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Observations of Protoplanetary Disk Structures
Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics ( IF 26.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-08-18 , DOI: 10.1146/annurev-astro-031220-010302
Sean M. Andrews 1
Affiliation  

The disks that orbit young stars are the essential conduits and reservoirs of material for star and planet formation. Their structures, meaning the spatial variations of the disk physical conditions, reflect the underlying mechanisms that drive those formation processes. Observations of the solids and gas in these disks, particularly at high resolution, provide fundamental insights on their mass distributions, dynamical states, and evolutionary behaviors. Over the past decade, rapid developments in these areas have largely been driven by observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). This review highlights the state of observational research on disk structures, emphasizing three key conclusions that reflect the main branches of the field: (1) Relationships among disk structure properties are also linked to the masses, environments, and evolutionary states of their stellar hosts; (2) There is clear, qualitative evidence for the growth and migration of disk solids, although the implied evolutionary timescales suggest the classical assumption of a smooth gas disk is inappropriate; and (3) Small-scale substructures with a variety of morphologies, locations, scales, and amplitudes -- presumably tracing local gas pressure maxima -- broadly influence the physical and observational properties of disks. The last point especially is reshaping the field, with the recognition that these disk substructures likely trace active sites of planetesimal growth or are the hallmarks of planetary systems at their formation epoch.

中文翻译:

原行星盘结构的观测

围绕年轻恒星运行的圆盘是恒星和行星形成的重要管道和物质储存库。它们的结构,意味着磁盘物理条件的空间变化,反映了驱动这些形成过程的潜在机制。对这些圆盘中固体和气体的观察,特别是在高分辨率下,提供了关于它们的质量分布、动力学状态和演化行为的基本见解。在过去十年中,这些领域的快速发展主要是由阿塔卡马大型毫米/亚毫米阵列 (ALMA) 的观测推动的。本综述重点介绍了盘状结构的观测研究现状,强调了反映该领域主要分支的三个关键结论:(1) 盘状结构特性之间的关系也与质量有关,恒星宿主的环境和演化状态;(2) 盘固体的生长和迁移有明确的定性证据,尽管隐含的演化时间尺度表明光滑气体盘的经典假设是不合适的;(3) 具有各种形态、位置、尺度和振幅的小尺度子结构——大概是追踪局部气压最大值——广泛地影响了圆盘的物理和观测特性。最后一点尤其是重塑场,认识到这些盘状亚结构可能追踪微行星生长的活动位点,或者是行星系统在其形成时期的标志。尽管隐含的演化时间尺度表明光滑气体盘的经典假设是不合适的;(3) 具有各种形态、位置、尺度和振幅的小尺度子结构——大概是追踪局部气压最大值——广泛地影响了圆盘的物理和观测特性。最后一点尤其是重塑场,认识到这些盘状亚结构可能追踪微行星生长的活动位点,或者是行星系统在其形成时期的标志。尽管隐含的演化时间尺度表明光滑气体盘的经典假设是不合适的;(3) 具有各种形态、位置、尺度和振幅的小尺度子结构——大概是追踪局部气压最大值——广泛地影响了圆盘的物理和观测特性。最后一点尤其是重塑场,认识到这些盘状亚结构可能追踪微行星生长的活动位点,或者是行星系统在其形成时期的标志。和振幅——大概是追踪局部气压最大值——广泛影响磁盘的物理和观测特性。最后一点尤其是重塑场,认识到这些盘状亚结构可能追踪微行星生长的活动位点,或者是行星系统在其形成时期的标志。和振幅——大概是追踪局部气压最大值——广泛影响磁盘的物理和观测特性。最后一点尤其是重塑场,认识到这些盘状亚结构可能追踪微行星生长的活动位点,或者是行星系统在其形成时期的标志。
更新日期:2020-08-18
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