Significant vegetation increase in the Loess Plateau (LP) of China could strongly affect the surface water budget. Through the WRF model with the Water Vapor Tracer (WVT) method tracking moisture within the LP, this study conducted three sets of experiments from 1999 to 2018 with GLASS Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) data. The results indicate that vegetation has a critical role in partitioning evapotranspiration

In this study, we report significant biennial variability or oscillation (BO) in the boreal spring (March–May) Surface Air Temperature (SAT) over India and unravelled the causative mechanisms. The positive phase of the BO exhibit significant seasonal warming over India, whereas seasonal cooling is observed during the negative phase of BO. Heat wave days are more during the positive phase of BO compared

Utilizing the reanalysis data and model simulations, we explore the interannual variations of extreme high temperatures over the Indochina Peninsula during 1960–2022, as well as their responses to critical oceanic systems and corresponding mechanisms. Given the intricate interactions among oceanic regions, this study employs the Generalized Equilibrium Feedback Analysis method to extract the atmospheric

This study explores the uncertainty of future summer warming over Iberia using storylines constructed from climate model simulations of the Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6. Unlike prior storyline approaches focusing on remote drivers and global teleconnections of atmospheric circulation, we use regional factors that directly influence summer temperatures: ridging activity, soil moisture

In this study, spatial and temporal variations of spring compound dry and hot events (CDHEs) over northern Asia (NA) during 1950–2020 and the related possible mechanisms are investigated on the interannual timescale. The standardized compound event indicator (SCEI) is used to represent compound dry and hot conditions over NA, which is validated by the observed summer case of CDHEs over western Russia

When northern Taiwan is influenced locally, PM events occur in specific conditions. If it is also affected by long-range transport from mainland China in the northwest, the probability of these PM events increases. The current study applies WRF/CMAQ to study such case but focus on the local. From April 7 to 9, 2019, the Pacific high pressure extended westward, causing the prevailing weak southerly

Dust storms are associated with large amounts of particulate matter (PM) that can have adverse effects on health and the environment. The contribution of natural dust to atmospheric PM levels represents a scientific challenge, especially in areas with close proximity to dust sources. To improve our knowledge in this area, we collected 300 PM filter-samples across five oasis cities on the southern edge

The climatic disparities between urban cores and surrounding rural areas have become increasingly pronounced due to rapid urbanization. The vapor pressure deficit (VPD) serves as a critical meteorological indicator reflecting atmospheric aridity, and identifying the contributions of urban and rural climate factors on the urban-rural VPD disparities plays an important role in understanding urban climate

The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) is recognized as the world's largest and highest plateau, characterized by intricate topography and underlying surfaces. Within this region, volatile meteorological conditions and severe synoptic systems, including thunderstorms, turbulence, sandstorms, and notably low-level wind shear (LLWS), present safety hazards to aviation operations. Therefore, a comprehensive

Tropical cyclone (TC) Khanun in 2017 was simulated in this study by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The observation-validated simulation data were used to examine how asymmetric rotational and environmental flows played the roles in determining the contraction of the radius of maximum kinetic energy of symmetric rotational flow (). The radius of maximum was contracted rapidly before

To improve forecast skill of extreme weather events, it is of primary importance to construct accurate initial conditions for a convective-scale ensemble prediction system (EPS). The traditional initial perturbation schemes, e.g., dynamic downscaling, fail to capture the amplitude or structure of convective-scale forecast errors accurately, especially near steep terrain or meso- and small-scale systems

The potential climate-warming impact from aircraft contrails may be similar in magnitude to the direct effect from carbon dioxide emissions across all aviation. The warming impact may be mitigated through pre-tactical flight trajectory optimization to avoid ice supersaturation regions (ISSRs) while also considering aircraft performance and CO emissions. The ability to perform such deviations depends

The Yangtze River basin experienced extreme flooding during the summer of 2020, leading to widespread impact and significant economic losses. However, there is a lack of specific and quantitative anthropogenic attribution analysis. Here, we used the VIC model and the Risk Ratio framework to isolate the contributions of two anthropogenic (ANT) forcings, aka greenhouse gas (GHG) and aerosol (AER), to

This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of the seasonal characteristics of raindrop size distribution (DSD) in Metro Manila, Philippines, using two years of measurements (2018–2020) from the PARSIVEL disdrometer. Seasonal properties of DSD for both stratiform and convective rain types were examined during the Southwest Monsoon (SWM; June–September), Northeast Monsoon (NEM; October–February)

Variations in rainfall patterns in the Northeast region of Brazil (NEB) are high and multiscalar, increasing susceptibility to extreme drought and/or flood events. The objective of this study was to characterize rainfall patterns and monthly dry-wet periods using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) from 1990 to 2019 in the South Coast of NEB, utilizing geostatistical interpolation methods. The

