This study examines the mean annual cycles of monthly cumulated fog-water amounts (CFW) in the central Mediterranean Iberian Peninsula (MIP), highlighting the interplay between meteorological conditions, topography, and geographic location. Seasonal asymmetry in fog-water collection is evident, with summer exhibiting higher fog collection frequency but lower water volumes. In contrast, non-summer seasons

Anthropogenic influence have led to an increase in the frequency of compound dry and hot events (CDHEs) globally under the background of global warming. However, there is limited research on the extent of anthropogenic influence on the spatial extent of CDHEs. Our analysis, focusing on the changes in the affected area of CDHEs across the global land during the warm season from 1961 to 2013, indicates

Cold air outbreaks (CAOs) are phenomena that occur across high latitudes during winter months and favor the development of extensive boundary layer clouds. As the boundary layer evolves, changes in cloud morphology often result in a stratocumulus to cumulus transition (SCT). The onset of precipitation is considered to be a key factor that leads to the break-up of the stratocumulus deck. In this modeling

Due to the scarcity of measured precipitation data in arid zones and the numerous factors affecting the uncertainty of precipitation data from multiple sources, understanding precipitation patterns is limited, and drought monitoring is constrained. Whereas water vapor content is closely related to precipitation, changes in water vapor can be an important indicator of drought development. Therefore

Arctic marine fog is a severe disastrous weather characterized by drastically reduced visibility, and its occurrence often poses great challenges to navigation and aviation. Accurate measurement of the characteristics of the Arctic marine fog plays a significant role in improving the accuracy of marine fog forecasts in the Arctic region. The Vaisala CL31 ceilometer, with its high sensitivity to liquid

Severe thunderstorm gales are the predominant meteorological phenomena associated with convective storms. Accurately estimating the extreme wind speed of thunderstorm gales (ESTG) is crucial for both forecasting services and disaster investigations related to severe convective weather. This paper proposes a method for estimating the ESTG based on dual-polarization weather radar hydrometeors classification

Based on the results of numerical simulations, a possible mechanism for the occurrence of a rapid increase in lightning frequency preceding a downburst was investigated according to cloud microphysical processes in mixed-phase areas. To elucidate the mechanism, idealized experiments were conducted targeting multi-cell convective clouds using a meteorological model coupled with a bulk lightning model

During the last decades several gridded climatic datasets have been developed offering thus long-term, continuous, and spatially uniform records of key hydrometeorological parameters. Few studies, however, have rigorously evaluated the accuracy and reliability of these datasets, especially in regions characterized by complex topography and sparse observational data, such as the Mediterranean. Moreover

Reliable and accurate estimation of large-scale evapotranspiration (ET) is fundamental for research in Earth System Science, however, large-scale ET estimation remains a challenge. Bias correction of the land surface model (LSM) simulated ET is a popular approach for providing large-scale, long-term estimations. Previous correction methods often ignore stochastic errors, making them unsuitable for

Extratropical cyclones (ECs) are large-scale synoptic weather systems characterised by complex mesoscale precipitation-generating features. Unresolved questions remain regarding how their water budget varies depending on the origin of the rainfall. This study aims to address this gap by examining the variability in moisture uptake patterns across EC precipitation structures. To achieve this, 237 cases

The intensification of global change and the escalation of anthropogenic activities have significantly exacerbated drought severity in Central Asia (CA), thereby posing critical challenges to the sustainability of local ecosystems and socioeconomic development. Although current research primarily focuses on changes in drought trends, a comprehensive analysis of the spatiotemporal correlations between

Aerosols significantly influence high cloud microphysical properties, playing a crucial role in Earth's radiation budget. This study introduces an innovative analytical framework that integrates multi-meteorological constraints through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with derivative expansion to disentangle aerosol and ice water content (IWP) effects on high cloud properties. Analyzing satellite

The European summer of 2022 was exceptionally warm in the historical record (since mid-19th century). We show that it was a record-breaking summer at European scales since at least 1500 due to three large-scale atmospheric heatwaves, all concurring with a prolonged dry period over Europe and an intense marine heatwave over the Mediterranean. We evaluate the role of dynamical (atmospheric circulation)

Instead of passively receiving and transmitting air-sea interaction signals from the Pacific Ocean, the view that the Tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) significantly influences the climate of neighbouring continents is becoming increasingly accepted. Through the investigation of interannual variations in extreme wet spells (EWS) and their potential causes across three subregions of Southwest China (SWC)

The CMIP6 global climate models (GCMs) yield a generally large bias in air temperature simulation over China, necessitating corrections before we can rely on their future projections. In this study, we performed air temperature corrections of 26 CMIP6 GCMs using two methods—bias correction method (BC-correction) and quantile mapping (QM-correction), with the CN05.1 observational data serving as the

