The Oquirrh-Wood River Basin is a Pennsylvanian to Permian clastic and carbonate basin in northwestern Utah and southern Idaho, USA. The basin is commonly considered the northwesternmost expression of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains (ARM). Basin fill is locally up to 9 km thick. Facies range from shelf carbonates to deep marine debrites, and generally deepen from basin initiation to the beginning of

Concurrent expansion of grassland habitat in the Americas and first appearances of immigrant taxa to Mexico via the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI) during the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene suggest a possible link between the timing of migrations and changes in the environmental conditions. However, the causes and environmental context of GABI migrations are not well understood. This study

Abstract The study presents the results of the correlation analysis for the average seasonal values of intensity of solar UV radiation (297–330 nm), as well as for the energy of the lines of solar spectral irradiance with total solar irradiance and total magnetic field of the Sun for the period of 2008–2018 (the 24th cycle of solar activity). The analysis is carried out using the spectral observations

Abstract The structure of the space weather center to support international air navigation established according to the ICAO resolution is considered. The brief review of space weather events, effects, and related risks is presented. The regulator requirements for space weather centers and their operation features are described.

Abstract The paper deals with the quality assessment and the analysis of possible corrections of the empirical model of the shape and position of the high-latitude boundary of the Earth’s outer radiation belt [2] using the full dataset on the electron fluxes with energy above 100 keV measured in the recent 5 years at the orbit of the Meteor-M No. 2 satellite. The high-latitude boundary of the Earth’s

Abstract The object of research is the methods for monitoring and forecasting strong space weather disturbances affecting the radiation environment and radio communication during air travels. The monitoring techniques used by the existing space weather centers are analyzed: the U.S. Center, the PECASUS consortium (Great Britain, Finland, Germany, Poland, Austria, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Cyprus

Abstract A possibility of correcting ionosphere climate models based on data from a single observation station equipped with the vertical radio sounding ionosonde is studied to monitor the Earth plasma shell in the vicinity of this measuring instrument. The SIMP-STANDARD and IRI models are used for the study. The probabilities of the fact that relative deviations of corrected models are below 10% are

Abstract The potential is investigated of predicting the time series of the Dst geomagnetic index using various adaptive methods: artificial neural networks (classical multilayer perceptrons), decision trees (random forest), gradient boosting. The prediction is based on the parameters of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field measured at the Lagrange point L1 in the ACE spacecraft experiment

Abstract The need to reparametrize the OVATION Prime (2010) empirical auroral precipitation model using the Russian polar cap index (PC index) is considered. For this purpose, the integrated auroral power of particle precipitation obtained from the Polar satellite data for the period from December 1996 to June 1998 is compared with the PC index and the Newell’s coupling function. The analysis revealed

Abstract The ways are studied to improve the quality of prediction of the time series of hourly mean fluxes and daily total fluxes (fluences) of relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt of the Earth 1 to 24 hours ahead and 1 to 4 days ahead, respectively. The prediction uses an approximation approach based on various machine learning methods, namely, artificial neural networks (ANNs), decision

Abstract Observations and initial analysis of interplanetary scintillation data are briefly described in the framework of the program for the solar wind monitoring with the modernized LPI LPA radio telescope that started in 2014. The examples of detecting interplanetary coronal mass injections (ICME) and co-rotating interaction regions (CIR) of different-speed flows are presented. It is shown that

Water isotope-based hydrological and paleoaltimetry studies in high mountain areas are generally done using the isotopic composition of river discharge. However, rivers capture a basin averaged signal of regional precipitation and are less likely to register the meteorological processes intrinsic to distinct hydrological fractions at different altitudes. This has been observed in the Khumbu (Mt. Everest)

In this study, we show that limitations in the representation of land cover and vegetation seasonality in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) model are partially responsible for large biases (up to ∼10 ºC, either positive or negative depending on the region) on the simulated daily maximum land surface temperature (LST) with respect to satellite Earth Observations (EOs)

The parameterization of cloud entrainment rates has been problematic for many years, hindering the accurate representation of convective processes in large-scale models. Here, we extend our previous work on individual shallow convection to ensemble deep convection. Entrainment rates are estimated based on three-dimensional convective clouds from August 19–20 of 1999, during the Kwajalein Experiment

