It is a widely adopted method to use the Rayleigh-wave dispersion curves to constrain the shear-wave velocity structure under the ocean. Traditional methods generally utilize ambient noise cross correlations between stations and teleseismic surface wave records to extract the dispersion curves. In this study, we develop a method that uses the microseism noise recorded at a single station to derive

From repeat-pass interferometry, tropospheric signals often prevent the detection of ground deformation signals. In recent years, tropospheric corrections derived from global weather-based models have been implemented in several InSAR processing chains. In this study, we evaluate the performance of two weather-based models (ERA5 and GACOS) on two tropical volcanoes: Piton de la Fournaise and Merapi

Most great earthquakes on subduction zone plate boundaries have large coseismic slip concentrated along the contact between the subducting slab and the upper plate crust. On 4 March 2021, a magnitude 7.4 foreshock struck 1 hr 47 min before a magnitude 8.1 earthquake along the northern Kermadec island arc. The mainshock is the largest well-documented underthrusting event along the ∼2,500-km long Tonga-Kermadec

The Indian lithospheric mantle has been deeply influenced by geological processes such as rifting, plume activity, and collision-subduction events. Therefore, it is vital to understand the genesis of the Indian continental lithosphere and its eventual destruction by intraplate tectonic processes. The present study provides an integrated perspective of the crust and lithospheric mantle of the Indian

Between 7 and 15 October 2023, a series of devastating earthquakes struck Herat in northwestern Afghanistan, a region in which few historical earthquakes have been recorded, causing severe human casualties. In this study, we investigate the co- and post-seismic deformation mechanisms of the 2023 Herat earthquake sequence using Sentinel-1 radar interferometry. The 4-month postseismic deformation time

Numerical simulations of Sequences of Earthquakes and Aseismic Slip (SEAS) have rapidly progressed to address fundamental problems in fault mechanics and provide self-consistent, physics-based frameworks to interpret and predict geophysical observations across spatial and temporal scales. To advance SEAS simulations with rigor and reproducibility, we pursue community efforts to verify numerical codes

Due to its eccentric orbit, Mercury experiences a varying gravitational pull from the Sun along its orbit, leading to periodic surface tidal deformation. The previous measurement of Mercury's tidal h2${h}_{2}$ by Bertone et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020je006683) is based on minimizing height differences at cross-overs of the Mercury Laser Altimeter (MLA) profiles. However, this method can

In July and August 2024, two consecutive stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) events (termed SW07 and SW08) occurred over Antarctic, both featuring a rapid 17°C temperature rise at 10 hPa and significant stratospheric polar vortex (SPV) deceleration. SW07 occurred at the earliest winter time of the year recorded in the satellite era (1979 to present). The study found that, strong blocking highs affected

Ship-tracks are important natural/opportunistic experiments to study aerosol-cloud interactions (ACIs). However, detectable ship-tracks are not produced in many instances. Virtual ship-tracks have been conceived to expand the scale of ACIs analyses. Cloud responses in virtual ship-tracks differ strongly from those of detected ones. Here we show that the current approach of virtual ship-tracks can lead

Due to the lack of continuous annual records of Holocene climate events, their evolution remains unclear. In this study, we present a new annually resolved stalagmite oxygen isotope (δ18O) record covering the 4.2 ka event from the East Asian monsoon domain, and compare it with two annually resolved δ18O records of the 8.2 ka event and the Little Ice Age from the same stalagmite. These abrupt events

In candidate formations for geological Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), carbonate minerals (e.g., calcite) are ubiquitously presented. The dynamic process of chemically induced alteration on carbonate-rich reservoirs due to the injection of supercritical CO2${\text{CO}}_{2}$ holds paramount importance for achieving an economic injectivity and structural integrity of the system. How carbonate rocks

Planetary formation involves highly energetic collisions, the consequences of which set the stage for the ensuing planetary evolution. During accretion, Earth's mantle was largely molten, a so-called magma ocean, and its oxidation state was determined by equilibration with metal-rich cores of infalling planetesimals through redox buffering reactions. We test two proposed mechanisms (metal layer and