The motivation of this research is to contribute to the knowledge about the relationship between the occurrence of lightning and hydrometeors present in storms, through polarimetric observations with meteorological radar and the application of the semi-supervised methodology of Besic et al. (2016) for the classification of hydrometeors. The objective is to develop a linear regression equation that

Understanding the variability of wet and dry spells in the West African Monsoon (WAM) is essential for improving climate prediction and resource management. Using in situ daily rainfall observations from five stations located within the Guinea Coast having at least 99.5 % data record and pass quality control checks. This study examines the characteristics, atmospheric precursors, and large-scale circulation

This study investigates the advantages of employing a nested High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model for simulating highly localized heavy rainfall events over the Indian Himalayan region, characterized by a complex terrain. Accurate weather prediction in such a region necessitates a model configuration that resolves the underlying terrain features, incorporates optimal physics combinations, and

From 2019 to 2022, there were a total of 34 sea fog events in the Bohai Sea, among which sea land breezes (SLB) occurred 17 times (accounting for 50 %). The duration of fog in the presence of SLB ranged from 24 to 40 h, while fog without SLB lasted between 3 and 7 h. The SLB circulation significantly increased the duration of sea fog. Therefore it's necessity to study the impacts of SLB on fog formation

Temperatures on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have been increasing over the past 50 years, with the warming trend accelerating from +0.16 °C/decade between the mid-1980s and 1990s to +0.36 °C/decade from 2000 to 2022. However, the elevation-dependent warming (EDW) on the TP remains controversial, and the driving mechanisms are poorly understood. Utilizing the ERA5-Land dataset, we investigate EDW patterns

Lightning development involves transient events that produce non-stationary, abrupt changes in lightning structure. The most prominent (and most studied) examples of reactivation of lightning side branches are recoil leaders that are initiated near the tips of previously decayed positive leader channels. This study proposes a numerical model that, among other things, takes into account evolution of

The Gálvez-Davison Index (GDI) was developed to enhance forecasting capabilities of tropical convection. This study evaluates the applicability of the GDI in forecasting deep tropical and subtropical convection, particularly in synoptic scale systems, such as the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ), and mesoscale phenomena like Mesoscale Convective Complexes (MCC). A hybrid methodology was applied

Reliable tropical cyclone (TC) modeling and forecasting requires appropriate selection of physical parameterization schemes. This study focusses on the poleward-moving TCs in the northern East China Sea. Numerical experiments are carried out to examine the sensitivity of modeled TC parameters to different combinations of microphysics (MP), planetary boundary layer (PBL), and cumulus convection (CC)

The acceleration of the global water cycle has led to a remarkable increase in the frequency of extreme disasters such as droughts and floods under changing environment. Drought-flood abrupt alternation (DFAA) events, as compound events more destructive than a single flood and drought event, pose severe threats to the sustainable development of ecosystem and society. This study applied the short-cycle

Low clouds are essential to the energy budget and the hydrological cycle, but simulation of low clouds in most AGCMs (atmospheric general circulation models) remains a challenge. The critical relative humidity (RHc) has great significance for cloud parameterization. Based on diagnostic results of CloudSat/CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) satellite data, we

The general surface temperature is influenced by changes in air temperature and is affected by local factors. The Tibetan Plateau, characterized by its high altitude and intense solar radiation, shows substantial effects related to slope orientation. Slope orientation plays a crucial role in controlling the absorption and reflection of solar radiation, leading to variations in surface temperatures

Utilizing the Asian-Pacific oscillation (APO) index on a daily scale to gain a comprehensive understanding of summer daily rainfall variations and their underlying physical mechanisms is helpful to improve the accuracy of daily rainfall pattern predictions in central-northern China. To address this, we utilized observational 24-h accumulated rainfall data from China and the reanalysis products from

The Pi convection-cloud chamber can generate steady-state turbulence in both rectangular and cylindrical shapes via Rayleigh-Bénard convection (RBC) by maintaining warm bottom and cold top surfaces. Although most experiments in the Pi chamber were conducted in cylindrical shapes, all previous Pi chamber simulations were conducted in a rectangular shape due to the limitations of those models to discretize

An in-depth comparative analysis of hailfall and nonhailfall clouds during a severe storm in Laixi city, Shandong Province, China, is conducted in this study. By integrating radar observations and mesoscale numerical simulations, key distinguishing features between the two cloud types are identified. The results indicate that the strong-echo top height and cloud top height of hailfall clouds are lower

