It is a widely adopted method to use the Rayleigh-wave dispersion curves to constrain the shear-wave velocity structure under the ocean. Traditional methods generally utilize ambient noise cross correlations between stations and teleseismic surface wave records to extract the dispersion curves. In this study, we develop a method that uses the microseism noise recorded at a single station to derive

From repeat-pass interferometry, tropospheric signals often prevent the detection of ground deformation signals. In recent years, tropospheric corrections derived from global weather-based models have been implemented in several InSAR processing chains. In this study, we evaluate the performance of two weather-based models (ERA5 and GACOS) on two tropical volcanoes: Piton de la Fournaise and Merapi

Most great earthquakes on subduction zone plate boundaries have large coseismic slip concentrated along the contact between the subducting slab and the upper plate crust. On 4 March 2021, a magnitude 7.4 foreshock struck 1 hr 47 min before a magnitude 8.1 earthquake along the northern Kermadec island arc. The mainshock is the largest well-documented underthrusting event along the ∼2,500-km long Tonga-Kermadec

The Indian lithospheric mantle has been deeply influenced by geological processes such as rifting, plume activity, and collision-subduction events. Therefore, it is vital to understand the genesis of the Indian continental lithosphere and its eventual destruction by intraplate tectonic processes. The present study provides an integrated perspective of the crust and lithospheric mantle of the Indian

Between 7 and 15 October 2023, a series of devastating earthquakes struck Herat in northwestern Afghanistan, a region in which few historical earthquakes have been recorded, causing severe human casualties. In this study, we investigate the co- and post-seismic deformation mechanisms of the 2023 Herat earthquake sequence using Sentinel-1 radar interferometry. The 4-month postseismic deformation time

Numerical simulations of Sequences of Earthquakes and Aseismic Slip (SEAS) have rapidly progressed to address fundamental problems in fault mechanics and provide self-consistent, physics-based frameworks to interpret and predict geophysical observations across spatial and temporal scales. To advance SEAS simulations with rigor and reproducibility, we pursue community efforts to verify numerical codes

In candidate formations for geological Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), carbonate minerals (e.g., calcite) are ubiquitously presented. The dynamic process of chemically induced alteration on carbonate-rich reservoirs due to the injection of supercritical CO2${\text{CO}}_{2}$ holds paramount importance for achieving an economic injectivity and structural integrity of the system. How carbonate rocks

Planetary formation involves highly energetic collisions, the consequences of which set the stage for the ensuing planetary evolution. During accretion, Earth's mantle was largely molten, a so-called magma ocean, and its oxidation state was determined by equilibration with metal-rich cores of infalling planetesimals through redox buffering reactions. We test two proposed mechanisms (metal layer and

In the passive margin of southeast Australia, a mosaic of tectonic structures of the Otway Basin records the protracted Cretaceous to Eocene break-up evolution of Australia and Antarctica. Here, we use an innovative approach that combines Euler deconvolution and DBSCAN clustering of global magnetic data and drill-hole-constrained interpretations of deep 2D seismic traverse to image deep-rooted, pre-rifting

Broadband seismometers are sensitive to tilt as a consequence of their design. We used broadband data from Erebus volcano on Ross Island, Antarctica, and Augustine volcano in Lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, to make tilt measurements associated with individual volcanic explosions and investigate the near-terminal magmatic system configuration of each volcano. At Erebus volcano we found no evidence of tilt

Little is known about the local plumbing systems that fuel Yellowstone's famous hot springs, geysers and mud pots. A multi-method, multi-scale geophysical investigation was carried out in the Obsidian Pool Thermal Area (OPTA) to: (a) delineate the lateral extent of the hydrothermal area and associated surface features; (b) estimate the dimensions of the upflow zone and identify its main controlling

Providing spatio-temporal constraints on what influences the rheology of deeply subducted continental crust during subduction–exhumation remains elusive but crucial for understanding the exhumation dynamics of ultrahigh pressure (UHP) terranes. Here, we report results of a systematic study of microstructures, crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs) and seismic properties of four UHP–HP eclogites

The cause of unrest at large quaternary silicic calderas, specifically whether the source is magmatic or hydrothermal, has critical implications for the potential eruptive hazard and is debated, even at well-studied systems. Recent advances in Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), driven by the Sentinel-1 mission, allow us to examine the spatial and temporal patterns of deformation in unprecedented

Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) is an emerging technology that converts optical fibers into dense arrays of strainmeters, significantly enhancing our understanding of earthquake physics and Earth's structure. While most past DAS studies have focused primarily on seismic wave phase information, accurate measurements of true ground motion amplitudes are crucial for comprehensive future analyses. However