Previous studies investigated the satellite precipitation error characteristics via error decomposition analysis over several land regions. This study, for the first time, decomposes the total error of precipitation estimates from 14 passive microwave (PMW) sensors in the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) PMW radiometer constellation into four independent error components (i.e., hit-positive,

Relative dispersion (ε), as a parameter characterizing droplet spectral shape, exerts a considerable impact on cloud radiation and precipitation processes, and its accurate parameterization is urgently needed in models. Current ε parameterizations, which are based on droplet number concentration or simply set as constants, are inadequate to satisfy the demand. This study shows, utilizing in-situ cloud

Changes in Atlantic and Pacific inflows into the Arctic are contributing to Arctic warming and reshaping water circulation. However, knowledge gaps remain regarding circulation pathways in the western Arctic Ocean, where Arctic Atlantic Water (AAW) and Pacific Water interact. Here, we report iodine-129 (129I) concentrations in seawater collected from the western Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea in 2021

Tree ring-based climate reconstructions are fundamental for high-resolution paleoclimatology, but only a few of them extend back into the mid-Holocene (8,200–4,200 years BP). Here, we present annually-resolved tree-ring stable carbon and oxygen isotopes (δ13C and δ18O) from subfossil yew (Taxus baccata) wood excavated in the Fenland region of eastern England. We develop an eco-physiological model to

During the March equinox of 2023, a strong easterly wind of ∼80 m s−1 appeared at an altitude of ∼82 km in the equatorial upper mesosphere, which is regarded as an enhancement of the mesopause semi-annual oscillation. In this study, a new reanalysis data available up to 110 km was used to investigate its momentum budget. The strong easterly acceleration was due to a similar contribution from resolved

The ocean biological carbon pump (BCP) transports organic matter from the surface to the deep ocean. Accurately quantifying the efficiency of the BCP is essential for understanding potential climate feedbacks and entails measuring the flux of organic material in and out of the mesopelagic layer (approximately 100–1,000 m). Observational estimates are often restricted to measuring the BCP efficiency

This study examines data collected with an autonomous underwater glider during a period of vigorous radiatively driven convection (RDC) and low winds in deep, unstratified Lake Superior. Conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD) measurements reveal distinct convective plumes of warm downwelling water with temperature anomalies of ∼0.1°${\sim} 0.1{}^{\circ}$C and width scales on the order of 10−100$10-100$

Deciphering how the widespread late Cenozoic conglomerates were formed across the Tibetan Plateau is crucial for understanding the competition between tectonics and climate. Here we target the mid-Pleistocene conglomerate cap along the northern Saishiteng range (SR), North Tibet. 26Al/10Be burial dating constrains the onset accumulation of the conglomerate cap to 828 +116/−105 to 679 +55.0/−51.1 kyr

During the early-to-middle Miocene, global mean surface temperature (GMST) was approximately 8°C warmer than preindustrial, with a greater temperature increase in polar regions than the tropics. However, existing Miocene simulations underestimate this warmth, particularly in northern high latitudes. To address this discrepancy, we investigate the potential role of cloud phase. Using the Community Earth

Marine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a major carbon reservoir influencing climate, but is poorly quantified. The lack of a comprehensive DOC climatology hinders model validation, estimation of the modern DOC inventory, and understanding of DOC's role in the carbon cycle and climate. To address this problem, we used boosted regression trees to relate a compilation of DOC observations to different

To date, no investigation has documented ionospheric flows at Uranus. Previous investigations of Jupiter and Saturn have demonstrated that mapping ion winds can be used to understand ionospheric currents and how these connect to magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling. We present a study of Uranus's near infrared emissions (NIR) using data from the Keck II Telescope's Near InfraRed SPECtrograph (NIRSPEC)

