Disaster loss indicators compatible with DesInventar Sendai were delineated to facilitate reporting to the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR), and enable monetary valuation of disaster impacts in Malaysia. A standard means of collecting disaggregated information to ensure compliance to SFDRR targets is a challenge for many governments. A systematic review of the literature facilitated

Single scattering albedo (SSA) is a key parameter to estimate aerosol direct radiative forcing. However, retrieving SSA from satellite observations is still challenging. In this study, a new method optimizing the aerosol optical model based on four basic aerosol components is developed for retrieving SSA from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. The new method takes advantage

Previous studies have found that global land precipitation is decreased after explosive volcanic eruptions, especially over global summer monsoon regions. However, detailed changes in daily precipitation distributions and related physical mechanisms remain unclear. This study examines responses of daily precipitation distribution to low-latitude volcanic eruptions using observations and Coupled Model

With current annual production of over 110 million metric tons, US soybean [Glycine max (L.) Mer.] grain production can drop drastically due to extreme weather. The record heat and drought of 2012, a La Niña year, caused a 10% decline in national soybean yield. Inclement years are often linked to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, causing drought, heavy rainfall, or extreme temperatures

The geographical location of Central India (CI) is often under the influence of a variety of weather phenomena, viz., the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) and its associated low-pressure systems, heat waves, cold waves, and western disturbances. The present study investigates the Vertical Structure of atmospheric Turbulence (VST) in terms of the refractive index structure parameter (Cn2), in the troposphere

Ecosystem service gets more attention among the environmental policy-makers in large-scale industries, especially in the mining industry. The service may direct or indirect benefit to people in various ways. The millennium ecosystem assessment typology is used to appraise the impact on ecosystems, and human well-being, and the ecosystem services are divided into four types as provisioning, regulating

Buildings are an important component of urban form and have complex relationships with land surface temperature (LST). However, the limited availability of high-spatial-resolution data has constrained studies of these relationships at fine scales. In this study, we used airborne LiDAR data, airborne thermal infrared images, and building vector data to quantify the relationships between seven building

The second-generation Modern-ERA Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2) land surface temperature (LST) dataset has been widely used for permafrost mapping in specific areas; however, its accuracy and application need to be evaluated over China. In this study, the MERRA-2 LST was evaluated against meteorological observations and three other reanalysis datasets including the first-generation

This paper describes the occurrences and conditions before Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) are initiated over the Canadian Prairies, using 10 years of observations and convection-permitting climate model simulations. The features of MCSs occurring in summer were analyzed using the Regional Deterministic Reforecast System (RDRS, hourly and 10-km grid spacing) and ECMWF Reanalysis v5 (ERA5)-forced

Aerosol optical depth (AOD) products provided by satellite sensors are widely used in climate modeling and climate change research. However, inconsistencies between products can cause large biases. It is necessary to integrate multiple satellite aerosol products to produce a consistent and high-quality aerosol record that satisfies the requirements of climate research users. To effectively combine

Tropical cyclone (TC) activity affecting Taiwan and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exhibit systematic relationships in the July–September season. El Niño events can induce more [EN(more TC)] or fewer [EN(fewer TC)] TCs affecting Taiwan, but fewer TCs are dominantly caused by La Niña events [LN(fewer TC)]. In the EN(more TC) type, a meridionally stratified circulation pattern exists consisting

This paper reveals the dynamic movement characteristics of thunderstorms using total lightning data obtained from very low- and low-frequency (VLF/LF) location measurements. Eight thunderstorms, which were evenly distributed in the morning, midday, afternoon and evening, are selected to compare the different kinematic features over the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in the south of China from 17 to

Sulfuric acid is a key contributor to new particle formation, though measurements of its gaseous concentrations are difficult to make. Several parameterizations to estimate sulfuric acid exist, all of which were constructed using measurements from the Northern Hemisphere. In this work, we report the first measurements of sulfuric acid from the Amazon basin. These measurements are consistent with concentrations

Oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs) are crucial for atmospheric new particle formation and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) growth. Therefore, understanding their chemical composition, temporal behavior, and sources is of great importance. Previous studies on OOMs mainly focus on environments where biogenic sources are predominant, yet studies on sites with dominant anthropogenic emissions, such as

Abstract. We develop a new approach to monitor Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) events under climate change since 1980 based on reanalysis data, verified by radio occultation data. We construct gridded daily-mean temperature anomalies and employed the concept of Threshold Exceedance Areas (TEAs), the geographic areas wherein the anomalies exceed predefined thresholds (such as 30 K) to monitor the

Abstract. Recent model inter-comparison studies highlighted model discrepancies in reproducing the climatic impacts of large explosive volcanic eruptions, calling into question the reliability of global aerosol model simulations for future scenarios. Here, we analyse the simulated evolution of the stratospheric aerosol plume following the well observed June 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption by six interactive

Abstract. Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) events are regularly observed in urban Beijing, despite high concentrations of background particles which, based on theory, should inhibit NPF due to high values of coagulation sink (CoagS). The survival probability, which depends on both CoagS and particle growth rate (GR) is a key parameter in determining occurrence of NPF events, as it describes

Abstract. Haze pollution is a severe environmental problem, caused by elevation of fine particles (aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm, PM2.5), which is related to secondary aerosol formation, unfavourable synoptic conditions, regional transport, etc. The regional haze formation in basin areas, along with intensive emission of precursors, high relative humidity and poor dispersion conditions, is still limitedly

More than 1 Tg smoke aerosol was emitted into the atmosphere by the exceptional 2019–2020 southeastern Australian wildfires. Triggered by the extreme fire heat, several deep pyroconvective events carried the smoke directly into the stratosphere. Once there, smoke aerosol remained airborne considerably longer than in lower atmospheric layers. The thick plumes traveled eastward, thereby being distributed

To control the spread of COVID-19, exceptional restrictive measures were taken in March 2020 that imposed a radical change on the lifestyle of millions of citizens around the world, albeit for a short period. The national lockdown, which lasted from 10 March to 18 May 2020 in Italy, was a unique opportunity to observe the variation in air quality in urban environments under conditions comprising almost

Aerosol particles are important for radiation effects, cloud formation, and therefore the climate system. A detailed understanding of the spatial distribution of aerosol particles within the atmospheric boundary layer, which depends on sources and sinks, as well as long-range transport and vertical exchange, is important. Especially in marine regions, where the climate effect of clouds is comparably

In this study, we modeled the aerosol particle formation along air mass trajectories arriving at the remote Arctic research stations Gruvebadet (67 m a.s.l.) and Zeppelin (474 m a.s.l.), Ny-Ålesund, during May 2018. The aim of this study was to improve our understanding of processes governing secondary aerosol formation in remote Arctic marine environments. We run the Lagrangian chemistry transport

Abstract. The global carbon cycle is experiencing continued perturbations via increases in atmospheric carbon concentrations. Greenhouse gas satellites that are designed to retrieve atmospheric carbon concentrations can help observe seasonal to interannual variations and sources of carbon dioxide. Recent work has shown that these satellites are further applicable beyond their design specifications

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosols can act as ice nucleating particles (INPs) and thereby influence the formation and the microphysical properties of cirrus clouds resulting in distinct climate modifications. From laboratory experiments several types of aerosol particles have been identified as effective INPs at cirrus conditions. However, the global atmospheric distribution of INPs in the cirrus regime

Abstract. Numerical models of atmospheric dispersion are used for predicting the health and environmental consequences of nuclear accidents, in order to anticipate the countermeasures necessary to protect the populations. However, the simulations of these models suffer from significant uncertainties, arising in particular from input data: weather conditions and source term. To characterize weather

Increasing heat-stress conditions, rising evaporative demand and shifting rainfall patterns may have multifaceted impacts on Cambodia's agricultural systems, including vegetable production. Concurrently, domestic vegetable supply is highly seasonal and inadequate to meet the domestic food demand, which consequently poses risks to food security locally, particularly in rural areas. This study assesses