This paper statistically analyzes the spatio-temporal characteristics of multiple return strokes cloud-to-ground lightning (MRSCG) parameters in the land and offshore regions of Guangdong Province from 2014 to 2023, based on data from the Guangdong Lightning Location System. The results indicate that, although the proportion of MRSCG in the offshore region (45.66 %) is significantly higher than on

As a vital part of the water tower of Asia, water cycle changes in the Pamir Plateau have significant impacts on the climate of the arid inland regions of Central Asia. Using the high-precision precipitation dataset known as TPHiPr, a significant wetting trend in spring and a drying trend in summer over the Pamir Plateau from 1979 to 2020 is identified in this study. Further analysis reveals that dynamic

The influence of local meteorology on the atmospheric electric field (potential gradient, PG) is examined using 10 years of measurements (January 2012 to December 2021) at Xanthi, northeastern Greece. Seven meteorological parameters that influence PG are examined using a multiple linear regression model to estimate the relationship between these parameters and fair-weather PG. The parameters analyzed

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), as a principal air pollutant, stands as one of the key indicators in atmospheric quality monitoring. The spatiotemporal patterns of PM2.5 concentration in Madrid and Valencia during 2013–2022 were obtained from satellite-derived PM2.5 products and ground-based measurements. The peak PM2.5 concentrations occurred in July, August and December in Madrid, showing a geographical

Meteorological droughts have magnitude and migration characteristics due to their spatiotemporal construction. A comprehensive identification of these characteristics and quantification of their dominant factors are crucial for drought risk mitigation and forecasting efforts. However, migration characteristics have often been overlooked in previous studies, and the dominant factors affecting drought

This study analyzes the PM2.5 and Black Carbon (BC) concentrations, along with changes in spectral absorption and Brown Carbon (BrC) characteristics between residential and urban background sites in Athens, Greece, during intense wintertime pollution events occurring in the festive period (25 December 2023–6 January 2024). It aims to examine the magnitude of differences in PM2.5, BC concentrations

Lightning data monitored by a very low frequency/low frequency (VLF/LF) three-dimensional lightning detection and position system were assimilated using a mesoscale numerical model and its three-dimensional variational assimilation system. A case study was conducted on a double rainband weather event in Fujian, China, on 7 May 2018, which included both shear-line precipitation and warm-sector rainfall

Accurate prediction of dense fog is critical for daily life and economic activities. However, its high sensitivity to numerical initial conditions underscores the pivotal role of data assimilation in improving prediction quality. The impacts of data assimilation on a warm advection fog over the South China Sea and a cold advection fog in the North of China in 2021 were investigated using the radiance

The construction of wind-sensitive structures in the Tibetan Plateau requires detailed information about the near-ground wind. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF), one-month numerical investigations on the boundary-layer wind and temperature were conducted considering the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley in the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau. By comparing with site observation, WRF

Research on atmospheric visibility and haze events is vital for human health and sustainable societal development. This study aims to construct long-term daily-scale visibility and fog-haze datasets for China using machine learning models, analyze their spatiotemporal evolution characteristics, identify key influencing factors of visibility. The results show that the LightGBM model achieves high accuracy

New particle formation (NPF) events were investigated at a coastal suburban site (Chania, Greece) in eastern Mediterranean during May 2022–April 2023. The particle number size distribution was measured together with particulate matter (PM10) and gaseous pollutants (NO, NO2, O3). 16 NPF events (8 Class I and 8 Class II) were observed with higher occurrence on May (5 events), whereas no NPF event took

In this study, we used a two-and-a-half-decade dataset (1998–2023) of cirrus cloud properties obtained from a ground-based LIDAR located at the National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E), India. The percentage occurrence of cirrus clouds during the observational period is 42 %, and the most probable altitude is around 14.2 km. Significant seasonal variability in cirrus

Land surface models (LSMs) play a crucial role in the characterization of land-atmosphere interactions by providing boundary conditions to a regional climate model (RCM). This is particularly true over the Iberian Peninsula (IP), a region where a water-limited regime governs most of the territory. This work aims to optimize the Noah LSM with multiparameterization options (Noah-MP) configuration for

Heatwaves are becoming more intense, frequent, and prolonged due to global warming, posing significant risks to ecosystems and human societies. Despite their profound impact, detailed regional assessments of extreme heat events remain limited, particularly in India. This study addresses the gap by systematically investigating the 2024 extreme heat event in India. We evaluated the performance of various

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and snowfall over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are key factors influencing interannual climate variability, and the relationship between ENSO and TP snowfall exhibits interdecadal variability. However, the types of El Niño events have undergone changes around 2000s, and it remains unclear whether these changes in El Niño event types influence the relationship with