The idea of cooling the Earth by marine cloud brightening is well established. All prior studies considered enhancing cloud albedo only with fine aerosols (FA). Adding coarse sea spray aerosols (CSA, radius>1 μm) has been thought to have the opposite effect. Using nearly a decade of satellite observations and global aerosol reanalysis, we found that the maximum radiative cooling effect from marine

Recently, electron-only reconnection, in which there is no obvious ion bulk flow and ion heating, has been pervasively observed in the Earth's magnetosphere. In this Letter, we realize electron-only reconnection with a guide field in the Keda Linear Magnetized Plasma (KLMP) device. By measuring the magnetic field, we identify unambiguously a distorted quadrupolar structure of the magnetic field in

Antarctic sea ice is one of the largest biomes on Earth providing a critical habitat for ice algae. Measurements of primary production in Antarctic sea ice remain scarce and an observation-based estimate of primary production has not been revisited in over 30 years. We fill this knowledge gap by presenting a newly compiled circumpolar data set of particulate and dissolved organic carbon from 362 ice

Extreme cold events (ECEs) have intensified in East Asia over the past decades, disrupting socio-economic activities and public health. Understanding the mechanism and accurate prediction are crucial yet challenging. This study explores the causes and prediction biases for a severe ECE in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) during the 2022 Winter Olympics. Two upper-tropospheric quasi-biweekly oscillations

Earthquakes in the Hellenic slab, traced by tomography down to 1,200 km, occur at depths <200 km with enigmatic origin and dynamics. We study a 2014 Mw5.8 left-lateral strike-slip earthquake originating at a depth of ∼90 km under arc-parallel compression, featuring a small implosive component of the moment tensor. We use well-recorded aftershock as an empirical Green's function to infer reliable apparent

During the May 2024 storm, the minimum Dst index was approximately −412 nT, marking the largest geomagnetic storm of the past decade. This event caused the inner edge of the ring current to penetrate deeply into the inner magnetosphere during the main phase of the storm. We present observations of high-frequency electromagnetic ion cyclotron (HF EMIC) wave activity during this intense geomagnetic storm

Feedback control algorithms are important tools in climate intervention simulation design because they facilitate “top-down” design, in which climate goals (often temperatures) are prescribed and a strategy chosen to meet the target. This approach is commonly used in simulations of stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) interventions, but have never been used with marine cloud brightening (MCB) interventions

Studies suggest a strong link between low-frequency sea level variability in the South Atlantic Bight (SAB) and open ocean dynamics. However, the mechanisms driving this connection remain unclear. By analyzing a high-resolution, three-dimensional baroclinic ocean reanalysis, we identify a pathway that links open ocean dynamics to SAB coastal sea level variability through the shelf edge near Cape Hatteras

Plasmaspheric hiss plays an important role in the electron precipitation and the slot formation in radiation belts. Recent studies show the whistler-mode waves can be guided in the density irregularities, performing parallel propagation. Therefore, the resonance between ducted waves and energetic electrons can expand to higher latitudes, and then drive strong energetic electron scattering. In this

Atmospheric hydrogen indirectly contributes to greenhouse warming by extending methane lifetime, and increasing stratospheric water vapor and tropospheric ozone. Its main sinks are oxidation with OH, and dry deposition via microbial soil uptake. The latter accounts for approximately 50−90%$50-90\,\%$ of the sink and is poorly constrained under present day conditions, with very limited studies on its

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) was a climate/carbon cycle perturbation recognized in stable carbon isotope (δ13C) records with a negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE). The PETM CIE termination has been associated with a δ13C inflection with pre-PETM-like values referred to as the G point. However, the G point approach has produced variable PETM CIE duration estimates (∼120–230 kyr),

The size and variability of Jupiter's magnetosphere are not only determined by upstream conditions but also substantially influenced by internal processes within Jupiter's magnetosphere, specifically the dynamics of the rotation magnetodisc. However, given the considerable range and uncertainties in the estimated Io mass loading rate (IMLR), it remains unclear whether the size and variability of Jupiter's

