Global warming is exacerbating weather, and climate extremes events and is projected to aggravate multi-sectorial risks. A multiplicity of climate hazards will be involved, triggering cumulative and interactive impacts on a variety of natural and human systems. An improved understanding of risk interactions and dynamics is required to support decision makers in their ability to better manage current

The ichnogenus Balanoglossites Mägdefrau, 1932 is a common constituent of firmground ichnofabrics in shallow-marine carbonates of the Middle Triassic Germanic Basin, from where it has been known for about 220 years. Despite its basin-wide distribution, this characteristic trace fossil only rarely has been recognised elsewhere. Instead, such burrows have been assigned to different ichnotaxa, foremost

Montagne Pelée is one of the most active volcanoes of the Lesser Antilles arc, with two to three magmatic eruptions per millennium and an estimated magmatic production rate in the order of 0.7 km3/1000 years. Montagne Pelée is also infamous for the very large number of people (30000) killed by an eruptive phenomenon at the onset of the 1902–1905 dome-forming eruption. Active for ~550 kyrs, Montagne

Stratigraphic sections in Bogda Mountains, NW China, provide detailed records of late Permian-Early Triassic terrestrial paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic evolution at the paleo-mid-latitude of NE Pangea. The sections are located in the Tarlong-Taodonggou, Dalongkou, and Zhaobishan areas, ~100 km apart, and ~5000 m in total thickness. An age model was constructed using seven high-resolution UPb

The Paleo-Asian Ocean (PAO) has been regarded as a long-lived ocean from Neoproterozoic to early Mesozoic, and its subduction and closure built the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), the largest accretionary orogenic belt in Earth's history. Although the tectonic evolution of the PAO has been discussed from diverse perspectives, the spatiotemporal dynamics in the evolution of the main branch of the

Sulfur aerosols, mainly composed of sulfate and methanesulfonic acid (MSA), significantly affect the Earth’s radiation balance, biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems, especially in the polar regions with vulnerable environments. To better understand the relationship between anthropogenic activities and climate change, a comprehensive review is presented, covering sulfate and MSA concentrations and isotope

Determining the “best age” of individual grains from UPb detrital zircon analyses remains problematic, with the current system generally relying on an arbitrary cut-off age for determining when to switch from 206Pb/238U ages to 207Pb/206Pb ages. Recently, some found that iteratively calculated IsoplotR single grain concordia ages provide estimates with increased precision and have turned to using these

The Late Ordovician Mass Extinction wiped out 85% of animal species in two phases (LOME1 and LOME2). The kill mechanisms for the extinction phases are debated, but deteriorating climate and the expansion of marine anoxia appear to have been important factors. Nevertheless, the spatial extent and intensity of marine anoxia and its temporal relationship with the extinctions are not well understood. Here

Constraining the timing of emplacement, duration and magma extrusion rates of large igneous provinces is essential for evaluating their petrogenetic evolution and possible links to environmental changes that cause mass extinctions. The Paraná-Etendeka continental flood basalts correspond to a voluminous and purportedly short magmatic event that erupted during the Early Cretaceous in southwestern Gondwana

The early Paleozoic sediments document two major biological events: the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE) and Late Ordovician mass extinction (LOME). Many investigations have focused on taxonomic richness patterns during these major diversification and extinction events, providing insights into their timings and potential causes. However, the coarse temporal resolutions used in previous

In structurally-controlled dolomitization systems, there is a general consensus that the formation of dolostone-limestone transition, termed here as “dolomitization fronts”, is governed by either the presence of an ultra-low permeability zone (fluid barrier) or changes in dolomitization potential and kinetics. However, the actual processes controlling the abrupt termination of dolostone bodies and

Foraminifera are commonly applied as essential tools for relative time control and reconstructions of paleo/environmental conditions. These single-celled organisms leave in the sedimentary rocks two types of fossil records represented by mineralized shells (tests) and their organic linings. Although both types require different preparation methodologies, they should be treated complementary as they

Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) is recognized as a fundamental hydrological process that supports many coastal biogeochemical cycles and social - ecological systems. However, very little has been investigated about how SGD affects society and, specifically, human well-being. This study systematically examines the published scientific literature on the social implications of SGD by using an Ecosystem

Chinese loess and stalagmites are two classic terrestrial archives that have been intensively studied to reconstruct the characteristics and dynamics of orbital- and millennial-scale monsoon variability. However, comparability between these two representative records remains contested due to chronological uncertainty and proxy complexity. Here five high-sedimentation-rate loess records on the Chinese