To analyze the physicochemical mechanisms affecting the variation in fine suspended particulate matter (PM) concentrations in Taichung City, the largest city in central Taiwan (the second largest city in Taiwan), during a high-pollution event from November 3 to 6, 2021, we applied the sulfur tracking method (STM) and integrated source apportionment method (ISAM) of the WRF/CMAQ model to simulate the

In this study, we investigate the atmospheric circulation anomalies related to the PM mass concentration rapid decline cases in Beijing during winter when the PM concentration is the highest. From 2014 to 2021, 66 PM concentration rapid decline days (RDDs) are identified by considering the 90 % thresholds of the difference of PM mass concentration between two adjacent days. The composite evolution

Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) is a crucial parameter in climate research. However, obtaining high precision PWV data remains a problem. Discrepancies in water vapor elevation data from diverse observation sources pose challenges, emphasizing the need for precise vertical correction. In this paper, we proposed the precipitable water vapor model with systematic difference correction by using ERA5 (the

Based on the CLoud, Albedo and RAdiation dataset, AVHRR-based, version 2 (CLARA-A2), Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 3B43 (TRMM-3B43), and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) reanalysis data, the potential cloud precipitation capacity (PCPA) of typical regions in China is compared, and the relationship between impact factors and PCPA is discussed. Results have

On June 25, 2020, an atypical bow echo (ATBE) accompanied by a meso-γ-scale vortex (MV) incurred the strongest gust (41.4 m s) recorded since 1957 in the North China Plain. In this article, we investigate the evolution characteristics of MV and its mechanism for the extreme wind by using the observation data of Doppler weather radar and automatic weather stations as well as the four-dimensional Variational

The design of emission abatement measures to effectively reduce ozone (O) pollution is highly complex due to non-linear chemistry, multi-source precursor emissions, and regional-scale transport. All these processes also depend on the synoptic circulation conditions. This study classified large-scale circulations to explore the synoptic controls on surface O pollution over eastern China (EC) during

Sensor networks provide spatially resolved information about the time variation of concentrations in urban areas around the world. With relatively simple improvements to the control of the temperature and humidity of incoming air, and with proper quality assurance and calibration protocols, a low cost monitor was developed that provides measurements that were highly correlated with a reference monitor

Two downward negative flashes (F1612 & F1613) with multiple return strokes struck to the 356-m Shenzhen Tower were analyzed. The high-speed camera captured upward positive connecting leaders (UCL) for the first strokes of both flashes and two subsequent strokes of F1612. The observations also show that none of the downward negative leader (DNL) completely propagated to the tower tip before the occurrence

This paper uses 28 years of satellite altimeter fusion data from 1993 to 2020 to identify and track the mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea based on the Sea Level Anomaly (SLA) closed contour method, with the goal of improving our overall understanding of mesoscale eddy activities in the South China Sea and further investigating the ocean dynamic processes in the region, so as to provide fundamental

The north edge of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) is defined by using the isoline with average total column water vapor (TCWV) equal to 25 mm, and the relationship between the north edge of the EASM and summer extreme precipitation in North China (NC) from 1961 to 2020 is discussed. Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) method is used to cluster extreme precipitation in the abnormal years of the north edge

Exploring the links between moist processes, convection, and intensification in modeled tropical cyclones (TCs) remains an important object in the TC internal dynamics. In this study, the full life cycle of an idealized TC is diagnosed by a local moist available energy budget. In general, the diabatic term in available potential energy (APE) mainly from the microphysical processes dominates the rapid

Lightning is a self-developing charge transport system that exhibits fundamental manifestations of the macro-scale polarity asymmetry. This asymmetry is tightly connected with peculiarities of the reversal point (the point of zero leader sheath charge or, alternatively, a site where the lightning channel potential coincides with the intracloud one) movement along the leader growth direction. The study

Understanding the impact of various weather systems on surface wind speed (SWS) holds immense importance in enhancing the efficiency of wind power generation. Among the many systems that affect regional weather patterns, atmospheric blocking stands out as a key influencer. Here, we explored the influence of winter blocking in Eurasia on SWS changes over China. We found that the majority of blockings

The Sertã wildfire started on October 15th, 2017, in a mountainous area in central Portugal, on the hottest day of an exceptionally dry month compared to the previous two decades. This dry spell was attributed to a persistent heatwave from October 1st to 16th, which impacted most of mainland Portugal. Due to the critical weather and vegetation conditions, the fire was very intense, generating a thermal

Exploring the physical characteristics of lightning discharge channels based on spectrum can help to reveal the microscopic mechanism of the discharge process and provide a theoretical basis for lightning protection research. According to the spectra of six cloud-to-ground lightning return stroke processes and plasma conduction theory, we investigated the evolution of the total intensity of ionic and