Delineating fault structures through microseismicity is crucial for earthquake hazard assessment, yet constructing high-resolution catalogs over extended periods remains challenging. This study introduces AI-PAL, a novel deep learning-driven workflow that employs a Self-Attention RNN (SAR) model trained with detections from PAL, an established rule-based algorithm (Zhou, Yue, et al., 2021, https://doi

Shear localization within the fault core, as evidenced by grain comminution in fault gouge, plays a crucial role in the initiation of frictional instabilities. To upscale the physics of shear localization and understand the influence of grain size, it is essential to identify the governing physical parameters and micro-mechanisms. In this study, we conducted double-direct shear experiments on quartz

The entire editorial board of the Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth would like to sincerely thank all our colleagues who reviewed manuscripts for us in 2024. The hours they spent reading in order to provide insightful comments on manuscripts not only help improve the quality of these manuscripts but also ensure the scientific rigor of our reviewing process and eventually, of the research

No abstract is available for this article.

With the advancement of dense seismic arrays, array-processing methods for ambient noise data have become highly effective in extracting high-quality broadband surface wave dispersion curves from ambient noise. Recent advancements in array data processing methods have enabled the extraction of multimode dispersion curves, offering improved constraints on deep Earth structures. However, these array-based

This study presents a new velocity model for the Salt Lake basin (SLB) in Utah, determined using data from permanent and temporary seismic stations located on top of the basin in the Salt Lake Valley (SLV) and nearby. A three-dimensional (3D) velocity model for the SLB is needed for accurate predictions of future damaging earthquake ground shaking in the heavily urbanized SLV, including Salt Lake City

Many unknowns exist regarding the energy radiation processes of intraplate low-frequency earthquakes (LFEs), which are frequently observed beneath volcanoes. To evaluate their energy radiation characteristics, we estimated scaled energy (eR${e}_{R}$) for LFEs and regular earthquakes around the focal area of the 2008 Mw${M}_{w}$ 6.9 Iwate-Miyagi, Japan, earthquake. Their source spectra were first obtained

The Picture Gorge Basalt (PGB) is part of the Miocene Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG). The PGB, which outcrops in eastern Oregon, is considered coincident in time with the voluminous Grande Ronde Basalt. New radiometric ages have expanded the age-range of the PGB, suggesting it began erupting prior to the Steens Basalt to its south and continued until after cessation of the Grande Ronde Basalt eruptions

A new 80-site magnetotelluric (MT) survey, integrated with reprocessed seismic reflection profiles, across the supergiant Timmins-Porcupine gold camp of the Abitibi greenstone belt (AGB) was conducted to investigate the architecture of crustal-scale structures. Resistivity sections derived from 3-D MT inversions reveal a significant 600 S conductor north of the Porcupine-Destor fault zone at 3–5 km

The frequency/magnitude distribution of earthquakes can be approximated by an exponential law whose exponent (the so-called bvalue${b}_{\mathit{value}}$) is routinely used for probabilistic seismic hazard assessment. The bv⁢a⁢l⁢u⁢e${b}_{value}$ is commonly measured using Aki's maximum likelihood estimation, although biases can arise from the choice of completeness magnitude (i.e., the magnitude below

Reliable knowledge of seismic anisotropy in the mantle can provide invaluable insights into complex tectonics and geodynamics in Anatolia controlled by intricate plate interactions across the region. However, the 3D variations in seismic anisotropy within the crust and upper mantle beneath this area remain poorly constrained. In the present study, we performed splitting intensity (SI) tomography technique

Permeability anisotropy of fault rocks has been documented in crystalline and clastic lithologies, but rarely within carbonates. In this contribution, we investigate how a permeability anisotropy may develop within carbonate fault rocks, including deformation bands, for the purpose of improving understanding of fluid flow. A total of 43 oriented fault rock samples plugged in three orthogonal directions

Environmental magnetism, including the use of magnetic susceptibility (MS), has formed the backbone of analyzing past terrestrial climate dynamics recorded in loess deposits world-wide. However, the nature of MS signal response and frequency dependence (χFD) varies between loess sequences, which can limit the applicability of the approach. Here, we explore how measuring MS using multiple alternating-current

A variety of geo-energy operations involve extraction or injections of fluids, including hydrocarbon production or storage, hydrogen storage, CO2 sequestration, and geothermal energy production. The surface deformation resulting from such operations can be a source of information on reservoir geomechanical properties as we show in this study. We analyze the time-dependent surface deformation in the

The 2021 Mw7.4 Maduo (China) earthquake is the first major earthquake within the Bayan Har block in recent decades. Despite this, little monitoring data has so far been undertaken to fully understand the postseismic mechanisms. This paper presents the first-year deformation within ∼350 km from the rupture area following the 2021 Maduo earthquake by Global Navigation Satellite System and Interferometric