In their discussion paper, Sümegi & Gulyás (2021) expressed their concerns about our remarks regarding the reliability of malacothermometer-based July paleotemperature reconstructions for the Carpathian Basin as published in Obreht et al. (2019). We are content to see that our paper inspired the continuation of the discussion, however, we have some concerns about the criticism expressed by Sümegi and

Spherical harmonic expansions are the most popular parametrisation of the gravitational potential and its higher-order spatial derivatives in global geodetic, geophysical, and planetary science applications. The convergence domain of external spherical harmonic expansions is the space above the minimum Brillouin sphere, nevertheless, these series are commonly employed inside this bounding surface without

As zircon U-Pb geochronology has become a leading method in sediment provenance studies and basin analysis over the past 20 years, the volume of detrital zircon data made available in published literature has enabled researchers to go beyond source-to-sink provenance studies to explore increasingly complex geologic problems. In this review, we utilize the growing body of detrital zircon data acquired

Based on the interpretation of geological maps, seismic reflection and well data complemented with a bibliographic compilation and field work in the Rif, we investigate the factors that control the rift initiation, its development and the formation of oceanic crust in NW Africa. From SE to NW, we examine the Western Sahara Atlas, the Tendrara, the Guercif, and the Rif basins, to establish their geodynamic

Surface-groundwater interactions in intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES), waterways which do not flow year-round, are spatially and temporally dynamic because of alternations between flowing, non-flowing and dry hydrological states. Interactions between surface and groundwater often create mixing zones with distinct redox gradients, potentially driving high rates of carbon and nutrient

A combination of 60 years of seismicity, over 45 years of fault plane solutions of moderate-sized to large earthquakes, and recent databases of high-resolution topography delineate spatial patterns of seismogenic faulting in northeastern Asia. Here I synthesize new knowledge with known features in a regional context. Strike-slip faulting characterizes active deformation along the northern and southeastern

Crustal instability to induce the geohazards often results from both the internal tectonic dynamics and external sediment processes. Thus, the detailed geodynamics and kinematics of geohazards are important for understanding the tectonic evolutionary process and evaluating potential geohazards. This paper focuses on the active faults, submarine landslides, earthquakes as well as submarine canyons geomorphology

Commonly known as the Asian Water Tower, glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and its surrounding regions are vital to the regional water cycle and water resources in the downstream areas. Recently, these glaciers have been experiencing significant shrinkage mostly due to climate warming, which is also profoundly modulated by the surface snow albedos. In this study, we summarized the current status

As the largest depression in the Tibetan plateau, the Qaidam basin preserves over 10 km thick of Cenozoic sediments. Those sediments represent a unique archive of the evolution of the northern part of the Tibetan plateau and of intracontinental deformation in general. Yet, several critical issues associated with the evolution of the Qaidam basin remain controversial, preventing a full understanding

The non-cylindrical character of the Variscan Belt is established via a description of its most salient geological characteristics and correlations among the main and relatively minor massifs from Bohemia to Morocco on the basis of a bibliographical synthesis. Using the firmly established tectonostratigraphic domains, the continuity of Variscan zones is discussed, as well as the western termination

In the present paper, we have compiled data on 565 layered and differentiated igneous intrusions globally, documenting their (i) location, (ii) age, (iii) size, (iv) geotectonic setting, (v) putative parent magma(s), (vi) crystallisation sequence, and (vii) mineral deposits. Most studied intrusions occur in Russia (98), Australia (72), Canada (52), Finland (37), South Africa (38), China (33), and Brazil

The global cryosphere, Earth's frozen water, is in precipitous decline. The ongoing and predicted impacts of cryosphere loss are diverse, ranging from disappearance of entire biomes to crises of water availability. Covering approximately one-fifth of the planet, mass loss from the terrestrial cryosphere is driven primarily by a warming atmosphere but reductions in albedo (the proportion of reflected

The driving mechanisms of Earth's climate system at a multi-Myr timescale have received considerable attention since the 1980's as they are deemed to control large-amplitude climatic variations that result in severe biogeochemical disruptions, major sea-level variations, and the evolution of Earth's land- and seascapes through geological time. The commonly accepted mechanism for these changes derives

Oxygen is one of the most crucial elements on earth and equally affects life and inorganic redox processes. After its transition to water with moderate solubility and slow diffusion rates, most aquatic organisms depend on permanent renewal of dissolved oxygen (DO). Recharge of this pivotal aqueous gas may become hampered by anthropogenic and climatic influences with so far unknown consequences for

