In this study, the North Pacific storm track (PST) is divided into the northern PST (NPST) and southern PST (SPST). The consistencies of the interannual-to-interdecadal and climatological variations between the NPST and SPST are investigated. On an interannual-to-interdecadal scale, the PST-related meridional dipole of the upper-level zonal wind anomalies is largely associated with the NPST. Only the

In this study, we use Pleiades satellite stereo imagery to map shallow-water bathymetry specifically for the purpose of assessing tsunami hazard in coastal regions. In order to calculate the refraction correction factor, we independently measure the refractive indices of seawater mixed with a variety of phytoplankton, which was previously unquantified. We find that the refractive index of seawater

The 2021 Maduo earthquake ruptured a 150 km-long left-lateral fault in the northeast Tibet. We used Synthetic Aperture Radar data collected by the Sentinel-1A/B satellites within days of the earthquake to derive a finite fault model and investigate the details of slip distribution with depth. We generated coseismic interferograms and pixel offsets from different look directions corresponding to the

We examine the validity of the commonly used Hagen-Poiseuille model of local resistance of porous media using direct numerical simulations. We provide theoretical arguments that highlight possible limitations of this model and formulate a new constitutive model that is based on the circularity of iso-pressure surfaces. We compare the performance of both models on three different three-dimensional artificial

Ice shelf collapse could trigger widespread retreat of marine-based portions of the Antarctic ice sheet. However, little is known about the processes that control the stability of ice shelves. Recent observations have revealed that ice shelves have topographic features that span a spectrum of wavelengths, including basal channels and crevasses. Here we use ground-penetrating radar data to quantify

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability is accompanied by out-of-phase anomalies in the top-of-atmosphere tropical radiation budget, with anomalous downward flux (i.e. net radiative heating) before El Niño and anomalous upward flux thereafter (and vice versa for La Niña). Here we show that these radiative anomalies result mainly from a sea surface temperature (SST) “pattern effect”, mediated

Onnagawa shale samples are deformed through the brittle-ductile transition by increasing the confining pressure. Brittle deformation is characterized by longitudinal splitting of the sample at 3% axial strain. A distributed conjugate fracture network characterizes the macroscopic deformation in the ductile field with strain hardening. The onset of transition from brittle to ductile deformation is between

To clarify the upper mantle structure and dynamics of the Kamchatka subduction zone, we conduct Rayleigh-wave phase-velocity azimuthal anisotropy tomography beneath Kamchatka using amplitude and phase data of teleseismic fundamental mode Rayleigh waves at periods of 25-150 s. With the obtained anisotropic phase-velocity model, a 3-D azimuthal anisotropic shear-wave velocity (Vs) model is determined

Recently, many studies have demonstrated the use of teleseismic P wave coda autocorrelation for imaging lithosphere structures. However, the reliability of the extracted reflections remains uncertain and a means of evaluation is lacking. In this paper, we propose a velocity analysis method that conveniently solves this problem in place of a synthetic experiment. This method considers the average velocity

The Kalapana, Hawaii, MW 7.7 earthquake on 29 November 1975 generated a local tsunami with at least 14.3 m runup on the southeast shore of Hawaii Island adjacent to Kilauea Volcano. This was the largest locally generated tsunami since the great 1868 Ka`u earthquake located along-shore to the southwest. Well-recorded tide gauge and runup observations provide a key benchmark for studies of statewide

Amuria formed in the late Paleozoic through amalgamation of the Mongolia and Songliao-Jiamusi blocks in the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The exact timing of the assembly is critical towards unraveling the Phanerozoic evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean (PAO) and assembly of the Asian blocks in Pangea. Here, we report the first Permo-Carboniferous paleomagnetic data from the Songliao-Jiamusi

Widespread flooding of the Australian continent during the Early Cretaceous, referred to as the Eromanga Sea, deposited extensive shallow marine sediments throughout the Great Artesian Basin (GAB). This event had been considered ‘out of sync’ with eustatic sea level and was instead solely attributed to dynamic subsidence associated with Australia's passage over eastern Gondwanan subducted material

ABSTRACT The dynamic responses of an instrumented twenty-story steel-moment frame office building were identified with the data from mainshock (M 7.1) occurred on November 30, 2018 and its six aftershocks ranging from M4.2 to 5.7 in the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone. The deconvolution-based seismic interferometry was used to identify the traveling waves and intrinsic-damping ratio in the building

Traditional approaches of using dispersion curves for S-wave velocity reconstruction have limitations, principally, the 1D-layered model assumption and the automatic/manual picking of dispersion curves. At the same time, conventional full-waveform inversion (FWI) can easily converge to a non-global minimum when applied directly to complicated surface waves. Alternatively, the recently introduced wave