It is known that air pollution affects human health and commuting environments are significant contributors to the total daily personal exposure to air pollution. With this study we aim at assessing and comparing personal exposure to traffic-related air pollution and related estimated inhaled dose of different typical commuter profiles in real-world scenarios focusing on multimodal commuting and different

This study evaluates land use/cover changes and urban expansion in Lahore, Pakistan from 2000 to 2020 using satellite images and socio-economic data. Spatial and temporal dynamics of land use/cover changes were quantified using five Landsat images, a supervised classification algorithm post-classification change detection and the intensity analysis technique in GIS. Landsat images 2000, 2005, 2010

The knowledge about spatial variation of annual rainfall is important for many applications ranging from agriculture planning to flood risk management in a tropical low-lying country like Bangladesh. The remotely sensed data has emerged as a suitable addition to the data source which is often suggested for use at ungauged conditions. This study investigates whether the remotely sensed outputs on its

Accurate measurements of actual evapotranspiration (ETa) and crop coefficients (Kc) are essential to know crop water requirements and to improve irrigation scheduling. The eddy covariance (EC) technique is increasingly being used to do so. Precise information on Kc for lowland rice is essential for local- and regional-scale irrigation planning but it is lacking for tropical humid climates such as those

Evaluation of the performance of daily satellite-based rainfall (CMORPH, CHIRPS, GPM IMERG, and TRMM) was done to obtain applicable satellite rainfall estimates in the groundwater basin of the Merapi Aquifer System (MAS). Performance of satellite data was assessed by applying descriptive statistics, categorical statistics, and bias decomposition on the basis of daily rainfall intensity classification

Model errors are increasingly seen as a fundamental performance limiter in both Numerical Weather Prediction and Climate Prediction simulations run with state of the art Earth system digital twins. This has motivated recent efforts aimed at estimating and correcting the systematic, predictable components of model error in a consistent data assimilation framework. While encouraging results have been

Communities throughout the Pacific Islands region have experienced, and will continue to experience, extensive non-economic loss and damage (NELD) from climate change. Assessments of loss and damage, however, often fall short on their coverage of these non-economic dimensions, which can distort our understanding of climate change impacts, discount the experiences of some and skew future decision-making

ABSTRACT Several studies have been conducted to decrease the cost of sorbents used for the control of mercury emissions. Thus far, several sorbents with low surface areas have been reported to exhibit promising mercury removal capacities. However, based on the results reported, it is difficult to understand the mechanisms of adsorption and oxidization of elemental mercury on sorbents with low surface

Abstract The present study aims at quantification of the quality of three varieties of composts made from municipal solid waste, green waste and combined waste by critically evaluating their physicochemical attributes, effect on soil fertility and metal pollution risk. Each waste type was treated with effective micro-organisms to compare the compost quality using Quality Control Indices. The effect

The Cl/OH initiated temperature dependent photo-oxidative reaction kinetics of methyl butyrate (MB) were examined using a relative rate (RR) technique. Gas chromatography with flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection were used to monitor the concentration of the reactants and to identify the products. The temperature dependent kinetics of MB with Cl atoms were measured with respect to the

In this study, a Land Data Assimilation System (LDAS) is applied over the Carpathian Basin at the Hungarian Meteorological Service to monitor the above-ground biomass, surface fluxes (carbon and water), and the associated root-zone soil moisture at the regional scale (spatial resolution of 8 km × 8 km) in quasi-real-time. In this system the SURFEX model is used, which applies the vegetation growth

This paper reconciled the soil ecology benefits of forages and ruminants with reducing GHG emissions from beef. A scenario analysis compared four integrated systems for beef, pork and broilers. Slaughter cattle diets were either business as usual (BAU) or grass fed (GF), and the combined red meat consumption could not exceed the recommendation for human health. The four consumption scenarios included

China was the first country to undergo large-scale lockdowns in response to the pandemic in early 2020 and a progressive return to normalization after April 2020. Spaceborne observations of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), including formaldehyde (HCHO), glyoxal (CHOCHO), and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), reveal important changes over China in 2020

There is a well-documented association between ambient fine particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Exposure to PM2.5 can cause premature death and harmful and chronic health effects such as heart attack, diabetes, and stroke. The Environmental Protection Agency sets annual PM2.5 standards to reduce these negative health effects. Currently