Subsurface fluids are important to earthquake physics since they influence every phase of the earthquake cycle: from inducing earthquakes, generating slow slip, dynamically weakening a fault, to producing afterslip. Despite this prominent role, comparatively little thought has been directed toward intentionally controlling fault slip. I take the spring-slider as the simplest analogue for earthquake-like

Strain accumulation and release in shallow sections of subduction zones results in a broad variety of fault slip behaviors, from slow aseismic creep to abrupt coseismic slip. The variety of slip styles in megathrust environments remains a matter of debate although the role of pressurized fluids is increasingly substantiated. Yet, understanding the lithological characteristics of sediments in the shallow

The eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau is characterized by dramatic variations in topography and crustal thickness, as well as pronounced large-scale lateral heterogeneity. Small-scale heterogeneities could indicate variations in material composition and dynamic processes, which have been less studied in this area. Here, we analyze direct P-, S-wave and their coda from ∼61,000 three-component seismograms

Rock friction tests have made profound contributions to our understanding of earthquake processes. Most rock friction tests focused on fault strength evolution during velocity steps or at specific slip rates and the characteristics during stick-slip events such as dynamic rupture propagation and the transition from stable sliding to instability, with little attention paid to the transient acceleration

Understanding the dynamics of microearthquakes is a timely challenge with the potential to address current paradoxes in earthquake mechanics, and to better understand earthquake ruptures induced by fluid injection. We perform fully 3D dynamic rupture simulations caused by fluid injection on a target fault for Fault Activation and Earthquake Ruptures experiments generating Mw ≤ 1 earthquakes. We investigate

The late Ediacaran to early Cambrian witnessed significant Earth system changes, including animal life diversification and an enigmatic paleomagnetic record. This study focuses on the Nama Group, a key geological unit for understanding the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition. Previous paleomagnetic studies in the Nama Group identified complex remagnetization patterns but lacked a detailed examination of

The mechanisms that govern the storage and assembly of magmatic systems are fundamental to understanding the evolution of the continental crust and volcanic hazards. Despite extensive research, the mechanisms differentiating volcanic and plutonic magmatism remain unresolved, particularly regarding discrepancies between mineral compositions and whole-rock geochemistry. Here, we consider thermodynamic

Modeling tsunamis due to subduction earthquakes for scientific research and hazard assessment requires accurate quantification of coseismic seafloor deformation. Although the widely used analytical model of shear dislocation in a uniform elastic half space can accommodate complex fault geometry and slip distribution, it fails to capture the sloping seafloor topography and heterogeneous rock rigidity

Magma emplacement in the top unconsolidated sediments of rift basins is poorly understood. We compare two shallow sills from the Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California) using core data and analyses from IODP Expedition 385, and high-resolution 2D seismic data. We show that magma stalling in the top uncemented sediment layer is controlled by the transition from siliceous claystone to uncemented silica-rich

A volcanic tremor is a seismic event linked to volcanic processes, identified by ongoing ground shaking. They play a crucial role in understanding internal volcanic activities and forecasting eruptions. Detecting weak volcanic tremor signals before an eruption has remained a difficult task. This study utilized polarization analysis on continuous seismograms at Kirishima volcano, Japan, to extract information

No abstract is available for this article.

Debris flows are fast-flowing, high-energy mixtures of sediment and water that are difficult to monitor. Seismic monitoring instruments can be placed safely outside the channel, but it is an indirect method that needs the application of theory-based inversion to obtain quantitative information on flow properties and rheology. Such inversion methods do not currently exist for debris flow dynamics because

Carbonates are characterized by a complex system of pores, caves, vugs and fractures that significantly influence fluid flow and the physical behaviors of rocks. Six rock samples are taken from a carbonate reservoir in China's Sichuan Basin to perform computed tomography (CT), X-ray diffraction and thin section analyses. The samples are classified into fractured, fractured-vuggy and pore-cavity types

To address nonlinear constitutive relations of rocks containing soft matter such as bitumen, a rigorous rheological model based on Lagrangian mechanics is proposed. The model is general and applies to arbitrary quasi-static deformations in poroelastic or viscoelastic materials. As an application to bitumen-rich rock, the model is used for detailed modeling and inversion of laboratory measurements of

The Lucky Strike segment at the Mid-Atlantic ridge, characterized by a well-defined median valley with a central volcano, is an archetypical slow-spreading ridge segment and hence an ideal site for studying magmatic and tectonic processes at slow-spreading ridges. Here we present fine-scale velocity models of this segment, by applying full waveform inversion to wide-angle seismic data, that allows

In the Northern Cascadia Subduction Zone (NCSZ), we developed a new 3D model for shear-wave velocity (VS) and density to improve seismic hazard assessments and ground motion simulations. Utilizing seismic data from the past two decades, we measure surface wave dispersion from ambient noise and earthquake recordings and inverted them for VS perturbations at various depths. Additionally, Bouguer anomaly