The boreal forest is an important global carbon (C) sink. Since low soil nitrogen (N) availability is commonly a key constraint on forest productivity, the prevalent view is that increased N input enhances its C sink-strength. This understanding however relies primarily on observations of increased aboveground tree biomass and soil C stock following N fertilization, whereas empirical data evaluating

We present an Arctic aerosol optical depth (AOD) climatology and trend analysis for 2003–2019 spring and summertime periods derived from a combination of multi-agency aerosol reanalyses, remote-sensing retrievals, and ground observations. This includes the U.S. Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System ReAnalysis version 1 (NAAPS-RA v1), the NASA Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and

The stratospheric meridional overturning circulation, also referred to as the Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC), controls the composition of the stratosphere, which, in turn, affects radiation and climate. As the BDC cannot be directly measured, one has to infer its strength and trends indirectly. For instance, trace gas measurements allow the calculation of average transit times.Satellite measurements

Photooxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produces condensable oxidized organics (COOs) to yield secondary organic aerosol (SOA), but the fundamental chemical mechanism for gas-to-particle conversion remains uncertain. Here we elucidate the production of COOs and their roles in SOA and brown carbon (BrC) formation from m-xylene oxidation by simultaneously monitoring the evolution of gas-phase

Biomass burning in southwestern Africa produces smoke plumes that are transported over the Atlantic Ocean and overlie vast regions of stratocumulus clouds. This aerosol layer contributes to direct and indirect radiative forcing of the atmosphere in this region particularly during the months of August, September, and October. There was a multi-year international campaign to study this aerosol and its

The size and frequency of wildfires in the western United States have been increasing, and this trend is projected to continue, with increasing adverse consequences for human health. Gas- and particle-phase organic compounds are the main components of wildfire emissions. Some of the directly emitted compounds are hazardous air pollutants, while others can react with oxidants to form secondary air pollutants

In a companion paper (Xian et al., 2022, part 1 of the study), we present an Arctic aerosol optical depth (AOD) climatology and trend analysis for 2003–2019 spring and summertime periods derived from a combination of aerosol reanalyses, remote-sensing retrievals, and ground observations. Continued from the previous discussion and as the second part of the study, we report the statistics and trends

A series of experiments was designed and conducted in the Manchester Aerosol Chamber (MAC) to study the photo-oxidation of single and mixed biogenic (isoprene and α-pinene) and anthropogenic (o-cresol) precursors in the presence of NOx and ammonium sulfate seed particles. Several online techniques (HR-ToF-AMS, semi-continuous GC-MS, NOx and O3 analyser) were coupled to the MAC to monitor the gas and

To elucidate the molecular chemical compositions, volatility–polarity distributions, and influencing factors of Chinese cooking emissions, a comprehensive cooking emission experiment was conducted. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), intermediate volatility, and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) from cooking fumes were analysed by a thermal desorption comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

Abstract. Dry deposition is a fundamental process that removes particles from the atmosphere, and therefore directly controls their lifetime and total impact on air quality and radiative forcing. The processes influencing dry deposition are poorly constrained in models. Seasonal changes in dry deposition remain uncertain due to the lack of observations over multiple seasons. We present measurements

Abstract. Urban air consists of a complex mixture of gaseous and particulate species from anthropogenic and biogenic sources that are further processed in the atmosphere. This study investigated the features and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and submicron organic aerosol (OA) at a street canyon in Helsinki, Finland in late summer. The main anthropogenic VOCs (aVOCs) and biogenic VOCs

Abstract. Through analyzing observations and simulations from the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry, we investigated instant and delayed responses of large-scale atmospheric circulations and precipitation to biomass burning (BB) aerosols over the Indochina Peninsula (ICP) in the peak emission of March. The results show that the BB aerosols inhibit precipitation over the

Abstract. We apply atmospheric methane column retrievals from two different satellite instruments (GOSAT and TROPOMI) to a regional inversion framework to quantify East Asian methane emissions for 2019 at 0.5° × 0.625° horizontal resolution. The goal is to assess if GOSAT (relatively mature but sparse) and TROPOMI (new and dense) observations inform consistent methane emissions from East Asia. Comparison

