Using analogue techniques, we attempted to model the complex tectonic deformation pattern observed along the North-Anatolian Fault in the Sea of Marmara from morpho-bathymetry and seismic reflection images. In particular this paper focuses on the so-called Cinarcik segment of the fault connecting the eastern Izmit segment, which entirely ruptured during the Mw 7.4, 1999 earthquake, to the western segment

RomUkrSeis is a controlled source wide-angle reflection and refraction (WARR) profile acquired in August 2014. It is 675 km long, running roughly SW-NE from the Apuseni Mountains in Romania and the Transylvanian Basin, crossing the arc of the Eastern Carpathian orogen and terminating in the East European Craton (EEC) in SW Ukraine. Well-constrained 2-D ray-tracing P- and partly S-wave velocity models

We present magnetotelluric (MT) data from the northern Fennoscandian shield, which show extreme behavior due to the complex geoelectric setting left behind by the tectonic reworking of the Archaean bedrock during the Palaeoproterozoic. The core of the MT data set from the central Finnish Lapland were acquired in 2014 in the context of the MaSca-project. Extreme data are defined by the condition where

We present a large set of fault-slip data together with six UPb ages on calcite vein fillings constraining the kinematics and timing of near-surface (uppermost 2–3 km of crust) faulting of the uplifted South German block in the northern foreland of the NW-ward advancing Alps. The structural data confirm earlier studies showing Miocene subhorizontal NE-directed extension with shortening mainly being

Knowledge of the internal architecture of mafic-ultramafic intrusions is critical to efficient targeting of magmatic Ni-PGE mineralisation. However, the visual homogeneity of such rocks in drill-core, coupled with poor outcrop in many areas can make their structure difficult to decipher using standard techniques. In this study we use measurements of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and remanent

The Cordillera Blanca shear zone (CBSZ) occupies the footwall of the Cordillera Blanca detachment fault, an active low-moderate angle detachment fault extending for ~200 km along the western margin of the Cordillera Blanca in central Peru. Recrystallized quartz paleopiezometry, two-feldspar thermometry on asymmetric strain-induced myrmekite, and structural analysis from the CBSZ provide evidence for

Crustal segments, such as those in Eastern Turkey, which host magma chambers, volcanoes, and fault zones, experience complex stresses generated through interactions between regional tectonic loading, magmatic pressure, and geothermal dynamics. Here we model these competing loading mechanisms and examine their effects on generating stresses in a complex crustal segment which has been subjected to orogenesis

Earthquake occurrence in the stress shadow provides a unique opportunity for extracting information about the physical processes behind earthquakes because it highlights processes other than the ambient stress change in earthquake generation. In this study, we examined the fault structure and the spatiotemporal distribution of the aftershocks of the 2019 M6.7 Yamagata-Oki earthquake, which occurred

Since the Mesozoic, the Lhasa-Gangdese block has undergone several stages of tectonism-magmatism caused by the closure of the New-Tethys Ocean and the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates, which led to the lithospheric shortening and crustal uplift. Through the careful processing and analysis of the magnetotelluric data on the eastern margin of the Lhasa-Gangdese block near 92°E, a reliable

The Afar region in East Africa is a key locality for studying continental break-up. Within Afar proper, passive margins are developing, of which the Southern Afar Margin (SAM) contains synthetic (basinward) faulting, whereas crustal flexure, antithetic faulting and marginal grabens occur along the Western Afar Margin (WAM). Numerous conflicting scenarios for the evolution of the WAM exist. In this

Although the tectonic evolution of the southern Himalaya has been extensively studied, relatively few studies have focused on potential neotectonic activity in the most hinterland part of Himalaya, north of the region that separates the southern edge of the Tibetan plateau from the peaks of the Higher Himalayan Range. Here we use a combination of new structural and geomorphic field data, Optically

The Iglesia basin hosts a key sedimentary archive of the evolution of the southern Central Andes. This basin is classically interpreted as recording the transition from an outer- to an inner-wedge-top (piggyback basin) depozone in the early Bermejo foreland basin system. In this study, we reevaluate the tectonic evolution of the Iglesia basin based on the interpretation of 2D seismic reflection data

