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The production of about half the heavy elements (beyond Fe and Ni) found in nature is assigned to a specific astrophysical nucleosynthesis process: the rapid neutron capture process (r process). Although this idea has been postulated more than six decades ago, the full understanding faces two types of uncertainties/open questions: (a) The nucle- osynthesis path in the nuclear chart runs close to the

Since the initial development of charged particle colliders in the middle of the 20th century, these advanced scientific instruments have been at the forefront of scientific discoveries in high energy physics. Collider accelerator technology and beam physics have progressed immensely and modern facilities now operate at energies and luminosities many orders of magnitude greater than the pioneering

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We introduce The Novel Probes Project, an initiative to advance the field of astrophysical tests of the dark sector by creating a forum that connects observers and theorists. This review focuses on tests of gravity and is intended to be of use primarily to observers, as well as theorists with interest in the development of experimental tests. It is twinned with a separate review on the dark matter

This article is an extended version of a talk given at the March 2019 meeting of the American Physical Society, in connection with the award to the author of the 2019 APS Medal for Exceptional Achievement in Research. The article will summarize some of the author’s work in areas linked to topological aspects of classical and quantum physics. Topics include quantum Hall effects, as well as the theory

We review recent progress in taking the large dimension limit of Einstein’s equations. Most of our analysis is classical in nature and concerns situations where there is a black hole horizon although we briefly discuss various extensions that include quantum gravitational effects. The review consists of two main parts: the first a discussion of general aspects of black holes and effective membrane

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Double-beta processes play a key role in the exploration of neutrino and weak interaction properties, and in the searches for effects beyond the Standard Model. During the last half century many attempts were undertaken to search for double-beta decay with emission of two electrons, especially for its neutrinoless mode (0ν2β−), the latter being still not observed. Double-electron capture (2EC) was

Parton distribution functions (PDFs) describe the structure of hadrons as composed of quarks and gluons. They are needed to make predictions for short-distance processes in high-energy collisions and are determined by fitting to cross section data. We review definitions of the PDFs and their relations to high-energy cross sections. We focus on the PDFs in protons, but also discuss PDFs in nuclei. We

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This article reviews experiments on elasticity, plasticity and ow of solid 4He and 3He, focusing on dislocations and other defects that are responsible for the unusual mechan-ical behavior of such quantum crystals. Heliums zero point motion prevents it from freezing unless pressure is applied, and makes the solid extremely compressible, with elastic constants orders of magnitude smaller than those

The statistical mechanical description of small systems staying in thermal equilibrium with an environment can be achieved by means of the Hamiltonian of mean force. In clear contrast to the reduced density matrix of an open quantum system, or the reduced phase space probability density function of a classical open system, the Hamiltonian of mean force does not only characterize the reduced state but

A few decades ago, quantum optics stood out as a new domain of physics by exhibiting states of light with no classical equivalent. The first investigations concerned single photons, squeezed states, twin beams and EPR states, that involve only one or two modes of the electromagnetic field. The study of the properties of quantum light then evolved in the direction of more and more complex and rich situations

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This paper is occasioned by the passing (in 2019) of the three decades that have followed the rst spectroscopic identication of the H+3 molecular ion outside of the laboratory, in the auroral atmosphere of the giant planet Jupiter. These decades have seen the astronomy related to this simple molecular ion expand enormously such that, in order to do justice to this being a review paper, we have had

The Sun is our nearest star; it is also the most important star that determines life on Planet Earth. A great variety of phenomena observed on the Sun’s surface, with potential impact on the Earth, is thought to arise from turbulent convection in Sun’s interior, this being the dominant mode of heat transport within the outer envelope at r & 0:715R. However, convection in the Sun dirs in nearly all

Quantum crystallization of 4He is a first-order phase transition from a superfluid liquid and can proceed extremely quickly at very low temperatures. The entropy difference between the two quantum phases, the quantum crystal and superfluid liquid, is small and atoms are carried to the crystal surface via a dissipationless superflow. A limiting process of the transition near absolute zero temperature

Fluid flows hosting electrical phenomena make the subject of a fascinating and highly interdisciplinary scientific field. In recent years, the extraordinary success of electrospinning and solution blowing technologies for the generation of polymer nanofibers has motivated vibrant research aiming at rationalizing the behavior of viscoelastic jets under applied electric fields or other stretching fields

Electronic transport properties of single-molecule junctions have been widely measured by several techniques, including mechanically controllable break junctions, electromigration break junctions or by means of scanning tunneling microscopes. In parallel, many theoretical tools have been developed and refined for describing such transport properties and for obtaining numerical predictions. Most prominent

The climate system is a forced, dissipative, nonlinear, complex and heterogeneous system that is out of thermodynamic equilibrium. The system exhibits natural variability on many scales of motion, in time as well as space, and it is subject to various external forcings, natural as well as anthropogenic. This paper reviews the observational evidence on climate phenomena and the governing equations of

This review article discusses the present status and development of strong-field nanooptics, an emerging field of nonlinear optics. An exciting non-perturbative regime of light-matter interactions is reached when the amplitude of the external electromagnetic fields that are driving a material approach or exceed the field strengths that bind the electrons inside the medium. In this strong-field regime

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Bell’s Theorem rules out many potential reformulations of quantum mechanics, but within a generalized framework, it does not exclude all locally-mediated models. Such models describe the correlations between entangled particles as mediated by intermediate parameters which track the particle world-lines and respect Lorentz covariance. These locally-mediated models require the relaxation of an arrow-of-time

In principle, quantum key distribution (QKD) offers information-theoretic security based on the laws of physics. In practice, however, the imperfections of realistic devices might introduce deviations from the idealized models used in security analyses. Can quantum code-breakers successfully hack real systems by exploiting the side channels? Can quantum code-makers design innovative counter-measures

The nuclear physics landscape has been redesigned as} a sequence of effective field theories (EFTs) connected to the Standard Model through symmetries and lattice simulations of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). EFTs in this sequence are expansions around different low-energy limits of QCD, each with its own characteristics, scales, and ranges of applicability regarding energy and number of nucleons. We

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Many biological functions are executed by molecular machines, which like man made motors consume energy and convert it into mechanical work. Biological machines have evolved to transport cargo, facilitate folding of proteins and RNA, remodel chromatin and replicate DNA. A common aspect of these machines is that their functions are driven by fuel provided by hydrolysis of ATP or GTP, thus driving them

Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) have become indispensable tools in the study of correlated quantum materials. Both probe complementary aspects of the single-particle excitation spectrum. Taken together, ARPES and STM have the potential to explore properties of the electronic Green function, a central object of many-body theory. In this article

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.91.049902