Understanding the evolution of the ice phase within mixed-phase clouds (MPCs) is necessary to reduce uncertainties related to the cloud radiative feedback in climate projections and precipitation initiation. Both primary ice formation via ice-nucleating particles (INPs) and secondary ice production (SIP) within MPCs are unconstrained, not least because of the lack of atmospheric observations. In the

Intensive coal mining activities in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) in southern Poland are resulting in large amounts of methane (CH4) emissions. Annual CH4 emissions reached 448 kt according to the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR, 2017). As a CH4 emission hotspot in Europe, it is of importance to investigate its emission sources and make accurate emission estimates.In

Abstract. We studied the potential of using a global-scale climate model for analyzing simultaneously both city-level air quality and regional and global scale radiative forcing values for anthropogenic aerosols. As the city-level air pollution values are typically underestimated in global-scale models, we used a machine learning approach to downscale fine particulate (PM2.5) concentrations towards

Abstract. Heterogeneous ice nucleation on dust particles in the atmosphere is a key mechanism for ice formation in clouds. However, the conditions of a particle surface for efficient ice nucleation are poorly understood. In this study we present results of immersion freezing experiments using differential scanning calorimetry on emulsified mineral dust suspensions, involving the two chemically identical

Abstract. We present an analysis of atmospheric transport impact on estimating CO2 fluxes using two atmospheric inversion systems (CarboScope Regional (CSR) and LUMIA) over Europe for 2018. The main focus of this study is to quantify the dominant drivers of spread amid CO2 estimates derived from atmospheric tracer inversions. The Lagrangian transport models STILT and FLEXPART were used to assess the

This study compared forecasts of a squall line and a mesoscale convective system (MCS) over China produced by assimilating Doppler radar data using four-dimensional ensemble Kalman filter (4DEnKF) and EnKF methods. In the 4DEnKF approach, four-dimensional ensemble covariances were incorporated to consider the time differences of the radar data collected at different elevation angles within a volume

The goal of this work is to optimize five parameters of expected high impact on COSMO model performance in non-hydrostatic regime using a calibration method based on the so called Meta-Model. The domain of consideration covers the Central-Eastern Mediterranean area with a horizontal mesh of 0.030 (~3.3 km). The optimization technique considers observations at twenty-two Greek and sixty-four Israeli

The multi-scale convection activities are highly prone to induce the local severe rainstorms within Yangtze River Basin (YRB), and the orographic effect of the windward slope located within the Second-Step Terrain Region (SSTR) is widely confirmed to have significant roles in strengthening the multi-scale Eastward-Moving Southwest Vortex (EMSV) systems that belongs to a typical type of the convection

This study investigates the influence of LULC representation on surface meteorological conditions associated with monsoon depressions (MDs) in the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. A total of 18 MDs were considered during 2007–2018, with a life period of at least two days. Two simulations are performed at a 5-km grid-spacing, ingesting the LULC from the United States Geological

Investigating CO2 fluxes and carbon budget in agro-ecosystems is essential to develop climate smart agriculture. Here, we conducted a thorough analysis on the daily, seasonal and inter-annual variations in CO2 fluxes and carbon budget in a winter-wheat and summer-maize rotation system in the North China Plain (NCP) to better understand the CO2 flux exchange and the underlying mechanisms of carbon budget

Root-zone water storage is a core component of many hydrological systems, and a critical variable influencing water transport in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere continuum and biogeochemical processes. However, the dynamics of water bypass and replenishment in root-zone during precipitation infiltration processes have been rarely investigated. Here we employed a piecewise isotope balance method to estimate

The accurate extreme precipitation simulations of the GCMs during the historical period are more likely to offer reliable forecasts in the future. In this study, we evaluated the abilities of 22 GCMs of CMIP6 in simulating extreme precipitation over Central Asia in the early spring, summer, and late winter, when extreme precipitation can be very threatening. Based on seven extreme precipitation indices