The main goal of this study is to present a recently developed classification method for weather types based on the vorticity and the location of the synoptic centers relative to the Adriatic region. The basis of the present objective classification, applied to the Adriatic region, is the subjective classification developed by Poje. Our algorithm considered daily mean sea-level pressure and 500 hPa

We discuss the measurements of black carbon concentrations in the composition of atmospheric aerosol over the seas of the North Atlantic and European sector of the Arctic Ocean (21 expeditions in 2007–2020). The black carbon concentrations were measured by an aethalometer and filter method. The comparison of the two variants of the measurements of the black carbon concentrations showed that the data

Sea breezes have been observed to move inland over 100 km. These airmasses can be markedly different from regional airmasses, creating a shallow layer with differences in humidity, wind, temperature and aerosol characteristics. To understand their influence on boundary layer and cloud development on subsequent days, we identify their frequency and characteristics. We visually identified sea breeze

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in stay-at-home policies and other social distancing behaviors in the United States in spring of 2020. This paper examines the impact that these actions had on emissions and expected health effects through reduced personal vehicle travel and electricity consumption. Using daily cell phone mobility data for each U.S. county, we find that vehicle travel dropped about 40%

The Waves instrument aboard Juno is a sophisticated radio astronomy observatory investigating Jupiter’s auroral radio emissions and plasma wave interactions. Waves records electric field properties using two monopole antennas, which are connected to form a dipole. The receiving properties of the Waves dipole changes quite remarkably over the instrument’s frequency range from near DC to 40 MHz. In this

We propose a quantitative model-based workflow for conformance verification of CO2 storage projects. Bayesian inference is applied to update an ensemble of simulation models that capture prior uncertainty based on mismatches with measured data. Conformance assessments are derived by comparison of updated model predictions with storage permit requirements and confidence criteria. Two examples, one conceptual

We present numerical modelling of long-term CO2 storage in saline aquifers using field dataset in the Sleipner carbon capture and storage project in offshore Norway. A compositional reservoir simulation model was constructed for an entire section of the reservoir whose thickness is approximately 200 m. We used a fine grid system with a thickness of down to 0.2 m to capture thin intraformational mudrock

Abstract. Situated at the southern edge of the proto-North Sea the lower Eocene Schöningen Formation of the Helmstedt Lignite Mining District, Lower Saxony, Germany is characterized by several lignite seams alternating with estuarine to brackish interbeds. Here, we present carbon isotope data of bulk organic matter (δ13CTOC), organic carbon content (%TOC), and palynomorphs from a 98 m thick sequence

Ice clouds and their effect on earth's radiation budget are one of the largest sources of uncertainty in climate change predictions. The uncertainty in predicting ice cloud feedbacks in a warming climate arises due to uncertainties in measuring and explaining their current optical and microphysical properties as well as from insufficient knowledge about their spatial and temporal distribution. This

Abstract. Aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) and mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) are two analytical methods for characterizing the chemical composition of OM. While AMS provides high-temporal-resolution bulk measurements, the extensive fragmentation during the electron impact (EI) ionization makes the characterization of OM components limited. The analysis of aerosols collected on PTFE filters using MIR

This study aims to utilize the existing new and superior heatwave (HW) indices (ClimPACTv2) software to identify the decadal changes of HW aspects (number (HWN), duration (HWD), frequency (HWF), amplitude (HWA), and magnitude (HWM)) over Egypt during the period 1979–2018. The 90th percentile threshold maximum (TX90), minimum (TN90) temperatures, and excess heat factor (EHF) indices were chosen to compute

Understanding the dynamics and distribution of CO2 in the subsurface atmosphere of carbonate karst massifs provides important insights into dissolution and precipitation processes, the role of karst systems in the global carbon cycle, and the use of speleothems for paleoclimate reconstructions. We discuss long-term microclimatic observations in a passage of Postojna Cave, Slovenia, focusing on high

Late Boda warming was the last warm episode in the Late Ordovician, and little is known about its cause. Volcanism was a hypothetical candidate that triggered this warming event owing to its potential to enhance the atmospheric CO2 level. Here, we conducted a high-resolution petrographic and geochemical study on the bentonite beds-bearing intervals from the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation in South