The Alaska Peninsula has a long history of plate subduction with along-arc variations in volcanic eruption styles and geochemistry. However, the sub-arc melting processes that feed these volcanoes are unclear. The Alaska slab morphology below 200 km depth remains debated due to limited seismic data and thus low tomography resolution in this region. Here we utilize the newly available regional and teleseismic

We present a new thermodynamically consistent model for the time-dependent evolution of compaction bands in porous rocks. The model extends a closed-form analytical solution of compaction band formation for porous media into the time domain. The nucleation of compaction bands is predicted for a critical competition between the nonlinear reaction-diffusion processes of the power-law viscous creep of

During the inner core solidification, excess light elements are released into the outer core, which causes outer-core convection. To understand this process, it is important to determine the velocity structure of the bottom outer core (F layer). In previous studies, we developed an effective method that combines two independent observations to determine the structure. The first is the frequency dispersion

The Japan Islands and surrounding regions have complex structures and tectonics due to strong interactions of four lithospheric plates, including the subducting Pacific and Philippine Sea slabs beneath the Okhotsk and Amurian plates, which have caused catastrophic interplate and intraplate earthquakes, as well as arc and intraplate volcanoes. The subducted Pacific slab becomes flat within the mantle

Denudation histories are of great significance for constraining landscape evolution and underlying tectonic and climatic drivers. Rock exhumation toward the Earth's surface by denudation results in cooling of rocks, as recorded by mineral thermochronometers. Decades of global thermochronologic studies have produced a large database of rock temperature history models, which have been used as indices

Two commonly used ice models that are constructed using glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) modeling are the ICE-6G and ANU ice models. In this study, we examined the relationships among mantle viscosity, ice models and relative sea level (RSL) data through an analytic GIA model. In general, almost all the pairs of RSL data sets and ice models we considered appear to be consistent with a mantle viscosity

The Alto Tiberina fault (ATF) in the Northern Apennines of Italy is one of the most extensively monitored low-angle normal faults (LANFs) worldwide, hosting The Alto Tiberina Near Fault Observatory (TABOO-NFO). The down-dip geometry, mechanical properties, and kinematics of the ATF have been revised based on a new 10-year (2010–2020) earthquake catalog. The dense configuration of TABOO-NFO seismic

The exploitation of the St. Gallen geothermal reservoir in Switzerland induced a seismic sequence lasting from July 2013 to October 2013. The sequence was characterized by 346 earthquakes located at a depth ranging between 4.4 and 4.7 km, having magnitude ranging between (−1.2, 3.5). We study the seismic source properties of the induced earthquakes by implementing both the individual earthquake displacement

Antarctica's geothermal heat flow and its glacial isostatic adjustment response are critical to understand ice sheet stability. These demand a knowledge of the temperature of the Antarctic lithosphere, but challenges remain in resolving mantle thermomechanical properties. Here we use a two-stage process to resolve mantle temperature and composition. First, we derive an optimized relationship between

Deep earthquakes require the cold temperatures found in sinking lithosphere to store elastic strain. It has also been proposed that sufficiently high rates of deformation are also required, regardless of the failure mechanism. However, this strain-rate hypothesis is based on generic time-dependent and visco-plastic subduction models, positing a challenge for direct comparisons to present-day earthquake

The long-term performance of permeable reactive barriers may diminish due to oxidation, adsorption on the particle surfaces, and pore space clogging. Offering warnings about performance reduction through geophysical techniques enables timely remedial measures. The impact of volume content of conductive particles, particle size, and pore water conductivity on the spectral induced polarization (SIP)

Subsurface fluid injection stimulates complex hydromechanical interaction, necessitating the integration of geomechanical data across spatial and temporal scales to consider the sophisticated behavior. Induced seismic response is usually associated with the complex reservoir architecture and pre-existing features that are three-dimensional, such as local stratigraphy, fractures, faults, and other discontinuities

The rheology of highly crystalline magma regulates its mobility, which may, in turn, determine the occurrence and styles of volcanic eruptions. We measured the rheology of high-temperature magma with a basaltic-andesite composition to document the properties that govern the transition from solid-like to liquid-like behavior. The measured elasticity in the solid-like regime is three orders of magnitude

Co-eruptive volcanic tremor during the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption in Iceland (19 March–18 September 2021) is characterized using seismic and visual data recorded close to the eruption site and across the Reykjanes Peninsula. An automatic seismic network-based approach reveals several tremor patterns associated with seven phases of the eruption, including (a) continuous tremor located beneath the

Uniformly spaced large-N seismic networks like the Swath-D (2017–2019), a densified part of the AlpArray initiative, provide unmatched opportunities to study microseismic activity and fault structures. Here, we show how the combined analysis of spatially and temporally clustered seismicity, precise relocations, waveform-based clustering, and moment tensor solutions for 67 earthquakes (1.1