New insights into the Late Precambrian-latest Devonian evolution of the Pacific margin of Gondwana are obtained by treating the margin in terms of three key tectonic elements: i) the in situ part of the Ross Orogen of Eastern Antarctica (Wilson Terrane) built on, and fringing, older crust; ii) the largely in situ southern Tasmanides of eastern Australia; and iii) offshore basement and island arc terranes

Rates are widely used to characterize processes in the geological sciences, and the ratios that rates represent deserve more careful attention. The numerator is a measure of change or difference, and the denominator is generally a corresponding interval of time. Temporal scaling is the quantitative relationship of differences and rates to their associated time intervals. These relationships are proportional

Mountain building in the Andes, the longest continental mountain range on Earth, started in the Late Cretaceous but was highly diachronous. Reconstructing the timing of surface uplift for each of the different Andean regions is of crucial importance for our understanding of continental-scale moisture transport and atmospheric circulation, the origin and evolution of the Amazon River and Rainforest

Recent, high quality palaeomagnetic data from the West Burma Terrane (WBT) indicates rapid northwards translation (>2000 km) of the terrane, at about the velocity of the Indian Plate, from a near equatorial position in the Late Eocene until the present. This interpretation has important implications for: 1) the controversy over the configuration of Greater India prior to collision with Eurasia, 2)

Despite Mt. Etna's long-standing reputation as an effusive volcano, since 1986 there has been an evident increase in mid-intensity explosive eruptions from its summit craters, with more than 240 episodes, better known as paroxysms (otherwise called paroxysmal episodes). These are characterized by strong Strombolian to lava fountaining activity that lasts from tens of minutes to a few days, producing

A landscape’s sediment grain size distribution is the product of, and an important influence on, earth surface processes and landscape evolution. Grains can be large enough that the motion of a single grain, infrequently mobile in size-selective transport systems, constitutes or triggers significant geomorphic change. We define these grains as boulders. Boulders affect landscape evolution; their dynamics

The interest in applying coastal boulders as a proxy for high-energy wave events, i.e., tsunamis and major storms, increased significantly during the last two decades. Studies include on-site investigations, numerical modelling or experimental studies. However, inferences on past inundation processes based on commonly used inverse modelling approaches are associated with significant uncertainties and

The eastern Mediterranean region is in the embryonic stages of continent-to-continent collision, and has a pristine Miocene–Quaternary tectonic and stratigraphic record which is not overprinted by pervasive collisional processes often seen in more mature orogens, thus can serve as a model for ancient orogenic belts. This manuscript is based on the interpretation and mapping of ~38,500 km of seismic

The modification of magma through mixing or through assimilation of country rocks is commonly inferred from various chemical and isotopic features of magmatic rock suites and supported by a variety of field evidence, including features indicative of interaction between two magmas, disaggregation of solids in magma, and varied antecryst populations in volcanic and plutonic rocks. The increased recognition

Li et al. (2020) reviewed and compiled worldwide loess distribution and identified three loess genesis modes (CR, MR and MRD), according to which Central Asian and Chinese Xinjiang loesses are generalized into MRD mode. Referring to Li et al. (2020), Li and Song (2020) discussed the loess genesis modes of several local sites in the said region on the grounds of geochemical data and modern dust storm

The term “ignimbrite” probably encompasses the one of the largest ranges of deposit types on Earth, associated with the partial to total collapse of explosive eruption columns feeding pyroclastic density currents. Surprisingly, there is no quantified classification scheme for ignimbrite types, as there is for fallout deposits, and this is a remarkable deficiency of modern volcanology. This has so far

Accurately reconstructing the scale and timing of dynamic processes, such as Middle-Late Pleistocene explosive volcanism and rapid climatic changes, requires rigorous and independent chronological constraints. In this framework, the study of distal volcanic ash layers, or tephra, transported and deposited over wide regions during explosive volcanic eruptions, is increasingly being recognised as a fundamental

The present study reviews the main geochemical, sedimentological, and paleontological events associated with one of the largest perturbations in the Phanerozoic carbon cycle, the Mid-Ludfordian Carbon Isotope Excursion (MLCIE), which is globally documented in late Silurian marine successions. Climate changes associated with the MLCIE are not yet well documented in contrast to most other Silurian CIEs