The Xiaojiang fault zone system (XJFS) is located in the southeastern Tibet with high seismicity. In this study, we invert Rayleigh and Love wave dispersion curves obtained from three dense seismic arrays jointly for high-resolution 3-D crustal average shear wave velocity and radial anisotropy models simultaneously in XJFS. Our model reveals that the upper crust and mid-lower crust generally exhibit

The East Asian continent underwent intense crustal shortening-thickening and following large-scale lithospheric extension in the late Mesozoic due to multiple plate convergence. How to respond to the multiple plate convergence in the North China Craton remains enigmatic. Here we undertaken structural measurements and fault kinematic analysis of the Kalaqin massif in the northern part of the North China

We report the first late Pleistocene left-lateral slip rate of the northern Chaman fault in Afghanistan based on 10Be dating of offset alluvial fan surfaces. Field mapping complemented with analysis of CORONA and ALOS PRISM satellite images and shaded relief and topographic data allows us to identify piercing points across the fault zone at two displaced alluvial fans (Ghat Bandakul and Azadkhail)

Crustal flow in southwestern China is commonly attributed to the continental collision between the Indian and the Eurasian plates. Therefore, studying crustal flow in this area can provide valuable insight into the collisional process. The quality factor (Q) is an indicator of seismic wave attenuation that provides constraints on lithology, rheology, and geodynamic processes, which are vital for interpreting

The Iranian plateau is one of the most complex geodynamic settings within the Alpine-Himalayan belt. The Paleo-Tethys and Neo-Tethys ocean subduction is responsible for the formation of several magmatic arcs and sedimentary basins within the plateau. These zones mostly are separated by thrust faults related to paleo-suture zones, which are highlighted by ophiolites. Sediment cover and overprint of

Two contrasting folding styles are well developed along both sides of the Qiyueshan fault, South China. The western part is characterized by chevron anticlines and box synclines in the Eastern Sichuan domain, while the eastern part features typical chevron synclines and box anticlines in the western Hunan-Hubei domain. These contrasting structures are important in better understanding the intracontinental

We present a high-resolution 3-D crustal model of southeastern Tibetan Plateau (SE Tibet) by joint inversion of local earthquake P-wave travel-times and Bouguer gravity anomalies. The joint inversion improves the resolution compared with travel-time-only tomography and more clearly depicts the spatial distribution of low velocity zones in the crust. Our joint inversion model finds no evidence for crustal

The electrical conductivity structures, using Long period Magneto Telluric data at three sites: NBG (Nabagram) & HAV (Havelock) in Andaman and CBY (Campbell Bay) in Nicobar region are investigated. After obtaining 1D responses, 2D forward models of electrical structure are constructed along profiles across North Andaman, Middle Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The initial configuration along each profile

The northern part of the Fennoscandian shield records several Palaeoproterozoic phases of rifting, crustal shortening, metamorphism and structural reactivation. The geologic history has left behind a complex crustal geoelectric structure as evidenced by magnetotelluric (MT) data from the central Finnish Lapland acquired in the context of the MaSca-project in 2014. The data are characterized by strong

The gravity map of the complete Jalisco Block (JB) is obtained from satellite-derived measurements at a resolution of ~1 km separation, including the offshore region up to the Middle America Trench (MAT). Tepic-Zacoalco (TZ) and Colima delimiting rifts of the JB are identified as gravimetric minima. The NW limit of the block appears also as a rifted zone, with a gravity minimum connecting Bahia de

The plumbing architecture of the Neoproterozoic Malani Igneous Suite (MIS), representing one of the largest, intraplate, anorogenic rhyolitic volcanism in western Rajasthan, is poorly constrained. We present a crustal scale model from gravity anomaly modelling also supported by other geological and geophysical observations. The regional-residual separation using frequency filtering technique reveals

An unprecedented increase in earthquakes associated with hydraulic stimulation has been recognized as a major barrier to the development of enhanced geothermal systems. However, the mechanism of injection-induced seismicity remains enigmatic. Here we simulate the critical stress states of sawcut and natural fractures, and examine the fracture instabilities due to fluid injection. We shed light on fluid

We analyze the ground motions of supershear ruptures in the Burridge-Andrews (BAM) and free-surface-induced (FSI) mechanisms. BAM supershear ruptures require higher initial shear stress than FSI supershear ruptures, thus cause faster rupture speed. The supershear slip pulse initiates at the free surface or upper boundary of a fault for FSI and at the hypocenter depth in the in-plane direction for BAM