Greenhouse gas (GHG) and pollutant emissions are closely related to the economic structure. Most of the existing studies focused on single type of emissions and cannot provide guidance for co-controlling multiple emissions. Here, we provide an improved elasticity method based on input-output model that relates both supply and demand side at high resolution, evaluated for GHG emissions, local air pollution

A zero-carbon society requires dramatic change everywhere including in buildings, a large and politically sensitive sector. Technical possibilities exist but implementation is slow. Policies include many hard-to-evaluate regulations and may suffer from rebound mechanisms. We use dynamic econometric analysis of European macro data for the period 1990–2018 to systematically examine the importance of

Investigation on the climatic effects of irrigation is of great significance to fully understand the impact of water management on the Earth’s environment and hydrological cycle. To comprehensively explore the effects of irrigation across different climatic regions over China, we propose a novel combined irrigation scheme (including dynamic and fixed irrigation schemes) into the WRF-Noah-mosaic model

Predicting solid particle transport in the lowest parts of the atmosphere is a major issue for man-made obstacles in semi-arid regions. Here, we investigate the effects on solid particle saltation, of square obstacles on the ground with different spacings. The aerodynamic field is determined by large eddy simulations coupled with an immersed boundary method for the obstacles. Solid particles are tracked

With the observation of a 14-site FALMA in the Hokuriku region of Japan, we identified a special type of lightning stroke called “compact stroke” in winter thunderstorms. A compact stroke starts with a fast downward negative leader followed by a “compact return stroke”. Compact strokes have the following characteristics that are not seen in normal lightning strokes: (1) Durations of preceding discharges

We present the results of our research on Wikiproject Tropical Cyclones, and on the readership of articles about hurricanes and cyclones that this Wikiproject curates. According to our findings, Wikiproject Tropical Cyclones delivers the highest quality content of all Wikiprojects on English Wikipedia. We also find that both readership and editing of the articles on tropical cyclones are highly correlated

The characteristics of atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) in Hefei, China in winter, spring, and autumn 2016 were investigated in this study. Higher GEM concentrations in spring were associated with more abundant anthropogenic emissions and biomass burning before spring plowing. GEM concentrations in the three seasons decreased significantly compared to 2013–2014 levels (22.2%–49.2%), which

The western Maritime Continent and Southeast Asia lie at the heart of the largest area of high precipitation on Earth. Extreme precipitation is one of the major high impact weather events to affect the population of over 500 million in this region. The deep convection associated with this extreme precipitation is difficult to forecast, even with modern high-resolution numerical weather prediction with

Model predictions are sensitive to a number of complex and often coupled input parameters. Some of these parameters have a wide range of acceptable values from literature and therefore choosing the appropriate value is non-trivial. In this paper, we use the INdoor Detailed Chemical Model (INDCM) to perform a Monte Carlo analysis, in which a wide but realistic range of model input parameter values is

Modelling of ambient particle number concentrations (PNC) has been implemented in the Danish air quality modelling system DEHM/UBM/AirGIS and evaluated with long-term measurements. We implemented particle dynamical processes in the regional scale model DEHM using the M7 aerosol dynamics module (presented in the accompanying article by Frohn et al. 2021), and we developed models for PNC at the local

The role of deposition fluxes on the mercury cycle at Concordia station, on the high Antarctic plateau have been investigated over the Austral summer between December 2017 to January 2018. Wet/frozen deposition was collected daily from specially sited tables, simultaneously with the collection of surface (0-3 cm) and subsurface (3-6 cm) snow and the analysis of Hg0 in the ambient air. Over the course

The integrated model system DEHM/UBM/AirGIS, developed at Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, has been extended with the dynamic aerosol module M7 to account for particle number concentrations of particles with diameters below 1 μm in the atmosphere. The aim of this development is to quantify the spatial and temporal distribution of particle number concentration across Denmark and

The goal of this work is to summarize synoptic meteorological conditions during the Coastal Fog (C-FOG) field project that took place onshore and offshore of the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland, from 25 August until 8 October 2018. Visibility was measured at three locations at the Ferryland supersite that are about 1 km from each other, and at two additional sites 66 and 76 km to the north. Supporting