Scientists investigating the coupling between the lithosphere, atmosphere, and ionosphere (LAI) require multiple instruments installed on and near the Earth’s surface and aboard satellites orbiting the Earth. However, challenges always occur owing to a lack of observation data from other monitoring instruments and/or the distance between distinct instruments. A novel system for monitoring vibrations

The slip rates on the faults in the eastern Tibetan Plateau play an important role in understanding the plateau's evolution and assessing its seismic hazard. In order to obtain a quantitative picture of the continuous slip rate along and slip partitioning between the faults, we establish a comprehensive 3D geomechanical-numerical model of the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Our results show that the NW-SE-trending

My comments address the Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS) on the Chinese FY-4A satellite. It is the first hyperspectral sounder in geostationary orbit. An impact study by Yin et al. (2021) of GIIRS data on forecasting of typhoon (Maria in 2018) shows beneficial results. GIIRS provides temperature and humidity observations in cloud-free areas with high vertical and, as a novelty

Plasmaspheric hiss waves are essential for the pitch-angle scattering and precipitation of energetic electrons and interplanetary shocks may affect these waves. We present a case study on the responses of plasmaspheric hiss after an interplanetary shock arrival on 7 September 2017. Based on the observation by RBSP-B, the plasmaspheric hiss in different frequency ranges shows three different responses

The apparent end of the internally generated Martian magnetic field at 3.6-4.1 Ga is a key event in Martian history and has been linked to insufficient core cooling. We investigated the thermal and magnetic evolution of the Martian core and mantle using paramaterised models, and considered three improvements on previous studies. First, our models account for thermal stratification in the core. Second

Glacial cycles are driven by cyclical changes in Earth's orbital parameters: obliquity, precession, and eccentricity. A common interpretation of Milankovitch's orbital theory suggests high-latitude June insolation is the dominant forcing in driving glacial cycles, which places emphasis on the importance of precession. However, there is abundant evidence for the importance of obliquity. Here, we use

The motion of conductive seawater by tsunamis can generate magnetic fields in the presence of the background geomagnetic main field. Previous studies found that, using the tsunami-generated seafloor magnetic field, it is possible to predict the propagation direction and wave height prior to the actual arrivals of tsunamis. This study correlates the tsunami magnetic field and the tsunami sea level change

Earth's accretion history for volatile elements, and the origin of their depletions with respect to the Sun and primitive meteorites, continue to be debated. Two end-member scenarios propose either that volatile elements were delivered during the main phases of accretion and differentiation, or that the Earth accreted from materials largely devoid of volatiles with late addition of volatile-rich materials

Crustal architecture at slow-spreading oceanic ridges results from complex interactions between magmatism, hydrothermalism, and tectonics. IODP Hole U1473A was drilled during Expeditions 360 and 362T at the summit of the Atlantis Bank, a gabbroic massif exhumed at the Southwest Indian Ridge. In this study, we identify and quantify plastic deformation processes in gabbroic lithologies and active slip

Lithospheric net rotation (LNR) is the movement of the lithosphere as a solid body with respect to the mantle. Separating the signal of LNR from plate tectonic motion is therefore an important factor in producing absolute plate motion models. Net rotation is difficult to constrain because of uncertainties in geological data and outstanding questions about the stability of the mantle plumes used as

The Walker Lane is a zone of distributed transtension where normal faults are overprinted by strike-slip motion. We use two newly acquired, high-resolution seismic reflection profiles and a reprocessed Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling (COCORP) deep crustal reflection profile to assess the subsurface geometry of the Holocene-active, transtensional Warm Springs Valley fault zone (WSVFZ)

ABSTRACT A machine learning-based fast seismic risk assessment framework is proposed to ease the computational burden in estimating the potential earthquake-induced loss of a building during its intended life. Both the hazard parameters of sites and structural parameters of buildings were incorporated as inputs. The continuous risk values and discrete risk levels were used as outputs for the regression

ABSTRACT An analysis of the scattering of steady-state SH waves by a shallow buried unlined elliptical tunnel is presented. For the horizontal boundary, a mirror method in elliptic coordinates is proposed, which is implemented using the Mathieu function addition theorem. Taking into account the stress-free condition of the tunnel, an infinite equation system was created and solved after truncating

At the Decatur carbon capture and storage site (IL, USA) CO2 has been injected from 2011–2014 and from 2017 to present near the base of the Lower Mt. Simon Sandstone saline reservoir, resulting in microseismicity. Microseismicity is mainly located in the basement and distributed in distinct spatial clusters. The lack of significant impedance contrasts within the basement makes the interpretation of

It is widely accepted that the zeta potential in natural sandstones is negative in the brine pH and compositions found in the subsurface. The zeta potential is a measure of the electrical potential at a mineral surface. We report new measurements of the zeta potential using a saline natural brine rich in divalent ions. The sandstones samples were quartz-dominated but some also contained dolomite, siderite