One of the most conspicuous features of the Andean chain is the change in its trajectory from NW-SE to N-S at 18°S known as the Bolivian Orocline. Although the Central Andes rotation pattern (CARP) agrees roughly with the geometry of the orocline, large variations and greater than expected rotation magnitudes cannot be explained by a progressive oroclinal bending history alone. In this work, 621 oriented

Beneath the Marmara Sea, Turkey, the Main Marmara Fault (MMF), the offshore part of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF), is a well-known seismic gap for future M > 7 earthquakes. However, its detailed fault geometry and microearthquake activity have been debated for several decades. Using data acquired from long-term ocean bottom seismograph (OBS) observations, we made precise hypocenter estimations based

Seismic characteristics of any fault system are affected by the relationship between the relevant stress regime and the fluid content of a region. Under persistent stress accumulation, fluids can facilitate earthquake generation due to their effect on frictional forces. In this study, Armutlu Peninsula serves as a suitable example to investigate the role of fluid-rich environments in seismicity distribution

Slip accommodation in subduction zones ranges from aseismic slip phenomena to regular megathrust earthquakes, and strongly depends on pore fluid pressure. We develop a new fully coupled poro-visco-elasto-plastic seismo-hydro-mechanical numerical model, allowing for coupled modelling of tectonic and seismic processes in the presence of fluids. A combination of fully staggered finite differences and

Our understanding of earthquakes is limited by our knowledge, and our description, of the physics of the Earth. When solving for subsurface fault slip, it is common practice to assume minimum complexity for characteristics such as topography, fault geometry and elastic properties. These characteristics are rarely accounted for because our knowledge of them is often partial and they can be difficult

The Castle Mountain Fault (CMF) lies less than 50 km from Alaska's most populous city of Anchorage and represents an important seismic hazard to the Anchorage-Matanuska-Susitna Valley region in southcentral Alaska. The character of seismicity varies along the CMF. Although the western CMF (between 149.5° and 151° W) shows evidence for Late Pleistocene or Holocene reverse and dextral movement, it has

We compute coda-wave attenuation for the Western Iberia and, for the first time, for its SW offshore area. Western Iberia has been well covered by the growing number of permanent seismic stations during the last decade, providing a large dataset. Using this dataset along with offshore seismograms of local earthquakes recorded by temporary ocean-bottom seismometers, and adopting the single backscattering

To determine the spatial distribution of earthquake potential along the active Himalayan arc, we utilize GPS measurements and earthquake data. We derive horizontal velocity field and 2-D strain rates from a new set of 41 regional GPS stations along with 446 published velocities. We convert these strain rate tensors to geodetic moment rate build-up within 24 contiguous segments and compare to the seismic

Many seismic surveys and exploration wells have been conducted in offshore Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. However, the Neoproterozoic basement and the Infracambrian Hormuz salts were not imaged or penetrated by seismic and well data. To delineate the morphology of the basement and distribution of salt bodies, we applied a 3-D constrained inversion method to aerogravity and aeromagnetic data covering

Electrical resistivity structure in the deep Earth can provide important information and constraints on regional geodynamics, especially in regions with complex tectonics and geodynamical processes. In this study, we image the electrical resistivity structure in the depth range of 350–1200 km beneath China by inverting the frequency-dependent ratios of geomagnetic field components at a relatively dense

Subduction erosion is a long-term, large-scale geological process that dominates the structural inventory of a large number of convergent margins. Along the Peruvian convergent margin, this process has controlled the structural deformation of the forearc as a consequence of spatio-temporal variations during the Cenozoic. However, the pace at which tectonic erosion occurred has not been linked to regional

Many studies indicate the Hetao Basin in Inner Mongolia, northern China, controlled the erosion base level of the upper Yellow River before 1.5 Ma. The late Cenozoic extensional rifting in the Hetao Basin in response to the northeastward growth of the Tibetan Plateau may be an plausible mechanism that initiated the headward erosional signal along the Yellow River at the northeastern margin of Tibetan

In active volcanic zones, fault dynamics is considerably fast but it is often difficult to separate the pattern of nearly continuous large-scale volcanic processes (inflation/deflation processes, flank instability) from impulsive episodes such as dyke intrusions or coseismic fault displacements. At Etna, multidisciplinary studies on active faults whose activity does not strictly depend on volcanic