Many Mesozoic formations have yielded substantial dinosaur dominated ichnofaunas, which help characterize coeval communities. When compared with dinosaurian skeletal data (faunal lists) from the same and /or coeval deposits, the completeness and diversity of trace and body fossil records may be shown to be of equal or quite different value for paleoecological analysis and interpretation. The size frequency

Several recent earthquake events (e.g., 2008 moment-magnitude (MW) 8.0 Wenchuan, China; 2016 MW 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake, New Zealand; 2019 MW 6.4–7.1 Ridgecrest sequence, USA) have emphasized the need to explicitly account for fault sources in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA). Fault-based PSHA currently involves a number of significant but necessary modeling assumptions that mainly relate

A 150–200 km thick, cold (35–45 mWm−2), melt-depleted lithospheric keel characterised the eastern cratons of the Indian shield at the end of the Precambrian. Differing chemical- and isotopic-characteristics, and ages of the crust and mantle rocks reveal the decoupling of the crust and mantle beneath the cratons, beginning at 2.45 Ga, in the Bastar craton. The Pan-African event was more pervasive and

Detailed mapping of major-scale volcanic centres on Venus provides a complementary view to terrestrial large igneous provinces (LIPs). On Venus, the surface flood basalt relationships are preserved owing to the absence of erosion, but the plumbing system is only indirectly revealed. In contrast, erosion on Earth dissects flood basalt packages and can directly reveal the plumbing system of mafic dykes

Tectonic reconstructions of the Cretaceous paleo-Pacific system show several significant tectonic and magmatic events, including the formation of several spreading centers, microplates and intra-oceanic arcs, and the initiation (>76–81 Ma) of magmatic activity which formed the Emperor-Hawaiian seamount chain. The Olyutorsky (syn. Achayvayam-Valaginsky, ~80 Ma) and Kronotsky (~90 Ma) intra-oceanic arcs

The Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA) is a critical interval for marine ecosystems when marine fauna was viewed to have experienced a second-order mass extinction and a “sluggish” evolution with low origination and extinction rates. However, our recent study discovered that this ice age was accompanied by a rapid, significant increase of marine fauna species and genus richness. Here, we present the precise

The mountainous, glaciated island of South Georgia is the crest of one of the most isolated fragments of continental crust on Earth. It is located approximately 1700 km east of the southern termination of the Andean Cordillera of South America. The island is primarily composed of Lower Cretaceous turbidites, the infill of a marginal basin floored by stretched continental and ophiolitic crust. Remnants

Land degradation has become one of the biggest environmental challenges human society is currently facing, which is why understanding the global pattern of this land crisis is absolutely necessary. However, so far, the multiple forms of this environmental issue have mainly been analysed in international scientific literature in a narrow traditional manner, frequently based on approaching a relatively

How well do deep-sea sedimentary archives track erosion in upland sources, driven by climatic change or tectonic forcing? Located on the western edge of South Asian monsoon influence, the Indus River system is particularly sensitive to variations in monsoon rainfall and thus provides a unique opportunity to estimate the nature of sedimentary signal propagation (i.e., recognizable pulses of sediment)

Firestone et al., 2007, PNAS 104(41): 16,016–16,021, proposed that a major cosmic impact, circa 10,835 cal. BCE, triggered the Younger Dryas (YD) climate shift along with changes in human cultures and megafaunal extinctions. Fourteen years after this initial work the overwhelming consensus of research undertaken by many independent groups, reviewed here, suggests their claims of a major cosmic impact

The paper of Obreht et al., 2019 expresses strong criticism of malacothermometer-based summer paleotemperature reconstructions for the southern parts of the Carpathian Basin. Claims are given that malacological data yield anomalously higher temperatures for the glacials and the LGM compared to other proxy data indicating summer temperatures to be well below 15 °C even 10 °C. To support their arguments

Silicic calderas globally tend to record a cyclic magmatic, structural, and eruptive evolutionary progression. Some calderas are polycyclic, involving multiple catastrophic collapses in the same approximate location. Here we discuss five examples from well-studied, geologically-young and active magmatic systems: The Kos-Nisyros Volcanic Complex (Greece), Long Valley (USA), Campi Flegrei (Southern Italy)

Understanding the origin and evolution of life on Earth and potentially other planets in our solar system is of fundamental interest for humanity. For the longest time in Earth's history, life evolved in microbial communities. It is, however, still incompletely understood how, when and where such habitable environments formed and how microbial communities adopted to the drastic changes of the atmo