Severe storms are often associated with high temporal and spatial variations in atmospheric moisture deviation. Satellite based hyperspectral IR sounders are widely used for weather forecasting and data assimilation in NWP. Current IR sounders have spatial resolutions ranging from 12 – 16 km, with future sounders improved to 4 – 8 km. It is important to understand if measurements from the current and

Climate model simulations have suggested that, in East Asia, the mean precipitation increases with global warming, leading to more humid conditions. In contrast, Cretaceous proxy data show an aridification in the low latitudes of East Asia during the mid-Cretaceous when CO2 levels were higher and the climate was relatively warmer compared to the early and late Cretaceous. We conducted simulations of

The melting temperature (Tm) of iron at megabar pressures constrain the Earth’s core temperature structure and dynamics. Previous experimental studies demonstrated large discrepancies in the Tm at high pressures. We used the intrinsic resistance discontinuity across solid-liquid transition as a melting criterion to study the melting behavior of iron in laser-heated diamond anvil cells. The resistance

The radially outward propagating diurnal signal in the upper-level clouds (diurnal pulse) is a prominent cyclical feature of tropical cyclones (TCs). This study examines relationships between diurnal pulses and TC intensity changes using satellite Infrared data from 2001-2018. The occurrence and duration of diurnal pulses 24 hours prior to or during TC intensity change are strongly correlated with

Vegetation provides habitat and nature-based solutions to coastal flooding and erosion, drawing significant interest in its restoration, which requires an understanding of sediment transport and retention. Laboratory experiments examined the influence of stem diameter and arrangement on bedload sediment transport by considering arrays of different stem diameter and mixed diameters. Bedload transport

The distribution of oceanic biogeochemical tracers is fundamentally tied to physical dynamics at and below the mesoscale. Since global climate models rarely resolve those scales, turbulent transport is parameterized in terms of the large-scale gradients in the mean tracer distribution and the physical fields. Here, we demonstrate that this form of the eddy flux is not necessarily appropriate for reactive

Within the fore-arc of the Cascadia Subduction Zone, there are significant along-strike differences in the orientation of splay faults, sediment consolidation, and fault roughness. Here we use dynamic rupture simulations of megathrust earthquakes on different realizations of a fault system that incorporate fore-arc properties representative of offshore Oregon and Washington to estimate how splay faults

Ice-shelf basal channels form due to concentrated submarine melting. They are present in many Antarctic ice shelves and can reduce ice-shelf structural integrity, potentially destabilizing ice shelves by full-depth incision. Here, we describe the viscous ice response to a basal channel - secondary flow - which acts perpendicular to the channel axis and is induced by gradients in ice thickness. We use

Submarine volcanic eruptions can perturb the water surface and subsequently generate localised tsunamis. Herein waves are produced in analogous laboratory experiments by injections of non-condensable expanding air into fresh water. By varying source pressures, jet durations and water depths, we obtain two key results. There exists a saturation duration above which the maximum wave height will not increase

This study presents high-resolution flow-through experiments investigating transport processes in a laboratory setup mimicking an aquifer affected by hydropeaking (i.e., abrupt fluctuations in the river stage by the release or storage of water in reservoirs). Highly transient flow conditions were experimentally generated by sudden changes of the water level in two rivers in hydraulic contact with an

Nowcasting of convective storms is urgently needed yet rather challenging. Current nowcasting methods are mostly based on radar echo extrapolation, which suffer from the insufficiency of input information and ineffectiveness of model architecture. A novel deep-learning (DL) model, FURENet, is designed for extracting information from multiple input variables to make predictions. Polarimetric radar variables

The impacts of cities and climate warming on extreme rainfall under strong synoptic conditions are not well understood. Here we carry out the first model-based assessment of urban impacts on extreme flood-producing storms for the European region. We identify contrasting roles of cities and climate warming in determining the space-time variability of the 14 July 2021 storm over western Europe. While

The Third Pole experiences accelerated glacier retreating particularly in the eastern Himalaya, coinciding with a decrease of monsoon-precipitation in the early 21st century. The extent to which the vanishing abundant maritime glaciers buffer the declining precipitation-runoff remains unclear. Here, with a state-of-the-art enthalpy-based distributed cryosphere-hydrology model and first-hand hydrometeorology

Storm waves transport and sort coarse gravel along coasts. This fundamental process is important under changing sea-levels and increased storm frequency and intensity. However, limited information on intra-storm clast motion restricts theory development for coastal gravel sorting and coastal management of longshore transport. Here, we use ‘smart boulders’ equipped with loggers recording underwater

Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are mediators of aerosol–cloud interactions, which contribute to the largest uncertainty in climate change prediction. Here, we present a machine learning/artificial intelligence model that quantifies CCN from model-simulated aerosol composition, atmospheric trace gas, and meteorological variables. Comprehensive multi-campaign airborne measurements, covering varied physicochemical