The stress field of the Earth's crust is spatially heterogeneous on various scales. The focal mechanism of an earthquake provides important information associated with the stress state at the seismogenic depths. These focal mechanisms are affected by the pore fluid pressure and/or friction coefficient. In this study, we focused on misfit angles, particularly the difference in the angle between the

The variations in faulting style at the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) 46°–53.5°E segment, correspond to different patterns of crustal accretion under different magma supply in an ultraslow-spreading ridge. We use multi-beam and filtered bathymetry to identify the fault characteristics and measure the fraction of magmatic accretion M and axial valley depth D. Four styles of faulting, namely, mode-C

Globally, oceanic crust has relatively uniform thickness and structure compared to continental crust, with typical ocean crust being ~5–8 km thick. However, a substantial proportion of oceanic crust is thickened outside the normal range in the form of oceanic plateaus and crust affected by hotspots. The Rio Grande Rise (RGR) is the most prominent bathymetric feature in the western South Atlantic Ocean

The El Tigre fault provides a significant example of Pliocene-Quaternary tectonic activity at the West of Precordillera, receiving considerable attention in the last years. However, longitudinal thrusts of the nearest Sierra del Tigre and a minor piedmont deformation belt identified in its western piedmont are still poorly understood. The present work comprised a detailed map of the geomorphological

Archaeoseismological evidence of a strong earthquake, which probably occurred a year before the 252 CE Mt. Etna eruption, has been uncovered at Santa Venera al Pozzo site, located near to Acireale, along the lower eastern flank of the volcano. The site, known for its remarkable and peculiar hydrothermal fluids emissions exploited for thermal uses since the Greek and Roman age, has been investigated

Understanding the structural evolution of complex convergent plate boundaries could contribute to linking the anticipated fluid production and transportation at depth to the measured amounts of fluid stored in hydrate methane. To better understand fluid behavior within a complex convergent boundary, we propose an evolution model for a set of doubly plunging, oppositely-verging structures referred to

Located along the coast of Norway, the Trøndelag Platform area corresponds to the proximal domain of the Mid Norwegian Vøring rifted margin. We investigated its architecture and structural evolution based on interpretation of a dense network of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles, supplemented by comparison with local onshore analogues. The entire area is floored by ductile crustal shearing

Thirty years ago, Rob Van der Voo proposed an elegant and simple system for evaluating the quality of paleomagnetic data. As a second-year Ph.D. student, the lead author remembers Rob waxing philosophical about the need to have an appropriate, but not overly rigid evaluation system. The end result was a 7-point system that assigned a (1) or (0) for any paleomagnetic result based on objective criteria

The origin of the Comoros archipelago in the Mozambique channel is the subject of a longstanding controversy. This volcanic chain has been successively interpreted as a hotspot track, as built on an intraplate fracture zone or a passive margin, or as the northern limit of a diffuse deformation zone in the Nubia-Somalia plate system, none of these interpretations being entirely satisfactory. It is also

Classical rock mechanics predicts that normal faults should form at 60–65°, rotating to 30–40° before locking, so widespread slip at around 20° is considered paradoxical. Furthermore, the dip distribution of normal fault earthquakes has a distinct, unexplained peak at ~45°. For both problems, some combination of low friction, high fluid pressures, stress rotation and efficiency of low-angle slip have

The seismicity and seismotectonics of Madagascar have been studied using an island-wide distribution of broadband seismic stations. The 28-station MAdagascar-COmoros-MOzambique (MACOMO) array was deployed for a 23-month period between 2011 and 2013. MACOMO data were supplemented by seven temporary stations from the Seismological Signatures in the Lithosphere/Asthenosphere system of Southern Madagascar

Phase velocities at periods of 20–143 s are inverted from Rayleigh surface waves recorded at 201 stations of permanent and temporary seismic network deployed in the northern Ordos Block. We obtained the shear-wave velocities in the upper mantle from phase velocities. Our velocity models clearly reveal a striking low-velocity anomaly zone in the upper mantle beneath the northeastern margin of the Ordos

Southern Tibet is characterized by seven main N-S trending rifts bounded by normal faults which accommodate E-W extension. Quantifying the throw and extension rates along these rifts is essential to understand their activity, onset timing, regional seismic hazard and kinematic role in the tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. The Yadong-Gulu rift (YGR), near Lhasa, is the longest and most prominent