The newly launched Fengyun-3E (FY-3E) satellite in the early morning contributes to forming a complete three-orbit observation system, comprehensively improving the spatial coverage of satellite data. This study highlights the importance of applying the Microwave Humidity Sounder-II (MWHS-2) data from the FY-3E satellite by exploring the impact of jointly assimilating FY-3D and FY-3E MWHS-2 data under

The coincidence of extreme cold, precipitation, and freezing weather is one of the most significant natural disasters in winter, with extensive impacts on public transportation, the energy industry, and the ecological landscape. Despite the importance of such events, comprehensive analyses of the performance of cutting-edge numerical weather prediction models at convection-permitting scales remain

In recent years, China has made certain progresses regarding the monitoring of ozone (O) pollution. However, a comprehensive understanding of the three-dimensional distribution and evolutionary characteristics of O is still relatively lacking. This study analyzed an O pollution episode in the Pearl River Delta during September to October 2019 using data from five O lidars and air pollution monitoring

Accurate representation of the land use/land cover (LULC) in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model has been shown to be crucial for improved simulation of surface variables and urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. In this study, a ground truthed LULC dataset over Metro Manila (MM) was integrated in the WRF model to assess and quantify the relative contributions of using an updated land use/land

The western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) is a critical atmospheric circulation system influencing weather and climate patterns in eastern China. Accurately predicting its activity is essential for anticipating and managing natural disasters such as droughts and floods in the region. In this study, we employ the decision tree (DT) as the fundamental model and devise a compatible framework

The selection of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterisation schemes is crucial for the simulation of local meteorology, especially under extreme weather events. A suitable PBL scheme is one of the key conditions to accurately reproduce the real weather conditions. In this study, the performance of all the three available PBL schemes that can be coupled with the multi-layer urban canopy model

The variation characteristics of rain storms (RSs) are closely related to complex internal physical processes and external dynamic and thermodynamic conditions. Using a 17-year observational rainfall dataset from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR), the diurnal cycles of various RS characteristics and their responses to the South China Sea Summer Monsoon (SCSSM)

The quasi-biweekly oscillation (QBWO) is an important component of tropical monsoon variations. In this study, the QBWO rainfall demonstrates a westward propagation across the tropical Asian monsoon region, originating from the western North Pacific, passing through the South China Sea and the Bay of Bengal, and ultimately reaching the northwestern Indian Peninsula. Notably, the rainfall anomalies

As a key component of rainfall estimation, the understanding of raindrop size distribution (DSD) is a long-standing goal in meteorology and hydrology. Given that weather radar can observe the precipitation microphysics over large spatial and temporal scales, it has been broadly applied in DSD estimation. Traditional polynomial regression algorithms that correlate DSD parameters and radar signatures

The influence of cold fronts on the formation of ozone (O) pollution, particularly the contributions of physical and chemical processes to O abundance during the passage of cold fronts in winter over the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) region was still unclear. This study provided an in-depth analysis on the occurrence of high O pollution based on data from field measurements and simulation of a chemical

The Asian-Pacific Oscillation (APO), featuring a seesaw pattern in the upper-tropospheric temperatures between Asia and the North Pacific, plays profound roles in the Northern Hemispheric climate anomalies. So, its variability and associated physical mechanisms are of great interest. Although progress has been achieved for the APO variability at the interannual time scale, the understanding of its

An extremely heavy rainfall occurred in Henan Province, China, from July 19th to 21st in 2021, with large precipitation, long duration and wide precipitation area. Impact of water vapor transportation from atmospheric river (AR) on the rainfall was studied through reanalysis data and weather research and forecasting (WRF) model. Precipitation reached over 600 mm around Mount Song, which lasted for

Accurate precipitation data are crucial in atmospheric and hydrological studies, especially for water resource management and disaster early warning. Satellite precipitation product (SPP) with high spatiotemporal resolution has been regarded as a valuable alternative precipitation source to ground observations. However, the hourly SPP generally performs poorly compared to daily SPP, thereby bias correction

Induced by numerous environmental and anthropogenic factors, the frequency of compound hot extremes (CoHot) is increasing globally. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive understanding of the relative importance of different factors in the change of CoHot, as most studies focused solely on individual factors. We systematically attribute the long-term trends of summertime CoHot in China to 24 factors

Quantitative seasonal Indian summer monsoon (ISM) rainfall forecasting has been a challenge for the climate models as it is sensitive to cloud properties, which are modulated by large-scale dynamics. Proper understanding of the role of dynamics, aerosols, and cloud microphysical processes is important for the precipitation calculation in dynamical models. The all-India averaged seasonal ISM rainfall

