek JEG, Joung MR. 2012. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 50:491–529
  213. Radhakrishnan V, Goss WM. 1972. Ap. J. Suppl. 24:161–66
  214. Rathjen TE, Naab T, Girichidis P et al. 2021. MNRAS 504:11039–61
  215. Reid MJ, Menten KM, Brunthaler A, Zheng XW, Dame TMet al 2019. Ap. J 885:2131
  216. Roy N, Kanekar N, Braun R, Chengalur JN. 2013a. MNRAS 436:32352–65
  217. Roy N, Kanekar N, Chengalur JN. 2013b. MNRAS 436:32366–85
  218. Rybarczyk DR, Stanimirović S, Gong M et al. 2022. Ap. J. 928:179
  219. Saintonge A, Catinella B. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 60:319–61
  220. Sault RJ. 1994. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 107:55–69
  221. Savage BD, Wakker BP. 2009. Ap. J. 702:21472–89
  222. Scalo J, Elmegreen BG. 2004. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 42:275–316
  223. Scalo JM 1987. Interstellar Processes DJ Hollenbach, HA Thronson 349–92. Berlin: Springer
  224. Schruba A, Leroy AK, Walter F et al. 2011. Astron. J. 142:237
  225. Seifried D, Beuther H, Walch S et al. 2022. MNRAS 512:44765–84
  226. Seon K-i, Kim C-G. 2020. Ap. J. Suppl. 250:19
  227. Shaver PA, McGee RX, Newton LM, Danks AC, Pottasch SR. 1983. MNRAS 204:53–112
  228. Shull JM, Danforth CW, Anderson KL. 2021. Ap. J. 911:155
  229. Sidorin V, Douglas KA, Palouš J, Wünsch R, Ehlerová S. 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 565:A6
  230. Snow TP, McCall BJ. 2006. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 44:367–414
  231. Sofue Y. 2018. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 70:350
  232. Soler JD, Beuther H, Rugel M et al. 2019. Astron. Astrophys. 622:A166
  233. Soler JD, Beuther H, Syed J et al. 2020. Astron. Astrophys. 642:A163
  234. Soler JD, Miville-Deschênes MA, Molinari S et al. 2022. Astron. Astrophys. 662:A96
  235. Spitzer L Jr. 1978. Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium New York: Wiley
  236. Stanimirović S. 2002. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 278:375–96
  237. Stanimirović S, Murray CE, Lee MY, Heiles C, Miller J. 2014. Ap. J. 793:2132
  238. Stanimirović S, Putman M, Heiles C et al. 2006. Ap. J. 653:1210–25
  239. Stanimirović S, Staveley-Smith L, Dickey JM, Sault RJ, Snowden SL. 1999. MNRAS 302:417–36
  240. Stanimirović S, Zweibel EG. 2018. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 56:489–540
  241. Staveley-Smith L, Sault RJ, Hatzidimitriou D, Kesteven MJ, McConnell D. 1997. MNRAS 289:225–52
  242. Stevens ARH, Diemer B, Lagos CDP et al. 2019. MNRAS 483:45334–54
  243. Stil JM, Lockman FJ, Taylor AR et al. 2006. Ap. J. 637:366–79
  244. Stil JM, Taylor AR, Dickey JM et al. 2006. Astron. J. 132:1158–76
  245. Strasser ST, Dickey JM, Taylor AR et al. 2007. Astron. J. 134:2252–71
  246. Syed J, Wang Y, Beuther H et al. 2020. Astron. Astrophys. 642:A68
  247. Szotkowski S, Yoder D, Stanimirović S et al. 2019. Ap. J. 887:2111
  248. Taylor AR, Gibson SJ, Peracaula M et al. 2003. Astron. J. 125:3145–64
  249. Tchernyshyov K, Peek JEG. 2017. Astron. J. 153:18
  250. Tchernyshyov K, Peek JEG, Zasowski G. 2018. Astron. J. 156:6248
  251. Turić L, Jelić V, Jaspers R et al. 2021. Astron. Astrophys. 654:A5
  252. Valdivia V, Hennebelle P, Gérin M, Lesaffre P. 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 587:A76
  253. Van Eck CL, Haverkorn M, Alves MIR et al. 2019. Astron. Astrophys. 623:A71
  254. Vázquez-Semadeni E, Colín P, Gómez GC, Ballesteros-Paredes J, Watson AW. 2010. Ap. J. 715:21302–17
  255. Vergely JL, Lallement R, Cox NLJ. 2022. arXiv:2205.09087 [astro-ph.GA]
  256. Verschuur GL. 1995. Ap. J. 451:645–59
  257. Wada K, Meurer G, Norman CA. 2002. Ap. J. 577:1197–205
  258. Walch S, Girichidis P, Naab T et al. 2015. MNRAS 454:1238–68
  259. Wang Y, Beuther H, Rugel MR et al. 2020a. Astron. Astrophys. 634:A83
  260. Wang Y, Bihr S, Beuther H et al. 2020b. Astron. Astrophys. 634:A139
  261. Wenger TV, Balser DS, Anderson LD, Bania TM. 2019. Ap. J. 887:2114
  262. Winkel B, Kalberla PMW, Kerp J, Flöer L. 2010. Ap. J. Suppl. 188:488–99
  263. Wolfire MG. 2015. Highlights Astron. 16:600–2
  264. Wolfire MG, Hollenbach D, McKee CF, Tielens AGGM, Bakes ELO. 1995. Ap. J. 443:152–68
  265. Wolfire MG, McKee CF, Hollenbach D, Tielens AGGM. 1995. Ap. J. 453:673–84
  266. Wolfire MG, McKee CF, Hollenbach D, Tielens AGGM. 2003. Ap. J. 587:278–311
  267. Wouthuysen SA. 1952. Astron. J. 57:31–32
  268. Yoo H, Cho J. 2014. Ap. J. 780:199
  269. Yuen KH, Ho KW, Lazarian A. 2021. Ap. J. 910:2161
  270. Yuen KH, Lazarian A. 2017. Ap. J. Lett. 837:2L24
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-104851
Loading
Atomic Hydrogen in the Milky Way: A Stepping Stone in the Evolution of Galaxies
Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 61, 19 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-104851
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-104851
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-104851
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplemental Material

Supplementary Data

  • Download the Supplemental Material (PDF). The movie referenced in the supplemental material is also reproduced below.

    Supplemental Video 1:

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error