In this study, an approach is proposed to improve the NWP of convective event forecasts by combining very short-term extrapolated reflectivity (0−1h) with a numerical model. After direct assimilation of real radar observations, the pseudo-water vapor estimated from future extrapolated reflectivity is assimilated using a cycled three-dimensional variational assimilation (3DVAR) system. To filter extrapolated

An EF3 tornado occurred in the spiral cloud belt surrounding Typhoon Rainbow on October 4, 2015. We performed six nested numerical simulations with horizontal resolutions of 4050, 1350, 450, 150, 50 and 15 m to analyze the structure and mechanisms of formation of the tornado. The typical structure of the tornadic supercell was simulated at a resolution of 444 m. The tornado-like vortex system developed

The wide and consistent global coverage of satellite-based quantitative precipitation estimates (QPEs) has shown great potential for monitoring precipitation (PR) at large spatial scales. Evaluation of QPEs in estimating PR extremes is vital to forecasting hydrologic extremes. Here, we present a systematic evaluation of four commonly used QPEs: (1) the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with

The snow-darkening forcing of dust (SFD) is known to occur when dust-covered snow reduces surface albedo and absorbs more radiation, which causes snowmelt and surface warming. To date, few studies have focused on how SFD affects atmospheric circulation. In this study, we used a climate model to evaluate the influence of the SFD on seasonal changes in coupled monsoon westerlies over East Asia. The results

This paper describes the occurrences and conditions before Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) are initiated over the Canadian Prairies, using 10 years of observations and convection-permitting climate model simulations. The features of MCSs occurring in summer were analyzed using the Regional Deterministic Reforecast System (RDRS, hourly and 10-km grid spacing) and ECMWF Reanalysis v5 (ERA5)-forced

The second-generation Modern-ERA Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2) land surface temperature (LST) dataset has been widely used for permafrost mapping in specific areas; however, its accuracy and application need to be evaluated over China. In this study, the MERRA-2 LST was evaluated against meteorological observations and three other reanalysis datasets including the first-generation

Single scattering albedo (SSA) is a key parameter to estimate aerosol direct radiative forcing. However, retrieving SSA from satellite observations is still challenging. In this study, a new method optimizing the aerosol optical model based on four basic aerosol components is developed for retrieving SSA from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. The new method takes advantage

The geographical location of Central India (CI) is often under the influence of a variety of weather phenomena, viz., the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) and its associated low-pressure systems, heat waves, cold waves, and western disturbances. The present study investigates the Vertical Structure of atmospheric Turbulence (VST) in terms of the refractive index structure parameter (Cn2), in the troposphere

Aerosol optical depth (AOD) products provided by satellite sensors are widely used in climate modeling and climate change research. However, inconsistencies between products can cause large biases. It is necessary to integrate multiple satellite aerosol products to produce a consistent and high-quality aerosol record that satisfies the requirements of climate research users. To effectively combine

Tropical cyclone (TC) activity affecting Taiwan and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exhibit systematic relationships in the July–September season. El Niño events can induce more [EN(more TC)] or fewer [EN(fewer TC)] TCs affecting Taiwan, but fewer TCs are dominantly caused by La Niña events [LN(fewer TC)]. In the EN(more TC) type, a meridionally stratified circulation pattern exists consisting

This study compared forecasts of a squall line and a mesoscale convective system (MCS) over China produced by assimilating Doppler radar data using four-dimensional ensemble Kalman filter (4DEnKF) and EnKF methods. In the 4DEnKF approach, four-dimensional ensemble covariances were incorporated to consider the time differences of the radar data collected at different elevation angles within a volume

The goal of this work is to optimize five parameters of expected high impact on COSMO model performance in non-hydrostatic regime using a calibration method based on the so called Meta-Model. The domain of consideration covers the Central-Eastern Mediterranean area with a horizontal mesh of 0.030 (~3.3 km). The optimization technique considers observations at twenty-two Greek and sixty-four Israeli

The multi-scale convection activities are highly prone to induce the local severe rainstorms within Yangtze River Basin (YRB), and the orographic effect of the windward slope located within the Second-Step Terrain Region (SSTR) is widely confirmed to have significant roles in strengthening the multi-scale Eastward-Moving Southwest Vortex (EMSV) systems that belongs to a typical type of the convection

