Impacts of aerosol direct (ADE) and aerosol indirect (AIE) effects on an extreme rainfall event over Beijing on 19–21 July 2016 were analyzed by conducting four numerical experiments with the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem). The analysis shows that the ADE and AIE change the distribution of the rainfall centers and concentrate rainfall in urban areas. The ADE-induced

The Congo Basin, one of the three most convective regions in the world, has recently experienced a large-scale drying trend accompanied by an increase in thunderstorm activity. This study analyzes changes in the diurnal variations of cloudiness and deep convection from 1979 to 2019 over the Congo, evaluates their associations with trends in precipitation efficiency, and explores their possible connections

This paper describes the lessons learned from the implementation of a regional ensemble data assimilation and forecast system during the intensive observing period of the Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, And Mesoscale/microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations (RELAMPAGO) field campaign (central Argentina, November–December 2018). This system is based on the coupling of the

Hourly precipitation is important in climate research because it is closely related to convective synoptic systems and short-term weather forecasts. In this study, characteristics like climatology, inter-annual variability and diurnal cycle are quantified from 1979 to 2015 over eastern China using hourly gauge observations and ERA5 precipitation dataset. The results show that the reanalysis can reproduce

From a sampling campaign from December 2018 to June 2019, at a traffic and an urban background site in Coimbra, Portugal, two particulate matter (PM10) samples from each month were selected to characterise the morphology by scanning electron microscopy, to determine the organic and inorganic chemical composition by multiple analytical techniques and to assess the ecotoxicity by the Vibrio fischeri

The peak summer (July–August; JA) muggy hot weather over Northeast China (NEC) negatively impacts local socioeconomic development and human health. This study investigates the physical connection between sea surface temperature (SST) and year-to-year variations in the number of peak summer muggy hot days (MHDs) in NEC (PSMHDNEC) for the period 1979–2018. We found that on the interannual timescale,

The paper presents a systematic description about the observation scheme analysis and practical observation of artificially triggered lightning with a ground-based microwave radiometer together with other discharging observation instruments at Guangzhou Field Experiment Site for Lightning research and testing in Conghua, Guangdong in the thunderstorm season of the 4 consecutive years from 2016 to 2019

This study analyzes the spectral characteristics of in situ measured aerosol properties, namely scattering, absorption and single scattering albedo (SSA), explicitly examining the curvature characteristics of their wavelength dependence. Measurements were performed at an urban background site in Athens, Greece, during December 2017 and March 2018 characterized by contrasting aerosol sources and types

The pandemic in 2020 caused an abrupt change in the emission of anthropogenic aerosols and their precursors. We estimate the associated change in the aerosol radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere and the surface. To that end, we perform new simulations with the CMIP6 global climate model EC-Earth3. The simulations use the here newly created data for the anthropogenic aerosol optical properties

Fog has a wide range of impacts that can include transportation disruptions and climate effects. Despite being a common phenomenon, models struggle to incorporate fog microphysical properties which can affect the visibility, formation and dissipation of fog. Results are presented from a fog microphysics study conducted in June and July of 2016 near Halifax, on the eastern coast of Canada, where droplet

The water isotopic composition (δ18O and δ2H) of humid tropical mountain belts is influenced by the limited isotopic elevation effect due to the narrow temperature gradient, high relative humidity, and the moisture feedback processes. The Western Ghats mountain forest ecosystem, recognized as a biological hotspot, contributes significantly to characterizing the hydrological and weather patterns over

Planetary boundary layer plays a critical role in the monsoon circulation studies at regional scales through exchange of land surface fluxes (heat and moisture) with atmosphere. The objective of the present study is to identify the spatial variability of long-term seasonal trends of planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) over Indian subcontinent and its association with atmospheri parameters. Monthly

We employ the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis to investigate the leading mode of the East Asian zonal wind and the contribution of associated climatic factors in boreal winter during 1979–2020. The dominant mode, accounting for 46% of the explained variance, indicates that the East Asian subtropical jet (EASJ) and East Asian polar frontal jet (EAPJ)

This study evaluates the performance of different data sources in representing the spatio-temporal characteristics of aerosol species over Australia, which is one of the primary sources of dust in the Southern Hemisphere and an important contributor to global biomass burning emissions. First, NASA/MERRA2 and ECMWF/CAMS Total AOD550nm are evaluated against 16 AERONET stations during 2003–2018, with

This study investigates precursory signals of the June precipitation over the southern Yangtze River valley (SYRV). It is found that the synergistic anomalies of the Turan Plain soil moisture and northern Iranian Plain snow cover (TPSM-IPSC) during April can modulate the June SYRV precipitation. Through the persistence/memory effect of soil moisture anomalies, lower soil moisture around the Turan Plain-Iranian

The characteristics of precipitation microphysics during various stages of the tropical cyclone (TC) Nisarga (2020) as observed over an orographic station of Western Ghats, India has been highlighted in this paper. The study examines the evolution of convective rain along with the features of surface raindrop size distribution (DSD) within the rainbands and eyewall of the cyclone “Nisarga” based on

Secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs) are major components of PM2.5 in haze events in Beijing, China. Gas-phase oxidation and aqueous heterogeneous reactions play vital roles in the SIAs formation. Here we analyzed the sensitivity of oxidation ratios of sulfur (SOR) and nitrogen (NOR) to relative humidity (RH) and ozone (O3), based on comprehensive observations from January 15 to March 6, 2019. The observations

The thermodynamic properties of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) play an important role in several atmospheric processes such as convection initiation, turbulence mixing, the exchange of heat and momentum, and cloud-microphysics. Since the ABL depth (henceforth, BLD) defines the volume of the ABL, many studies consider BLD to be a key scaling parameter to understand and quantify ABL mixing processes

This paper explored the projected changes in precipitation, maximum temperature (Tmax), and minimum temperature (Tmin) over the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) based on 23 Global climate models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6). The Empirical Quantile Mapping (EQM) approach was firstly applied to correct the biases in the GCMs. Next, the future changes were investigated

As the most frequent and longest-lasting climate-related disasters, droughts are complex processes caused by hydrological imbalance, and have significant effects on ecosystem function and socioeconomic development. However, most conventional satellite-based drought indices and combined drought indices are mechanically constrained by the fact that they were developed and evaluated for a specific climate

Based on the principle of light propagation, it is necessary to obtain the ratio (RMN) of atmospheric aerosol mass concentration to the imaginary part of the atmospheric equivalent refractive index for measuring aerosol mass vertical flux. In this paper, the factors affecting the RMN values are analyzed by numerical calculation under an ideal state and by using observational data. Numerical calculations

Intermittent heavy rainfall over an eleven day period (11–21 January 2013) led to devastating floods over parts of South Africa and southern Mozambique, with regions within the Limpopo River Basin (LRB) being the worst affected. Previous observational work, based on an Eulerian analysis and low resolution data, indicated that moisture emanating from anomalously warm waters off the Angolan coast played

This study investigates the impact of sea surface temperature (SST) describing the lower boundary of Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model on the extreme weather events that occurred on the Mediterranean (MED) and the Eastern Black Sea (EBS) regions of Turkey. For each region, one extreme event case is selected and characterized as a summer convective system in EBS and as a winter synoptic system

Spatiotemporal changes in six precipitation and five temperature extreme indices of Bangladesh and their linkage with nine ocean-atmospheric oscillation indices have been evaluated in this study to provide necessary information for adaptation planning and development of early warning systems. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures and precipitation for the period 1980–2017 recorded at 20 stations,

Parameterizations of the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) embedded in numerical weather prediction models are crucial in the simulation of local meteorology and require a special investigation. In this study we evaluate simulations at 1 km horizontal resolution using six PBL schemes of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) by comparison to observations performed in a coastal port-industrial

Stable isotope ratios (δ18O and δD) in atmospheric precipitation and water vapor have the potential to diagnose synoptic-scale weather processes. Here we present high-frequency measurements of stable isotopes in water vapor and rainfall during super typhoon Lekima of 2019 in Shanghai, Eastern China. Our results indicate that both water vapor and rainfall exhibit large fluctuations in δD, with the magnitude

The stable isotopes (δ18O and δD) of water vapor are used to characterize continuous variations in large-scale and boundary-layer atmospheric processes. We presented continuous measurements of δ18O in surface water vapor at Lhasa, southern Tibetan Plateau, from October 2018 to September 2019 to investigate how large-scale and local atmospheric processes influence variations in water vapor δ18O at different

Based on the simulated temperature and precipitation from CMIP6 models, the joint distribution characteristics of summer temperature and precipitation in China are described in the Copula approach. The occurrence risk of compound extremes (i.e., warm/dry, and warm/wet events) and corresponding univariate events (i.e., warm, wet, and dry events) in historical period are compared; and the risk changes

A trough is an elongated region of relatively low atmospheric pressure. Automatic analysis and recognition of trough lines in upper weather charts are challenging and of great significance to weather analysis. The existing automatic identification methods mainly depend on manually setting rules which cannot cover all trough line types and have low generalization ability. This paper proposes an automatic

Accurate retrieval of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) data from satellite remote sensing images over urban areas is of great importance, e.g. for air-quality monitoring. However, limited by coarse spatial resolution, available aerosol products are unable to fulfil the increasing demand of aerosol retrieval below the city scale. To address this issue, a new high-resolution (60 m) aerosol retrieval algorithm

Accurate air temperature data is necessary to conducting climate research, carbon tax, and emission reduction estimation. However, the temperature error of temperature data provided by a non-aspirated multi-plate radiation shield is on the order of 1 °C due to various factors, especially solar radiation. To reduce this error, a temperature error correction method based on a method of computational