Long-period (LP), hybrid and volcano-tectonic (VT) seismicity are important indicators for tracking the evolution of volcanic processes. Here, we propose an unsupervised learning method to classify 5,949 seismic events in Kilauea volcano, Hawai’i, during a 4-month period before the collapse of Pu’u’ O’o on 30 April, 2018. The LPs and hybrids exhibit three major episodes, which progressively intensified

The Bransfield Basin is a young (∼4 Ma) back-arc basin related to the remnant subduction of the Phoenix Plate that once existed along the entire Pacific margin of the Antarctic Peninsula. Based on a recently deployed amphibious seismic network, we use ambient noise tomography to obtain the S-wave velocity structure in the Central Bransfield Basin (CBB). Combining with the stress-field inverted from

We used imaging, laser altimeter and thermal infrared data to map a 0.5 by 0.5 degree area containing the landing site of the Zhurong rover of the Tianwen-1 mission. We analyzed the regional topography and thermophysical characteristics, and identified and characterized cones, impact craters, polygonal troughs, ridges and aeolian bedforms. An absolute model age of 757±66 Ma was obtained for the major

A new seismic model for crust and upper mantle of the south Central Andes is derived from full waveform inversion, covering the Pampean flat subduction and adjacent Payenia steep subduction segments. Focused crustal low-velocity anomalies indicate partial melts in the Payenia segment along the volcanic arc, whereas weaker low-velocity anomalies covering a wide zone in the Pampean segment are interpreted

Aerosols emitted in densely populated and industrialized Indo-Gangetic Plain, one of the most polluted regions in the world, modulate regional climate, monsoon, and Himalayan glacier retreat. Thus, this region is important for understanding aerosol perturbations and their resulting impacts on atmospheric changes during COVID-19 lockdown period, a natural experimental condition created by the pandemic

Many lake basins on the Tibetan Plateau are affected by tectonic activity. It is therefore important to consider seismotectonic influence on lake evolution when discussing climate impact on hydrology and sediment budgets. Lake Donggi Cona serves as an example to demonstrate the influence of the Kunlun left-lateral strike-slip fault on lake formation with subsidence in the pull-apart basin. The results

Models for the second time-derivative of the geomagnetic field reveal prominent activity at high latitudes. Alternating patches of positive and negative geomagnetic acceleration propagate to the west at speeds that exceed nominal fluid velocities in the core. We show that waves are a viable interpretation of these observations. Magnetic Rossby waves produce a high-latitude response with suitable phase

Earth's mantle transition zone (MTZ) is a possible global water reservoir and may be responsible for long-term (∼100 Ma) ocean-mass regulation. Estimates of water capacities in MTZ minerals are ∼1 wt%, far greater than that of rocks of the surrounding mantle. When water-rich material is displaced from the MTZ, partial melting occurs, generating a sharp reduction in seismic velocities detectable with

The Amazon region is expected to become an amplified fire-prone system, but the mechanism of fire occurrence is not fully understood. Here, we employed more than 300,000 Sentinel-2 images acquired during 2016–2019 and compiled a high-resolution inventory of active fires (AFs) over the Amazon. We found that the fire activities in the Amazon in 2019 did not stand out compared with those in 2017 as a

The impact of volcanic eruptions on surface climate is well-appreciated, but their in situ impact on the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) has received comparatively little attention. This study examines the QBO responses to Krakatoa and Pinatubo using five configurations of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies Model E2.2 and MERRA-2 reanalysis. A dynamically consistent response is found in

We use 3D dynamic rupture simulations to discover a previously un-described effect of asymmetric topography on the earthquake process. With the Cajon Pass along the San Andreas Fault as an example, we find that asymmetric topography generates an alternating normal stress perturbation around the rupture front, near the free surface. When topography lies to the right of the propagating right-lateral

The atmospheric river (AR) response to Arctic sea ice loss in the Northern hemisphere winter is investigated using simulations from the Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project. Results have shown that the midlatitude responses are dominated by dynamic effects. Poleward of around , the dynamic and thermodynamic effects cancel each other, resulting in relatively small responses. The response

This study developed a morphological model for Tropical Cyclone (TC) wind and inflow angle asymmetry based on sea surface wind fields derived from spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The model extracts the standard TC morphological information (center, intensity, and radius of the maximum wind) and decomposes the SAR-derived winds into vortex rotation winds and motion vector, making the

Using data from 186 stations belonging to the USArray Transportable Array, a three-dimensional shear wave velocity model for the southeastern United States is constructed for the top 180 km by a joint inversion of receiver functions and Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion computed from ambient noise and teleseismic earthquake data. The resulting shear wave velocity model and the crustal thickness