We characterized optical properties (absorption, scattering, and backscattering coefficients, Ångström exponents, single scattering albedo) of aerosols during dust events at an urban site in El Paso, Texas using in-situ, real-time measurements. Simultaneous measurements of particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) and wind data from an adjacent Texas Commission on Environmental Quality Continuous Ambient Monitoring

Ozone (O3) pollution is a pervasive air quality issue, with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) significantly contributing to O3 formation. Utilizing continuous online monitoring data from a chemical park in Shenyang in 2019, we analyzed variations in VOCs, conventional pollutants, and meteorological conditions, preliminarily determining their apparent effects on O3. Results indicated an “M”-shaped monthly

The formation of winter precipitation is driven by ice-phase and liquid-phase processes, with the energy required for melting and freezing affecting both temperature and precipitation type. A major freezing rainstorm occurred in early April 2023 over Eastern Canada, causing damage to infrastructure and impacting the economy. The goal of this study is to investigate the impact of the latent heat release

South China is one of the most active regions for thunderstorms in China, yet, research on the charge structure of thunderstorms in this area remains limited. This study utilized lightning data from the Guangdong Lightning Mapping Array and radar observations to examine the charge structure of a thunderstorm that occurred in South China on June 16, 2021. The thunderstorm's charge structure underwent

Drought, a widely recognised and far-reaching natural hazard, has a profound impact on the global economy and the environment. This complex phenomenon, characterised by its severity, duration and spatial extent, is central to understanding its multifaceted impacts. Drought indices are an important tool for characterising and monitoring drought conditions. They provide a simplified way to understand

Aerosols have a profound impact on the hydrological cycle, energy equilibrium, and ecological stability of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (TP) region. Reanalysis datasets provide comprehensive aerosol information for this area regardless of weather conditions, yet their accuracy and applicability remain to be verified. The aerosol types, aerosol optical depth (AOD) and three-dimensional spatial distribution

Obtaining accurate grid precipitation data on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) has always been a challenge. Previous studies have shown that reanalysis data or corrected remote sensing precipitation products are important means of obtaining regional precipitation. Extensive evaluation studies have been conducted on the performance of these products on the TP based on observational data from the China Meteorological

The Sichuan Basin (SCB), located in Southwest China, often has serious ozone (O3) pollution due to its special topography, complex meteorological conditions and emissions. The frequent occurrence of extreme high temperature has recently aggravated the biogenic O3 precursors emission and the O3 pollution in the SCB. To quantify the O3 pollution caused by high temperature, the Weather Research and Forecasting

The Global Dimming and Brightening (GDB) phenomenon plays an important role in the Earth's climate, with clouds and aerosols being the major drivers. This study investigates GDB causes by quantifying the contributions of changes in clouds, aerosols, water vapor and ozone to the surface solar radiation (SSR) changes during 1984–2018. To this aim, radiative transfer calculations were performed by the

Satellite precipitation products (SPPs) provide valuable information for hydrological modelling. This paper presents an evaluation of the hydrological utility of in total six Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) products. Specifically, as to the IMERG V06 and V07, both the near-real-time products, i.e., Early and Late, and the post-real-time product, i.e., Final, are evaluated at the

It is presently unclear how lightning channel forms inside a thundercloud, where maximal electric field strengths are about an order of magnitude lower than the dielectric strength of air. Recently, a hypothesis has been formulated, according to which a lightning leader forms inside a hierarchical network of plasma channels that fills an area of increased intracloud electric field. The study proposes

The late summer (July and August) extreme high-temperature days (EHTDs) in Eastern China (24°–32°N, 115°–123°E) exhibit a significant increase around 1999/2000. Further investigation indicates that this shift aligns with the transition of the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV) from a cold phase to a warm phase in the late 1990s. Before 1999, the relationship between the AMV and EHTDs is relatively

Soil moisture plays a crucial role in fog formation and duration, yet its impact has not been sufficiently assessed in fog numerical simulations. This study evaluates the impact of soil moisture constraints (SMC) on fog simulation over East China using the WRF-Chem model, incorporating a series of soil moisture observation data from the China Meteorological Administration and reanalysis products. Additionally

Caused by an unprecedented East Asian high-pressure, the Yangtze River Valley (YRV) in China suffered an extreme heat dome with record-breaking heatwaves and droughts in August 2022. Concurrently, extra-tropical oceans recorded unprecedented warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs). However, the combined influence of these warm SSTs on the YRV's extreme heatwaves remains unclear. By using observational

Using airborne Ka-band probe radar (KPR) and cloud probe data obtained on 16 June 2021, the microphysical structures and particle characteristics in a stratiform cloud case with embedded convection were studied. At the mature stage, ice particles with sizes between 200 and 600 μm, including plates and linears, were predominant in the stratiform cloud regions, and the maximum particle concentration