The WRF-CHEM (Weather Research Forecast-Chemistry) model was used to investigate a severe haze episode in Zhejiang province in southern Yangtze River Delta, China, during 28 November to 10 December 2013 to obtain the characteristics of PM2.5 transboundary transport and its contributions to haze formation. The predicted temporal variations of PM2.5 and meteorological variables are in good agreement

The physics- and initial-based ensemble approach for Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is applied for predicting four different extreme precipitation events that occurred in summer and autumn over the two most flood-prone regions of Turkey, namely; the Eastern Black Sea (EBS) and Mediterranean (MED). A total of 48 runs, each of which includes two nested domains, is designed considering four

Worldwide attention has been focused on air pollution associated with vehicle emissions. With the highest number of vehicles, Beijing has experienced air pollution related to vehicle emissions. To better recognize the contributions of vehicle emissions to organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), hourly measurements of OC and EC in PM2.5 were conducted in urban Beijing from June 1, 2016 to May

The impact of atmosphere-wave-ocean/ice interactions on the development of a hurricane-like polar low (PL) over the Barents Sea during 18–21 December 2002 is investigated using a fully coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean/ice model with five model settings. The atmosphere-wave-ocean/ice interactions have a marginal influence on the PL development when the baroclinic instability is a dominating factor. However

The performance of the present operational global forecast system (GFS) at T1534 (~12.5 km) horizontal resolution with modified fractional cloud condensate to precipitation conversion parameter in the revised simplified Arakawa-Schubert (RSAS) convection scheme is evaluated for the summer monsoon seasons of 2018 and 2019 over the Indian region. The modified parameter has the form of an exponentially

To conduct accurate lightning prediction and nowcasting, it is important to clarify the relationship between electrification and microphysical properties in clouds. Using the dual-polarization Doppler radar with the hydrometeor classification algorithm and lightning observation, radar-derived microphysical properties related to lightning flash rate were investigated in terms of 10 isolated thunderstorm

In this paper the match percentage (MP) of lightning frequency in Jiangsu, China from June to August in 2019 is analyzed, by comparing the lightning mapping imager (LMI) data from FengYun (FY)-4A geostationary meteorological satellite with the Advanced Direction and Time-of-arrival Detecting (ADTD)-2 total lightning location data and radar composite reflectivity. The results show that the MP increases

Clear-sky solar radiation is an important indicator describing the potential of solar energy. The aerosols and water vapour, apart from geometrical/astronomical ones, are the main factors resulting in the losses of the surface solar radiation (SSR) under clear sky conditions. This study uses satellite aerosol data, reanalysis water vapour data, and the Mesoscale Atmospheric Irradiance Code to create

A purely interferometric algorithm, named imaging algorithm, has been developed for mapping lightning in the low-frequency band. The imaging algorithm locates a lightning source by computing the three-dimensional correlation of the lightning signals arriving at a pair of lightning sensors, and then summing the correlations of all antenna pairs. This algorithm does not locate the source by solving the

An exceptionally rare super-cell thunderstorm occurred on the morning hours of October 25th 2015 in the Eastern Mediterranean. The storm developed off the Egyptian coastline near Alexandria and moved north-west, crossing the Israeli coast just north of Tel-Aviv at 0700 UTC. Rapidly developing, deep convective cells, with thunderclouds exhibiting cloud top temperatures colder than −70 °C (17 km) and

Canary Islands and other regions have been greatly damaged by weather events during the last decades. For this reason, the main duty of National Meteorological Services is to minimize socio-economic losses by forecasting adverse weather episodes with enough time in advance. To achieve this goal, the use of numerical weather prediction models is highly relevant. And, even more crucial, is to comprehend

Long-term trends in the ambient SO2 concentrations across China from 2005 to 2018 were estimated using Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) SO2 columns and an atmospheric SO2 profile simulated by the Model for Ozone And Related Chemical Tracers (MOZART)-4. The estimated ground-level SO2 concentrations were in strong agreement with the ground observations (R = 0.86, root-mean-square error = 10.49 μg/m3

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) exerts a considerable influence on weather and climate of China and the global circulations. Data holes of arbitrary shape emerge when low level isobaric surfaces intercept with the high altitude and huge horizontal extent of the TP. It brings complications in identifying the discrete boundaries of TP at different heights and in calculating streamfunction and velocity potential

The projection of precipitation extremes is of significant importance for the reliable management of regional water resources. Thus, this study explores the potential response of the popularly used precipitation extreme indices to the global warming for near future (2011–2040), middle future (2041–2070) and far future (2071–2100) periods, based on the COordinated Regional climate Downscaling EXperiment

Precipitation is among the major drivers in hydrological modeling, and spatial rainfall distribution is essential for understanding ecohydrological processes. Inaccurate rainfall spatial surface is the main source of model uncertainty, especially where rainfall gauges are sparse in mountainous areas and, where the spatial precipitation distribution is closely related to elevation. This study proposes