Droughts cause significant economic damage worldwide. Evaluating their impacts on crop yield and water resources can help mitigate these losses. Using single variables such as precipitation, temperature, the soil moisture condition index (SMCI) and the vegetation condition index (VCI) to estimate drought impacts does not provide sufficient information on these complex conditions. Therefore, this study

Cloud bursts have become a pressing concern with their devastating impact and increasing frequency over the Himalayan region. Therefore, understanding the physical mechanisms associated with their occurrence is essential and urgent. Our investigation into the physical mechanisms of a cloud burst over Sauni Binsar, Uttarakhand, India, which occurred on 10 June 2021 around 06 UTC, is a step towards addressing

The winter sea ice over the Barents-Kara Sea (BKS) is reducing at an alarming rate, which impacts the Arctic shipping routes and the local ecosystems as well as the climate system across other regions. Consequently, it is imperative to project the winter ice-free state in this region to adequately prepare for future climate change and its impacts. However, most models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison

The variations in the track and intensity of a tropical cyclone (TC) are closely correlated with the fine-scale evolution of its structure. The fine-scale track, intensity, and structural evolution of Typhoon Doksuri (2023) can be comprehensively analyzed by combining multi-source observations. The results herein show that Doksuri (2023) experienced secondary eyewall formation (SEF), concentric eyewall

This study examined three Mediterranean Sea cyclones classified as medicanes: Zorbas, Ianos, and Apollo. All three cyclones traversed warm-core eddies during their propagation. We investigated the role of those eddies in the cyclones' development and the responses of those eddies to the passage of a cyclone. Cyclones Zorbas and Apollo intensified considerably in close proximity to warm-core eddies;

This study investigates the interannual relationship of extreme precipitation days (EPD) over South China (SC) and Indochina Peninsula (ICP) with tropical Pacific-Indian Ocean Sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies during May, utilizing observations, reanalysis, and Coupled-Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) model outputs. The results uncover a dipole mode in the interannual variations of May

Extratropical cyclones (ECs) play an important role in precipitation generation at mid-latitudes. EC circulation involves multiple precipitation-generating structures, raising questions regarding the origin of their moisture uptake. Our study aimed to identify the origin of precipitation using a Lagrangian approach by targeting EC characteristics in different regions. To achieve this goal, we focused

This work was dedicated to provide a first systematic assessment of the role played by deep stratosphere-to-troposphere transport events (denoted as “stratospheric intrusions–SIs”) in influencing the and variability at a high-elevation site in Italy (Monte Cimone, CMN, 2165 m a.s.l.). To select SI events, we used a methodology based on the analysis of the temporal variability of in-situ observed stratospheric

Using the multivariate EOF analysis performed on the observation datasets, this study reveals that the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) has been toward warm-dry springs over most regions especially after the 2000s, accompanied by increased surface temperature and decreased precipitation anomalies. Such climate condition provides favourable environment for compound heat and drought events, raising questions

Cloud and aerosol contribution to the Earth's radiative budget constitutes one of the most significant uncertainties in future climate projections. To distinguish between clouds and cloud-free air, atmospheric scientists have been using a wide range of instruments, techniques, and algorithms with various detection thresholds. However, since the change from a cloudy to a cloud-free atmosphere may be

Three dart leader (DL)-M components in two double-branch lightning flashes were analyzed through high-speed camera and synchronizing current and electric field data. The downward negative DL with a 2-D development speed of 1.2–1.8 × 10 m/s from the branch outside the main channel forms the M component after being intercepted by the main channel. The current waveform of DL-M component shows a typical

This paper examines the temporal variability of aridity in Argentina during the period 1961–2020. Monthly data from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) were used to define climate types according to the Aridity Index (AI) from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Argentina presents a variety of climates ranging from arid and semiarid to subhumid and humid, suggesting simultaneous water deficit

Previous studies are primarily based on surface air pollution for a single event, leaving research on the temporal characteristics of aerosols and wind fields in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and their associations unclear due to a lack of long-term vertical profile data. This study was the first to conduct long-term Doppler wind LiDAR measurements from Sep. 2019 to Aug. 2022 in Hefei in western

We simulated three different thunderstorm events over India using a regional model with two different multi-moments cloud microphysical schemes: (i) Morrison double moment (Morrison-2 M) and (ii) National Taiwan University (NTU) triple moment (NTU-3 M). The results show that the choice of microphysical scheme significantly impacts storm structures, cloud formations, lightning intensity, and rainfall

Dust storms frequently occur in the spring over East Asia, affecting southern Mongolia and northeast China. An exceptionally powerful dust storm occurred in East Asia from March 14th to March 18th, 2021. To investigate the ability of climate models to simulate severe dust storms, we employed the Weather Research Forecast model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) with Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation