Our knowledge of the course of extreme precipitation events (EPEs) based on both radar and automatic rain gauge measurements is limited to the last two decades; historical events can usually be characterized only by daily precipitation totals. This paper applies a newly developed method that enables the reconstruction of the subdaily course of historical precipitation events using precipitation simulations

A 3D low-frequency lightning mapping network with eight stations is deployed in the SHAndong Triggering Lightning Experiment (SHATLE) in north China. The ABA (A, B double time base) data acquisition system based on first input first output memory is adopted. The effective and stable acquisition of electromagnetic radiation data from lightning is realized by designing real-time monitoring of the acquisition

The study of the diurnal variations of the total water vapor amount in an atmospheric column, also known as Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) or Integrated Water Vapor (IWV), is highly significant in meteorology and climatology studies, yet very limited due to insufficient spatial and temporal in situ measurements. Nowadays, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) ground receivers are used along with

In this study, the performances of variational (three-dimensional variational; 3DVAR), ensemble-based (ensemble Kalman filter; EnKF), and hybrid (E3DVAR) data assimilation (DA) methods based on the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are investigated over East Asia for two one-month period of January and July in 2016. Before a comparison between three methods for two one-month

The interannual variation of East Asian winter surface air temperature (SAT) exhibits considerable differences between individual months. However, the prediction skill of dynamical models is rather low; therefore, a statistical downscaling (SD) model was employed to improve the skill for 36 winters during 1983/84–2018/19 in a cross-validated method and for 6 winters during 2013/14–2018/19 in an independent

The objective of atmospheric correction is to retrieve surface reflectance from the top of atmosphere (TOA) reflectance. However, estimating surface reflectance from the TOA reflectance satellite data requires knowledge about the state of the atmosphere (e.g., water vapor and ozone) and the contribution of aerosols to the atmospheric path radiance. Thus, obtaining precise measurements of these parameters

Extraordinary dry conditions on the desert and arid areas in Iran, along with strong influences from surrounding dust sources in the Middle East and Arabia, have exposed the country to substantial amounts of dust aerosols with serious impacts on environment, health and socio-economic aspects. Considering this threat, daily aerosol optical depth (AOD) data over Iran obtained from the Monitoring Atmospheric

The 11.5-h samples were collected at a coastal site and an urban site in coastal area, Qingdao. PM1- and PM2.5-bound water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs)、organic carbon (OC) and element carbon (EC) were analyzed in January and July 2019. PM2.5-bound elements were determined in July 2019. The results showed that the ∑WSIIs, OC and EC concentrations at coastal site were significantly lower than those

The characteristic features of inter-seasonal variability of precipitation microphysics for the year 2019 over Mumbai and Chennai – the two urban-coastal cities of Indian sub-continent have been studied in this paper. The importance of choosing the regions lies in the fact that these two cities are well-known for the occurrences of severe rainfall events due to the effect of south-west and north-east

In this study, the spatiotemporal patterns of future temperature and precipitation changes over China are explored with the regional climate model PRECIS at two horizontal resolutions (25 km and 50 km). The gauge-based temperature (CN05.1) and precipitation data (APHRODITE) are used to validate the performance of PRECIS. The results show that PRECIS has better performance in reproducing the present

In this study, observational data from the Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University (SACOL) in July 2008 were used to analyze the characteristics of the turbulence intermittency and its influence on the land-atmosphere turbulent transport over the complex terrain of the semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau in summer. Using the Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT), the local intermittent

Abstract As part of the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) field campaign, raindrop size distribution (DSD) measurements were conducted with a laser optical particle size velocity disdrometer in Motuo on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The DSD characteristics of five different rain rate classes and convective and stratiform precipitation types were studied using the DSD data

Among various gaseous oxidized mercury species, HgCl2 and HgBr2 are known to be more recalcitrant to direct photolysis under radiations. In this study, we examined a possible route to reduce HgCl2 and HgBr2 in the dry air under UV, visible and solar radiations with different levels of irradiances. Potential impact of O3 on the reductions of HgCl2 and HgBr2 were discussed. The laboratory results showed

The version 6 (V06) of Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) provides three products and their Satellite Estimates (SE) has three different temporal resolution. As the study area, the Nanliujiang River Basin (NRB) located in the coastal tropics of southern China has a hill-karst combined landform. Based on the Ground Observations (GO) from 14 gauges of NRB

The latest Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) dataset version 6, which is the successor of the multi-satellite 3B42 dataset from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA), is now recommended for many purposes. It is unclear how the quality of the latest IMERG data products compares to that of the delisted TMPA

Sundowner winds are a type of downslope windstorms observed on the southern slopes of the Santa Ynez Mountains (SYM) in Santa Barbara, southern California. The name “Sundowner” is due to the onset of strong winds near sunset. Sundowner winds can reach gale force and are extremely dangerous during wildfires. This study presents a climatology of Sundowners based on a 30 yr high spatiotemporal resolution

As a potentially effective technology for particle removal, acoustic agglomeration technology has been tested for airport defogging and weather modification. Small-scale experiments and simulation studies have shown that acoustic waves can accelerate agglomeration of droplets and aerosol particles, but this has not been confirmed by large-scale field experiments and observations. In this study, field

The study focused on an exceptional desert dust outbreak episode, in particular on the role of atmospheric circulation transporting high amounts of dust toward Portugal in February 2017. In order to assess the atmospheric conditions behind the mineral dust layer observed in Évora from lidar observations, two simulations were performed with the Meso-NH model including dust emission but with different

This study analyzes GPS dropsonde data in multiple tropical cyclones from 1997 to 2017 to investigate the boundary layer structure with a focus on helicity distribution. A helicity-based method for boundary layer height is developed and evaluated by comparing it to other boundary layer height scales including the inflow layer depth, height of the maximum tangential wind speed and thermodynamic mixed

Inclusion of the thermal and hydraulic effect of soil organic matter plays an important role in land-surface models (LSMs) for simulating soil temperature and surface energy exchanges. The current officially released Noah with multiparameterization (Noah-MP) LSM, implemented in the community Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, does not include a parameterization for soil organic matter. In

Aerosol physiochemistry and sources in the background regions of North China Plain (NCP) remains poorly characterized. Here we present a comprehensive characterization of aerosol composition and sources at an NCP mountain site during heating periods (November 12 to December 24, 2018) using a Quadrupole Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Q-AMS). The average mass concentration of non-refractory submicron aerosols

Understanding the performance of satellite-retrieved extreme rainfall rates is a prerequisite for developing appropriate flood and drought monitoring systems in a region where rain gauge data are sparse and unevenly distributed. In this study, seven satellite rainfall estimates (SREs) that primarily use the infrared (PERSIANN, PERSIANN-CDR, and TAMSATv3) and the microwave (CMORPHv1, TRMM 3B42RT, TRMM

In the Sichuan Basin (SCB), one of the four major basins in China, a one-year continuous observation study was performed using a ceilometer in Chengdu (2018.11–2019.12). The results show that the mixing layer height (MLH) in the SCB exhibits a bimodal seasonal variation pattern, with peaks in June (842 m) and October (704 m) and valleys in September (535 m) and January (607 m). Stable atmospheric conditions

Extreme dust episodes have been noticeably increasing in recent years. Dust burden during such events imparts several threats to the environment and human health. Therefore, forecast of such extreme events becomes of utmost importance to minimise the adverse impact on various socio-economy sectors. In the present study model experiments have been carried out for the simulation of an extreme dust episode

In the context of global warming, precipitation (P) and temperature (T) are the most important climate indicators playing important roles in the hydrological cycle. Nevertheless, the response of their dependency structures to the changing environment is not clearly revealed on a regional or global scale. To this end, the non-stationarity of the precipitation-temperature (P-T) dependency structure was

An intense surface low pressure system and associated cut-off low (COL) that affected the south-western Cape of South Africa on 6–7 June 2017 are analysed. The storm, locally named Cape Storm, was associated with heavy rains, strong winds, runaway fires, storm surge and extremely large waves. These extreme meteorological conditions resulted in a loss of life and damage to infrastructure in various

Cloud feedbacks continue to alter with climate change, which remains the largest source of uncertainty in global climate. Raindrop size distribution (DSD) is a fundamental characteristic of cloud microphysical and dynamical processes. This study characterizes the DSD and its response to cloud microphysical properties during the Indian Summer Monsoon season (June-October 2013–2015). The derived rain

Tornadoes were reported in south-central Chile on 30 and 31 May 2019. To better understand the mechanisms that supported the organization and severity of the storms that generated them, a series of high-resolution sensitivity simulations were conducted using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. In addition to a control simulation, three simulations were run that successively reduced the topography

Aerosol is a critical trace component of the atmosphere. Many processes in the Earth’s climate system are intimately related to aerosols via their direct and indirect radiative effects. Aerosol effects are not limited to these climatic aspects, however. They are also closely related to human health, photosynthesis, new energy, etc., which makes aerosol a central focus in many research fields. A fundamental

Autoconversion is the mass transfer from cloud to precipitation water in an early stage of cloud development, and is the dominant process in the formation of embryonic droplets that trigger precipitation formation. The accurate parameterization of this process is key, in order to improve the interaction between cloud microphysics and cloud dynamics for models from cloud scale to the global climate

Fine particle matter (PM2.5) pollution frequently occurs in winter with increased consumption for heating and decreased radiation and boundary-layer height. Under strict emission controls since 2013, the mass concentrations of PM2.5 in Beijing decreased substantially in Winter 2017/2018. However, in March 2018, the mean PM2.5 concentration doubled from ~40 to 87 μg m−3, the reason for which is still

Recently, the mesoscale model GRAMM-SCI has been further developed to make use of the freely available global ERA5 reanalysis dataset issued by the ECMWF. In this study, first results are discussed for the federal state of Styria, which is situated in the eastern Alps of Austria. Additional simulations were made with the mesoscale model WRF, which serve as a benchmark in this work. The model runs covered

Precipitation products are good choices to complement ground observations in hydrological research, but their accuracy is uncertain in different areas. This study aims to evaluate the systematic error characteristics of four major precipitation products, namely, Climate Prediction Center MORPHing technique(CMORPH), Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS), Global Land Data

An idealized framework for radar data assimilation has been developed based on the operational data assimilation system of the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) for the regional convection-permitting model of COSMO (COnsortium for Small-scale MOdelling), coupled with an Efficient Modular VOlume scanning RADar Operator (EMVORADO). The data assimilation scheme is the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter

174 snow samples were collected from a 4.5 m snow pit at Dome Argus (Dome A), East Antarctica, during the 2015–2016 austral summer. They covered a period between 1950 and 2016. These samples were measured for iron (Fe) concentrations by the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Both the total dissolvable Fe (TDFe) and dissolved Fe (DFe) were measured in order to evaluate the fractional

The quality of probabilistic precipitation and zonal wind forecasts from National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) Global Ensemble Prediction System (NEPS-G) is investigated for Indian summer monsoon period between June–September 2018. Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG GPM) are used for verification of precipitation forecasts. The

In this work, we investigated the correlation between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index and the rainfall trend in Tuscany (Italy) by using a large number of rain gauges for a high-resolution spatial scale study in a region characterized by significant morphological and climatic variability and equipped with an efficient measurement network. The relationship between NAO and rainfall was calculated

This study evaluates high resolution Climate Hazard Groups Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) with Surface Precipitation Gauge (SPG) of recent 38 years (1981–2018) through statistical metrics including Mean Error (ME), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Correlation Coefficient (CC) on daily, monthly, annual and seasonal timescales over the entire Pakistan. Trends

We report the observation results of the hard radiation flashes which accompanied the lightning discharges above the mountains of Northern Tien Shan. Time series of the counting rate intensity, numerical estimations of absolute flux, and energy distribution of accelerated electrons and of (20−2000) keV gamma rays were obtained at the height of 3700 m a. s. l., immediately within thunderclouds, and

A laboratory-based experiment has been carried out to understand the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation of carbonaceous aerosols from various sources of emissions such as combustion of wood, cow dung cake, wood-coal burning and diesel generator (DG). The aerosol particles from DG exhaust found to activate completely to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) at a higher supersaturation (SS) of 0.9%

Deserts can be considered as one of the main sources of dust emissions as they are highly vulnerable to wind erosion, i.e. The lack of vegetative cover, as well as low soil wetness, contribute to the release of particles by wind erosion. The present study examines the seasonal variation in sand and dust storms (SDSs) originating from war-impacted semi-arid bare lands affected by chemical warfare located

Using the online-coupled Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System coupled with the Chinese Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment (GRAPES_CUACE) model, numerical experiments are conducted to compare the impacts of three planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes—Medium Range Forecast (MRF), Yonsei University (YSU), and Mellor-Yamada-Janjic (MYJ)—on PM2.5 simulations and their responses to

Size-segregated aerosols (five stages from <1.1 to >7 μm in diameter) collected from a coastal location in south-west peninsular India were analysed for water-soluble ionic species, carbonaceous aerosols and metallic species on a seasonal basis for two years (2017–19). The annual mean concentration of the components Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, NO3−, Al, Fe exhibited coarse mode (> 2 μm) enhancement; while

Collecting fog from atmospheric environment or industrial processes can provide supplementary water resource. However, the collection efficiency of conventional inertial-impaction fog collectors is not satisfactory. Charging fog droplets by corona discharge process and collecting fog in an electric field are promising methods to enhance the collection efficiency of conventional inertial-impaction fog

Different air stagnation indices (ASIs) have been proposed to measure the atmospheric diffusion conditions. This paper undertakes a comparative analysis of three ASIs and explores their ability to capture the conditions conducive to elevated PM10 (particulate matter ≤10 μm) at 306 background sites in Europe for the winter and summer months of 2000–2012. Despite the similar spatial patterns of stagnation

The latest version of JAXA aerosol optical depth (AOD) product over China in 2018 from Himawari-8 Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) was evaluated, including validation with global AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) and China Aerosol Research Network (CARSNET) ground-based observations, and comparison against the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) AOD product. Considering both the quality

The topography of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays an important role in the formation of the Asian monsoon as well as global climate change. In particular, the water vapor transport patters shows redistribution under the influence of high mountains, which profoundly impacts the landscape of the local and surrounding areas. Based on satellite precipitation data of global precipitation measurements from

This study compared the historical and future simulations of precipitation in South Korea from INM-CM4 of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) 5 and INM-CM5 of CMIP6 to identify their differences for the projections of corresponding scenarios by three timeframes (annual, summer and winter) and four regions (NW, NE, SW and SE). Six performance indicators were used to quantify the models' reproducibility

The thermodynamic characteristics of the atmosphere during the pre-monsoon thunderstorm period and the transition phase from pre-monsoon to monsoon period over the gateway of Indian summer monsoon is investigated in this study. The study utilizes Stratosphere-Troposphere (ST) wind profiling Radar, Microwave Radiometer, and GPS radiosonde observations. A sharp increase in the boundary-layer and middle-layer

A novel radiation calibration method (Qiu et al., 2014) is improved using two new calibration selection criteria for quality control and is then used to analyze the uncertainties in global, direct and scattering solar irradiance (GSI, DSI and SSI, respectively) measurements at Izana, a Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) site. A total of 476 days of accepted calibration results from 2011 to 2014