This study investigates the influence of LULC representation on surface meteorological conditions associated with monsoon depressions (MDs) in the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. A total of 18 MDs were considered during 2007–2018, with a life period of at least two days. Two simulations are performed at a 5-km grid-spacing, ingesting the LULC from the United States Geological

The accurate extreme precipitation simulations of the GCMs during the historical period are more likely to offer reliable forecasts in the future. In this study, we evaluated the abilities of 22 GCMs of CMIP6 in simulating extreme precipitation over Central Asia in the early spring, summer, and late winter, when extreme precipitation can be very threatening. Based on seven extreme precipitation indices

Secondary organic carbon (SOC) was derived using elemental carbon (EC) tracer method for primary organic carbon (OC) in daily aerosol samples collected in the regional background environment, suburban area, and central part of Budapest in each season. The estimation approaches of the OC/EC ratio for the major emission sources required for the tracer method were discussed, and the high EC edge approach

In the densely populated and economically developed Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, abnormal rainfall in autumn (September–November) has important implications for economic development, food security, and livelihoods. Here we explore the intra-seasonal variability of autumn rainfall in the YRD and pre-evolution of related atmospheric circulations, which can help to improve intra-seasonal rainfall

During the dry season of 2014, the formation of a mesoscale convective system (MCS) caused intense precipitation and strong winds in the central Amazon region. In this period, cases of MCS that occurred during the days when there were higher concentrations of CO were analyzed. Through this criterion, a case of MCS occurred on August 16th, 2014 was selected. We used the chemical-atmospheric model WRF-Chem

High spatiotemporal resolution rainfall is needed in predicting flash floods, local climate impact studies and agriculture management. Rainfall estimation techniques like satellites and the commercial microwave links (MWL) rainfall estimation have independently made significant advancements in high spatiotemporal resolution rainfall estimation. However, their combination for rainfall estimation has

A tropical transition (TT) is the process whereby a baroclinic, high-to-moderate vertical wind shear, extratropical or subtropical cyclone is transformed into a warm-core, low vertical wind shear, tropical cyclone. Thirty TT events were identified over the central and eastern North Atlantic basin during the period 1979–2019. The TT process is here studied from a synoptic storm-centered composite climatology

The advantage provided by the unprecedented data density and deeper penetration of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Radio Occultation (RO) based refractivity profiles from COSMIC-2/FORMOSAT-7 mission over the tropical and subtropical regions is leveraged to get a seasonal picture of daytime planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) distribution from 2 years of data (from October 2019 to September

An analysis of concurrent extreme events of continental precipitation and Integrated Water Vapor Transport (IVT) is crucial to our understanding of the role of the major global mechanisms of atmospheric moisture transport, including that of the landfalling Atmospheric Rivers (ARs) in extratropical regions. For this purpose, gridded data on CPC precipitation and ERA-5 IVT at a spatial resolution of

The role of warm clouds in monsoon rainfall and the warm rain onset process are investigated using high-resolution cloud-sensitive radar measurements. Quality controlled data from Ka-band radar consisting of 1.8 million profiles during July–August 2015, have been explored. A method is devised using the Ze profiles, for identifying warm clouds whose cloud tops are confined below 5.3 km. Warm rain microphysical

The effect of smoke aerosols on the low-level clouds over the Indian landmass during the winter season is examined using 15 years (2005–2019) of long-term multi-satellite observations and reanalyses (MERRA-2 and ERA-5) datasets. Climatologically higher values of aerosol optical depth (AOD) (> 0.6), Angstrom exponent (> 1.5), UV-aerosol index (> 0.7), and black carbon and organic carbon (BC + OC) extinction

Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) is an eastward propagating convective system that passes over the Indian and Pacific Oceans with a periodicity of 30–90 days and influences most of the tropical weather systems. This study investigates and quantifies the impact of MJO on the diurnal cycle of precipitation over the west coast of India. The work uses TRMM precipitation, profiles of wind and humidity from

The Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) on board Himawari-8 provides continuous high-resolution observations of severe weather phenomena in space and time, providing a good data source for the rapidly updated cycling data assimilation in numerical weather prediction (NWP). In this study, the all-sky AHI water vapor infrared radiances were rapidly assimilated using a dual-resolution hybrid EnVar method to

Ocean warming influences tropical cyclone (TC) destructive parameters and hence their guidance certainly helps the disaster management agencies to reduce the damage. The present study modelled the sensitivity of TC size, intensity, rainfall, and destructive potential parameters under various ocean warming conditions. A recent extremely severe cyclonic storm FANI (2019) over the Bay of Bengal is chosen

In the study, a three dimensional Doppler Wind Lidar placed at a coastal city Rizhao in west coast of Yellow sea was used to evaluate the wind field simulated by ten different planetary boundary layer parameterization schemes (PBLS) in the Weather Research and Forecasting model. It is found that the characteristics of the simulated wind field are very sensitive to the boundary layer parameterization

The influence of the topography at the ATTO site (Amazon Tall Tower Observatory) in the formation of Gravity Waves (GW) was investigated in this work. The role of these waves in gas transport on different heights in the nocturnal boundary layer, was also investigated. For this, were analyzed: experimental data of wind speed, temperature, humidity and CO2 to identify the GW. Furthermore satellite images

Typhoon Maria was a devastating super typhoon hitting China in 2018. We conducted five numerical experiments based on the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport model system to explore the sensitivity of typhoon track, intensity, structure, and oceanic response to the feedbacks of ocean surface waves (particular attention was paid to wave-induced sea surface roughness [SSR]), and different

A suitable parameterization of heterogeneous ice nucleation (HIN) is essential for the effective simulation of ice processes in climate models and comprehending their interactions with aerosols. In this study, the influence of HIN formulations in Morrison two-moment bulk cloud microphysical scheme of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) model in simulating the thunderstorm event over Maharashtra

On 4 October 2019, giant hailstones of 11 cm were reported in northern parts of Attica in southern Greece. During the same day, multiple large hail reports of hailstones larger than 3 cm and 5 tornadoes were reported in the European Severe Weather Database along the track of a long lived severe thunderstorm that formed over northeastern Peloponnese and moved northeastwards to Attica and Euboea. In

South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon (SCSSM) is an important component of the Asian monsoon system, of which the onset and intensity exerting critical impacts on surrounding areas. With the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) model prediction derived from the S2S project, the prediction of SCSSM, specifically, the annual evolution, onset, and corresponding meteorological variables are investigated with

Extreme temperature events have considerable impact on society and natural ecosystems, which receive less attention. This study examined the impact of lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) on the downscaling simulations of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for temperature extremes over China for the period 1981–2010. The driving data comprised two reanalysis datasets from two different

Raindrop size distribution (RSD) is a crucial linkage between the precipitation characteristics and related microphysical processes. However, its representation in the numerical weather model still has significant uncertainties. In this study, by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with three widely-used bulk microphysics schemes: The Morrison, Thompson, and WRF double-moment 6-class

An accurate and high spatiotemporal resolution precipitation observation dataset is crucial to the studies of climate change and related impact assessments. Great efforts have been made to evaluate the performance of a variety of precipitation products. However, most studies mainly focused on the assessment of precipitation estimation or precipitation occurrence detection, and seldom evaluated the

South China experienced a series of unprecedented extreme heat wave (EHW) events in early summer (June–July) 2020, which broke the historical record for the frequency of EHW events since 1979. Observational analyses showed that the prolonged EHW events were primarily induced by an anomalous tropospheric circulation over South China with a barotropic structure. This was attributed to the exceptional

Tibetan Plateau (TP) is the highest plateau in the world, and also the source region of several major rivers and supports more than a billion people downstream. Thunderclouds are severe convective synoptic processes and significant contributor to the rainfall over the TP. To better estimate the impact of thundercloud on the hydrological cycle and climatic system, it is necessary to understand the cloud