A ~ 50-h-lasting mid-level thin liquid cloud layer was present over south and central China on December 13–15, 2018. Its characteristics were revealed by the observations from a polarization lidar and a water vapor Raman lidar at a mid-latitude site together with two geostationary satellites and the space-borne lidar CALIOP, as well as the conventional radiosondes. This layer was optically thick with

A turbulent orographic form drag (TOFD) parameterization, which accounts for the unresolved drag induced by the subgrid orographic variance, is implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with a horizontal grid spacing of 3 km. Its impact on the surface wind and precipitation forecasts over South China during a pre-summer rainy season (April–June 2019) is evaluated based on 3-hourly

Global losses caused by floods are gradually increasing under the influence of climate change and human activities. The Yangtze River (YR) economic belt has continued to experience frequent flood disasters over the years; therefore, clarifying the significant flood risk factors is highly relevant for the development of the region. In this study, we investigated the flood risk factors in the Yangtze

Extreme drought frequency (EDF), which is typically assessed by drought indices, is an essential property for reflecting extreme drought events. Generally, EDF varies greatly depending on the consideration of potential evapotranspiration (PET) and the selected timescale for drought indices. However, there is little understanding of how PET and timescale individually and interactively alter EDF at multiple

Persistent wintertime inversions over cities are the most critical conditions for air quality, and also one of the most challenging situations to simulate with a meteorological model. In this study, the ability of the meteorological Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, coupled with the multilayer urban canopy parameterization BEP-BEM (Building Effect Parameterization - Building Energy Model)

The potential of the synergetic use of both polarized Micro-Pulse Lidar (P-MPL) and Sun/sky photometer observations by using the GRASP (Generalized Retrieval of Atmosphere and Surface Properties) code for retrieving dust properties has been analysed in this work. Both the columnar and height-resolved variables have been evaluated in comparison, respectively, with AERONET data and vertical P-MPL-derived

There is an atmospheric electric field (AEF) or an electric potential gradient (PG) in fair weather between the Earth's surface and the mesosphere/ionosphere, which is positive. During blizzards/snowstorms in the polar regions, an intense positive AEF/PG in the order of 103 V/m of the same polarity in fair weather was observed using an electric field mill at 1.4 m in height. In contrast, a moderately

The multi-angle polarimetric satellite observations are helpful for improving the retrievals of aerosol parameters. However, practical applications of polarization technology are still limited because of complexity of measurement and interpretation of polarimetric observations. In this study, we analyze the performance of a new component approach developed in the frame of the Generalized Retrieval

The rapid changes in the pattern of atmospheric warming as well as the degradation of glaciers in the Himalayas point to the inevitability of accurate source characterization and quantification of the impact of aerosols. In this regard, optical and chemical properties of aerosols, and their role in radiative effects are examined over a remote high-altitude site Lachung (27.4°N, 88.4°E, 2700 m a.s.l

The spatial-temporal error characteristics of four mainstream satellite precipitation products developed by China and United States, respectively, including the Fengyun-based (FY-2F and FY-2G) and the GPM-based (IMERG-Late and IMERG-Final) over Chinese mainland were comprehensively analyzed from January 2018 to December 2019. In general, both IMERG-Final and FY-2G perform better at the hourly and daily

The relationship between aerosol concentration and lightning is complex. Aerosols can act as cloud condensation nuclei, contributing to the formation of cloud droplets, cloud electrification and lightning, while high concentrations of aerosols can contribute to a decrease in lightning due to radiative effects. Meteorology plays a dominant role in lightning activity, distorting the effect of aerosols

In this study, a comprehensive evaluation of the reliability of seventeen satellite-, reanalysis-, and gauge-based precipitation products (i.e., IMERG-F, GSMaP-G, TMPA 3B42, CMORPH-CRT, PERSIANN-CDR, CHIRPS, IMERG-E, IMERG-L, GSMaP-RT, TMPA-RT, PERSIANN-RT, ERA5, ERA-Interim, MERRA2, GPCC, CPC, and CRU) was conducted for drought monitoring from June 2000 to December 2019 over mainland China. The girded

Precipitation with different phases can exert different influences on the Antarctic mass balance. Using the observational rain and snow days from the Great Wall Station, ERA-interim reanalysis, and other data, this study investigates the mechanisms governing the year-to-year variability of precipitation phase (i.e., rainfall and snowfall) over the northern Antarctic Peninsula (AP) during austral summer

In the months of November 2012, 2014 and 2018, four tornadic events affected southern Italy (Calabria and Apulia regions). Tornado-spawning supercells hit the same regions, had similar trajectories, and were characterized by common synoptic conditions. The events are analysed through the use of multiple observational tools; large-scale and mesoscale analysis are performed, in addition to high-resolution

The performance of three microphysics schemes (WRF Double Moment 6-class (WDM6), Morrison double moment (MORR), and spectral bin microphysics (Fast version) (SBMF)), with increasing complexities, in simulating various rainfall-types during the lifecycle of a tropical continental mesoscale cloud cluster (CC) are presented in this study. The CC spent its entire lifetime over the surveillance area of