A sensitivity analysis of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale model with the Advanced Research WRF (ARW) dynamical solver for wind simulation at 10 m above ground level was conducted through different initial and boundary conditions datasets, and various planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes throughout the year 2017 over the Persian Gulf region. Owing to the wide variety of approaches

The summertime Eastern Mediterranean experiences among the highest worldwide near-surface ozone values often exceeding the EU air-quality standard for human health protection. Downward transport of stratospheric ozone-rich air masses through tropopause folds has been shown to significantly contribute to these high tropospheric ozone levels. The summer circulation over the Eastern Mediterranean is dominated

We estimated the individual contributions of black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) to the aerosol absorption coefficient (σap) and absorption aerosol optical depth (AAOD) in the highly polluted Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, by applying the absorption Ångström exponent (AÅE) method to multi-wavelength aethalometer and AERONET sun/sky radiometer measurements. The elevated σap levels observed during the

Stratospheric intrusion is of great importance to transporting ozone (O3)-enriched air from stratosphere into the middle and lower troposphere. The Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) was employed to simulate a typical stratospheric intrusion episode occurring on March 24, 2010 and examine the impact of stratospheric intrusion on the O3 enhancement in the lower

The generation and enhancement mechanisms and essential ingredients for the extreme rainfall associated with Typhoon Morakot (2009) passing over Taiwan's Central Mountain Range (CMR) were investigated by using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. First, we found that the extreme rainfall was due to the essential orographic rain ingredients: high precipitation efficiency

The understanding of dryness/wetness variability and its causes is vital for better water resources management, especially in precipitation deficit regions. This study assesses the behavior and potential risk of summer meteorological dryness/wetness, characterized by the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), in the semiarid Huang-Huai-Hai (HHH) River Basin in northern China using

Heatwaves are multi-day periods of extremely high-temperature weather relative to a region's average conditions and are among the deadliest natural disasters. This study was designed to evaluate changes in the characteristics of heatwaves during the periods of warming acceleration versus warming slowdown using the multivariate joint probability distributions of heatwave duration and severity. The results

The effects of soil moisture and atmospheric moisture flux convergence (MFC) on the precipitation are studied in two typical regions in China, one contains both arid and semi-arid regions and the other encloses humid and semi-humid regions. Eight simulations using the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model are conducted by varying the soil moisture and MFC. It is found that in both regions, MFC

In this paper, we comprehensively evaluated the utility of integrated long-term satellite-based precipitation and evapotranspiration products for drought monitoring over mainland China. The latest Integrated Multi-satelliteE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement V06 three Runs precipitation products, i.e., the near real-time Early Run (IMERG-E) and Late Run (IMERG-L) and the post-real time

Quantitative analysis on the shape of 959 tropical storm (TS) tracks in the North West Pacific (NWP) basin was carried out over the period from 1977 to 2016 by using International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) based on an established track sinuosity metric. Track sinuosity is a measure of deviation of a storm

A holistic framework was introduced to project the potential hydro-meteorological droughts of the Kelantan River basin, Malaysia. The framework integrates the multi-model high-resolution climate projections of the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment – Southeast Asia (CORDEX-SEA) and the widely applied Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The quantile mapping approach was used

Heat waves are unusually high temperature events over consecutive days and may cause adverse impacts such as morbidity and mortality. The interaction between heat waves and urban heat island (UHI) effects has remained a subject of debate, as some studies prove heat wave-UHI synergy while others do not. Furthermore, heat waves affect tropical cities more severely than mid-latitude cities, but there

Due to easily causing severe disasters in mountainous areas, typhoon rainfall forecast with numerical weather prediction (NWP) system plays an important role for meteorological and hydrological use. In order to investigate the applicability of physical parameterisations for typhoon rainstorms, thirty-six physical parameterisation combinations are designed by three microphysics (Lin, WSM6 and WDM6)

When studying hail falls, it is common to mention their variability, but not so much to present results in support of this statement and do so in detail. This is because of the difficulty of accurately understanding hail falls in spatial and temporal terms. It is even more difficult to ascertain the characteristics of hailstones precipitated by storms. In this paper, we use hailpad databases, which

The impact of aerosols on cloud microphysical properties, as well as precipitation during a wintertime hot weather event, occurred in February 2016 is analyzed. The chemistry module embedded within Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF-Chem) is primarily used for this study. During the pre-mature and mature phases of the event, hot and dry westerly winds found to be dominating, and consequently

Being located between Eurasia continent and the western Pacific Ocean, the coastal area of China (hereafter as CAC) is vulnerable to climate change and prone to climate-related disasters. Based on the daily meteorological dataset of 156 stations, variations of consecutive dry days (CDD) and consecutive wet days (CWD) and their relationships with local and remote climate drivers from 1961 to 2017 over

Ice nucleating particles (INPs) might influence precipitation and are related to the hydrologic cycle by initiating ice formation. The contribution of efficient INPs (and almost all biological particles) is significant in catalyzing the freezing of ice at relatively warm temperatures (> −10 °C). However, to what extent biological matter functions as INPs in clouds is poorly understood and the large

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) plays a key role among the earth-surficial ecosystem, particularly in the climate change, but very few researches focused on the rainwater DOC in karst agricultural region (vulnerable agro-ecosystem). To identify the concentrations, seasonal variations, controlling factors, deposition fluxes, and potential sources of DOC in rainwater, 85 rainwater samples were collected

The atmosphere is an exemplary case of uncertain system. The state of such systems is described by means of probability density functions which encompass uncertainty information. In this regard, the Liouville equation is the theoretical framework to predict the evolution of the state of uncertain systems. This study analyses the morphological characteristics of the time evolution of probability density

Ensemble multi-satellite precipitation datasets (ESPDs) are alternative to satellite-based precipitation products (SPs), which tend to reduce the errors, combine advantages of individual SPs, and have higher accuracy for hydrological applications. The current study proposes and evaluates a dynamic WALS-ESPD developed using the Weighted Average Least Square (WALS) algorithm, which has 0.25° spatial

The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) onboard the GOES-R series of geostationary satellites provides an opportunity to generate high-resolution satellite derived wind vectors over continental United States not possible from previous satellites. This study investigates the quality and the impact of assimilating satellite-derived winds (or Atmospheric Motion Vectors, AMVs) from the GOES-16 geostationary

The daily rainfall is the most important and demanded input of water resources studies, which are challenged by typical low density and/or poor quality of in-situ observations. However, the satellite earth observation, through freely available, web-based products, can provide complementary rainfall data. Such data is however, typically affected by substantial error, particularly at daily temporal resolution

In the autumns of 2010 and 2011, consecutive periods of heavy precipitation occurred in Hainan Island. Two groups of monthly-scale simulation experiments were conducted using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Sensitivity of rainfall and submonthly oscillations to cumulus parameterization and cloud microphysical schemes were evaluated. Due to that the experiment combining the Tiedtke cumulus

Spatial and temporal variability of drought in Oman was assessed for the period 1979–2014 using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at both seasonal (3-month) and annual (12-month) timescales. Changes in drought characteristics (e.g. frequency, duration, intensity, severity, and spatial extent) were detected for six distinct

The destruction of the Aral Sea area constitutes one of the world's most infamous ecological disaster. However, the retreat of the Aral Sea has slowed down in recent years and the underlying reasons are not reported. In this work, based on the extreme-point symmetric mode decomposition (ESMD) method and the multiple linear regression model, we analyzed the changing of the Aral Sea from 1960 to 2018

Lightning activity and its associations with cloud structures during a rainstorm dominated by warm cloud precipitation were studied in Guangdong, China on May 7, 2017, using three-dimensional lightning location and polarimetric radar data. The overall convection and lightning activities of the rainstorm were weak. The rainstorm generally showed a typical tripolar charge structure with the main negative

To characterize future drought events over a drought prone area like South Asia is paramount for drought risk mitigation. In this paper, a five-model ensemble mean from CMIP6 was chosen to project drought characteristics in South Asia under the latest SSPs-RCPs emission scenarios (SSP1–2.6, SSP2–4.5, and SSP5–8.5) for the period 2020–2099. Additionally, corresponding scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8

The recent warming hiatus started around 1998; however, how Central Asian river streamflows have responded to this warming slowdown remains unclear. Based on the instrumental streamflow records of eight rivers in Central Asian, we showed that the Central Asian streamflow variation is due to the change in precipitation/drought resulting from sea surface temperature changes in the eastern tropical Pacific

This study was designed to evaluate the spatiotemporal performance of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models in the historical simulation and future projections of minimum (Tmin), maximum (Tmax), and mean temperature (Tmean) over South Asia (SA) during global warming of 1.5 oC, 2 oC, and 3 oC targets under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. It is worth mentioning that the present

Understanding temporal and spatial changes in precipitation has far-reaching implications for watershed development and risk assessment under global climate change. In our study, temporal and spatial variability in precipitation concentration (PC) in Central Asia (CA) from 1980 to 2017, measured with the precipitation concentration index (PCI) and Gini Coefficient (GC), was analyzed using interpolated

Interest in region-specific assessments of droughts and the need to optimise water resources planning and allocation on a local scale via additional investments in water infrastructures is emerging as novel management initiatives to build drought resilience. In this study, a novel two-step regularization procedure that combines statistical rotation with support vector machine regression (SVMR) is employed

Wavelet-decomposition-based intensity-scale skill (ISS) score is a verification metric which decomposes the forecast fields into different scales and then calculates verification scores. However, due to the “double-penalty” issues, ISS at small scales are often very low even when the forecasts appear subjectively skillful. The displacement error is an important reason for the low ISS. To address this