We perform large-scale numerical simulations of convection in 3D porous media at Rayleigh-Darcy numbers up to R⁢a=8×1⁢04$Ra=8\times 1{0}^{4}$. To investigate the convective mixing of carbon dioxide (CO2${\text{CO}}_{2}$) in geological formations, we consider a semi-infinite domain, where the CO2${\text{CO}}_{2}$ concentration is constant at the top and no flux is prescribed at bottom. Convection begins

Wintertime temperature extremes sometimes show a continental linkage between Eurasia and North America (NA), but whether these connections are coincidental or dynamically robust remains unclear. This study investigates the linkages of the leading intraseasonal temperature patterns between Eurasia and NA, focusing on the underlying dynamic processes. Our findings reveal a weak but robust linkage between

In the passive margin of southeast Australia, a mosaic of tectonic structures of the Otway Basin records the protracted Cretaceous to Eocene break-up evolution of Australia and Antarctica. Here, we use an innovative approach that combines Euler deconvolution and DBSCAN clustering of global magnetic data and drill-hole-constrained interpretations of deep 2D seismic traverse to image deep-rooted, pre-rifting

Broadband seismometers are sensitive to tilt as a consequence of their design. We used broadband data from Erebus volcano on Ross Island, Antarctica, and Augustine volcano in Lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, to make tilt measurements associated with individual volcanic explosions and investigate the near-terminal magmatic system configuration of each volcano. At Erebus volcano we found no evidence of tilt

Little is known about the local plumbing systems that fuel Yellowstone's famous hot springs, geysers and mud pots. A multi-method, multi-scale geophysical investigation was carried out in the Obsidian Pool Thermal Area (OPTA) to: (a) delineate the lateral extent of the hydrothermal area and associated surface features; (b) estimate the dimensions of the upflow zone and identify its main controlling

Providing spatio-temporal constraints on what influences the rheology of deeply subducted continental crust during subduction–exhumation remains elusive but crucial for understanding the exhumation dynamics of ultrahigh pressure (UHP) terranes. Here, we report results of a systematic study of microstructures, crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs) and seismic properties of four UHP–HP eclogites

We used very high-resolution satellite images to map the development of retrogressive thaw slumps (RTS) at six sites in the Russian High Arctic for the period 2011 to 2020. The 3,466 mapped RTS revealed an overall high activity, with site-specific increases of RTS-affected area up to +2,700% and RTS numbers up to +1,294%. For coastal sites, the changes in RTS-affected area were mutually influenced

Interconnected river-lake systems are much more complex than either one due to their interactions. The Poyang Lake-Yangtze River system has received much attention due to the reverse flow from the Yangtze River, which blocks the flow of Poyang Lake and causes extensive inundation. However, a less explored perspective is the backwater effects of lake outflow on the Yangtze River. This study seeks to

Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is a driver of evaporative demand and correlates strongly with wildfire extent in the western United States (WUS). Vapor pressure deficit is the difference between saturation vapor pressure (es) and actual vapor pressure (ea). Because es increases nonlinearly with temperature, calculations of time-averaged VPD vary depending on the frequency of temperature measurements

Previous studies suggest that a thick barrier layer can strengthen surface warming during El Niño and vice versa for La Niña. Here we find barrier layer changes of up to 6 m in the central equatorial Pacific (CEP, 170°E−160°W, 5°S–5°N) in response to a 1°C change in the Niño 3.4 index using 19 years of Argo observations. Our analysis reveals that mixed layer variability due to strong interannual salinity

Mars's magnetotail represents a unique case within the solar system, embodying both intrinsic and induced magnetic fields. Yet, the electron dynamics within this region have remained largely unexplored. Utilizing nine years of electron and magnetic field data from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN mission (MAVEN), we conducted a comprehensive statistical analysis to uncover the average electron

Despite trees' critical role in regulating global warming, their direct transpiration-induced cooling (TIC) effects in response to background climate at the global scale are currently not well understood by ground observations. We used the global observation-based SAPFLUXNET data set to quantify the trees' TIC and investigate how hydroclimatic variables affect TIC across biomes. Results show that TIC

At the subduction zone interface, a combination of mechanical deformation and (fluid-mediated) chemical mixing of oceanic crust, sediment and mantle lithologies yields heterogeneous mélange lithologies. These mélanges have compositions and metamorphic mineral assemblages dissimilar to their endmember source lithologies, resulting in a subduction zone interface with physical properties (e.g., H2O capacity

Earthquakes in the dry lower continental crust are enigmatic, as they require very high deviatoric stresses. Field observations suggest that stress amplification in rigid blocks surrounded by ductile shear zones leads to seismic failure: the jostling block model. Here we quantify this model by systematically testing numerically how variations in geometry, material properties, and loading conditions

Dipolarization fronts (DFs) host plentiful dynamics in the magnetotail. Small-scale magnetic structures and waves are frequently found at and around the DFs. Whistler waves are closely related to DFs, and the flux pileup regions (FPRs) behind DFs are thought to be the source regions of the whistler waves around DFs. Statistically, whistler waves are much more frequently observed in FPRs than at DFs

The cause of unrest at large quaternary silicic calderas, specifically whether the source is magmatic or hydrothermal, has critical implications for the potential eruptive hazard and is debated, even at well-studied systems. Recent advances in Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), driven by the Sentinel-1 mission, allow us to examine the spatial and temporal patterns of deformation in unprecedented

Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) is an emerging technology that converts optical fibers into dense arrays of strainmeters, significantly enhancing our understanding of earthquake physics and Earth's structure. While most past DAS studies have focused primarily on seismic wave phase information, accurate measurements of true ground motion amplitudes are crucial for comprehensive future analyses. However

Delineating fault structures through microseismicity is crucial for earthquake hazard assessment, yet constructing high-resolution catalogs over extended periods remains challenging. This study introduces AI-PAL, a novel deep learning-driven workflow that employs a Self-Attention RNN (SAR) model trained with detections from PAL, an established rule-based algorithm (Zhou, Yue, et al., 2021, https://doi

No abstract is available for this article.

A major challenge in understanding the oceanic carbon cycle is estimating the sinking flux of organic carbon exiting the sunlit surface ocean, termed carbon export. Existing algorithms derive carbon export from satellite ocean color, but neglect spatiotemporal offsets created by the temporal lag between production and export, and by horizontal advection. Here, we show that a Lagrangian “growth-advection”

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) plays a crucial role in redistributing heat within the climate system. The RAPID mooring array has observed an AMOC weakening of 1.0 [0.4–1.6] Sv per decade from 2004 to 2023, consistent with climate model projections and not consistent with a collapse in the mid-21st century. Here, we analyze the AMOC change within a signal-to-noise framework

Isoprene emissions from tropical plants under moderate conditions are more temperature-sensitive than temperate plants and current model predictions. However, the effect of extreme heatwaves on this sensitivity remains uncertain. Here, we present controlled measurements of isoprene temperature responses for a subtropical eucalyptus species, revealing a surprising shift during heatwaves. During non-heatwave

Pelagic Sargassum has increased dramatically in the past decade, primarily in the annually recurrent Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt (GASB) that extends from the coast of West Africa to the Gulf of Mexico. Using satellite observations of Sargassum density and mesoscale eddies from 2011 to 2023, we investigate whether more Sargassum can be found in mesoscale eddies. Cyclonic eddies were found to contain

Shear localization within the fault core, as evidenced by grain comminution in fault gouge, plays a crucial role in the initiation of frictional instabilities. To upscale the physics of shear localization and understand the influence of grain size, it is essential to identify the governing physical parameters and micro-mechanisms. In this study, we conducted double-direct shear experiments on quartz

We present the first full-wavelength numerical simulations of the electric field generated by cosmic ray impacts into the Moon. Billions of cosmic rays fall onto the Moon every year. Ultra-high energy cosmic ray impacts produce secondary particle cascades within the regolith and subsequent coherent, wide-bandwidth, linearly-polarized radio pulses by the Askaryan Effect. Observations of the cosmic ray