Nitrate has long been focused due to its dominant proportion in PM2.5. In this study, PM2.5 samples were non-consecutively collected in a coastal city located in Western Pacific from March 6, 2019 to January 16, 2020. On the basis of the determination of water soluble inorganic ions and nitrogen and oxygen isotopic signatures of nitrate, its formation pathways were estimated by isotope fractionation

Characteristics of orographic raindrop size distribution (DSD) in the Tianshan Mountains, China are studied based on second-generation OTT Particle Size Velocity disdrometer installed at the top (Tianchi, 43.88°N, 88.12°E, 1941.8 m above sea level) and the foot stations (Urumqi, 43.79°N, 87.65°E, 935 m above sea level) from June to August 2020 and 2021. For the overall rainfall, the concentration of

Reliable assessment of the impact of climate change on hydrology in a region requires proper selection of General Circulation Models (GCMs). The present study introduces the concepts of complex networks for evaluating the performance of GCMs in simulating rainfall and selecting an ensemble of the best-performing GCMs. The performance of 49 GCMs from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6

The contributions of divergent and rotational winds to the kinetic energy (KE) budget in different quadrants in the domain of Typhoon Rumbia (2018) with record-breaking duration are analyzed during its recurvature. The relative importance of the rotational and divergent kinetic components represented by Kr and Kd, respectively, in the KE budget are investigated. Distinguished from previous kinetic

This study focuses on two intensive observing periods (IOPs) that cause heavy rainfall over California during the atmospheric river (AR) Reconnaissance Program in 2019. The impacts of dropsonde and satellite observations on the forecasts of the two AR-related heavy rainfall are investigated through both forecast sensitivity to observations (FSO) and observing system experiments (OSEs). In the first

The present study highlights the role of high-resolution land data assimilation in improving the prediction of the radiation fog and near-surface meteorological variables. The performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with the High-Resolution Land Data Assimilation System (HRLDAS) is evaluated for a dense fog event that occurred on 24–25 January 2018 using detailed observations

Relativistic runaway electron avalanches (RREA) occurring in thunderstorm large-scale electric fields are one of the sources of atmospheric gamma radiation. Relativistic feedback is the generation of RREAs by positrons or backscattered gamma rays of the previously produced RREAs. In strong electric fields, relativistic feedback can make RREAs self-sustainable that hypothetically can cause a terrestrial

The extreme rainfall events observed at the High-Altitude Cloud Physics Observatory (HACPO) in Rajamallay, Munnar (10° 9′19.94″N, 77° 1′6.65″E; 1820 m above MSL) over the southern Western Ghats (India) during the floods in 2018 and 2019 monsoon periods are investigated. The observations from Micro Rain Radar (MRR) and Ceilometer are used to analyze precipitation microphysics and the vertical distribution

Short-period responses of moisture and precipitation to sea surface temperature (SST) are investigated in model simulations for the case of heavy precipitation in the Tsushima Strait on 26 July 2020, where both atmospheric and oceanic fronts were established and SST was much lower than the climatological normal (30-year average in late July) in the vicinity of the strait. Compared with the experiments

Cold surge (CS) events are the most serious extreme cold events in winter in China, causing large economic losses and casualties. The occurrence of CS events has slightly increased since the 1990s. However, the possible future changes in these events remain unclear, and quantifying robust projected changes in CS events is important for developing adaptation and policy planning. Here, we project the

In the present study, we conducted four idealized hurricane large-eddy simulation cases to investigate the size characteristics of the different radius of maximum wind (RMW) of hurricanes at different intensity levels. The RMW shows different characteristics for different grid resolutions and hurricane intensities, which shows a similar trend to absolute angular momentum. Thus, the absolute angular

Rainfall forecasting and its spatio-temporal variability is important for many hydrological applications. It is critical to understand the uncertainty and verify the quality of rainfall forecasts provided by Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models. In the present study, the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) model performance is evaluated for day-1 to

The possibility of creating artificial clouds based on theoretical modeling of a vertically directed buoyancy jet was analyzed considering vertical temperature lapse rate, wind speed, relative humidity of the near-ground atmospheric layer, and thickness of the inversion layer. Numerical experiments demonstrated that a jet with an initial velocity of 300 m/s, the temperature of 300 °C, and flow volume