Aeolian dust has a great influence on mountain hydrology, climate, and biogeochemical cycles. Dust deposited on glaciers and snowpack of the high alpine mountains in Tibetan Plateau (TP) and its surrounding regions can provide a unique method of determining the high-elevation transport and deposition of Asian dust in the middle and upper troposphere. Long-range-transported (LRT) Asian dust is often

The present paper introduces the new 1:500000 scale map of young geological deformations in Hungary, including all important deformation structures (faults and folds) related to the neotectonic evolutionary phase (<6–8 Ma) of the Pannonian basin. The new map is based on the interpretation of nearly 2900 2D seismic profiles and 70 3D seismic volumes, as well as on the critical evaluation of the results

The Guadalupian Epoch is marked by the formation of the Pangean supercontinent, global sea-level change, rifting and drifting of the Cimmerian continents, formation of large igneous provinces and dramatic biotic changes. A high-resolution biostratigraphic, chemostratigraphic and high-precision geochronologic framework of this critical transition is fundamental to understanding these events. Extensive

Recognition of terrestrial dust in geological records is essential for reconstructing paleoenvironments and quantifying dust fluxes in the past. However, in contrast to eolian sands, silt-sized dust is difficult to recognize in pre-Quaternary records due to a lack of macroscopic features indicating eolian transport and mixing with alluvial sediments. Windblown dust deposits are commonly identified

We report the Fandian biota, a new Konservat-Lagerstätte from the Cambrian Stage 3 Yuxiansi and Jiulaodong Formations in Sichuan, South China, with close faunal links to the Chengjiang biota in Yunnan. The biodiversity of the Fandian biota includes total-group euarthropods (radiodonts, bivalved forms, acercostracans, trilobites, non-biomineralized trilobitomorphs), armoured lobopodians, palaeoscolecids

We compile detrital 10Be concentrations of Alpine rivers, representing the denudation rates pattern for 375 catchments across the entire European Alps. Using a homogeneized framework, we employ state-of-the-art techniques for inverting in-situ 10Be concentrations into denudation rates. From our compilation, we find that (i) while lithologic properties and precipitation/runoff do influence erosion mechanisms

The Youjiang Basin in the western part of the South China Block (SCB), preserves the records of the tectonic history from Tethyan, through Paleo-Pacific to Tibetan domains, with coeval formation of diverse types of giant metallic deposits. The prolonged tectonic evolution and its control on the genesis and spatio-temporal distribution of giant metallic deposits in the Youjiang Basin provide a window

The tectono-magmatic evolution of the Bangong-Nujiang Tethyan Ocean (BNO) plays a crucial role in understanding the Tibetan Plateau accretion before the Cenozoic India-Asia collision. The microcontinents and oceanic plateau recognized recently within the BNO provide important clues for constructing the subduction process between BNO and the Qiangtang terrane. In this contribution, we provide a comprehensive

The use of X-ray micro computed tomography (micro-CT) for three-dimensional (3D) characterization of multiphase systems continues to increase in metallurgical research. In recent years, a number of technical developments in X-ray sources and X-ray imaging arrays have broadened the utility of micro-CT. Here, the authors review the current state-of-the-art tomographic techniques for both qualitative

The Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE) was a dramatic climatic event during the early Late Triassic. The CPE has been recognized worldwide and is marked by the termination of carbonate platform successions and by pronounced negative δ13C excursions (denoted as the CPE excursion). The onset of the CPE has been proposed to be linked with the volatile eruption of the Wrangellia Large Igneous Province (W-LIP)

New carbon-isotope data obtained from homogenous organic material (separated microfossil wood; δ13Cwood) from the upper Rhaetian and entire Lower Jurassic permit chemostratigraphic correlation of these marginal/non-marine deposits with the biostratigraphically well-constrained Llanbedr (Mochras Farm) core in N Wales and other marine profiles, supported by sequence stratigraphic correlation and biostratigraphical

The composition and distribution of deep-sea sediments is the result of a multitude of climatic, biotic and oceanic conditions relating to biogeochemical cycles and environmental change. Here we utilize the extensive sediment archives of the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) and its predecessors to construct maps of deep-sea sediment type across two critical but contrasting boundaries in

The Scotia Sea is one of the tectonically most complex and least understood back-arc basins on Earth, which partly results from its remote location making the acquisition of data challenging. Here, we provide a review of current, publicly available geophysical and geological data in the Scotia Sea realm, including magnetic, Bouguer gravity anomaly, high-resolution bathymetric, heat flow and reflection

Black carbon (BC) has emerged as an important short-lived climate forcer. Due to its light absorption properties, BC can darken the snow/ice surface, affect the energy balance, and further lead to acceleration of the melting of the cryosphere (e.g., glaciers, snow cover, and sea ice). By reviewing the recent published literatures, we present an overview of the historical changes, spatial distribution

Drought risk quantifies the likelihood of environmental and socio-economic systems to suffer negative consequences due to drought. The analysis of drought risk is understood as the initial step to foster drought risk management at different scales and thematic foci. To communicate drought risk to stakeholders, a visualisation via risk maps is of preferable usage. Even though drought risk has been subject

Fossil pollen records are well-established indicators of past vegetation changes. The prevalence of pollen across environmental settings including lakes, wetlands, and marine sediments, has made palynology one of the most ubiquitous and valuable tools for studying past environmental and climatic change globally for decades. A complementary research focus has been the development of statistical techniques

In the last few decades, advanced monitoring networks have been extended to the main active volcanoes, providing warnings for variations in volcano dynamics. However, one of the main tasks of modern volcanology is the correct interpretation of surface-monitored signals in terms of magma transfer through the Earth's crust. In this frame, it is crucial to investigate decompression-induced magma degassing

Basaltic magma chambers are best exemplified by layered intrusions – fossilized natural laboratories that historically constrain most fundamental principles of igneous petrology. Progressive fractional crystallization of basaltic melts in layered intrusions results in successive appearance of 5-10 liquidus minerals. Most minerals appear in the stratigraphy of layered intrusions via two distinct stages

Lake-aquifer interactions have been the subject of investigation and debate for decades. Traditional investigation methods include measurement of water flux across the groundwater–surface water interface, application of heat and environmental tracer methods, conducting numerical simulations of the water flow, and mass balance–based approaches. We first review, evaluate and describe the different approaches

Extreme geophysical events such as asteroid impacts and giant landslides can generate mega-tsunamis with wave heights considerably higher than those observed for other forms of tsunamis. In this paper, we review recent advances in the study of mega-tsunamis in the geological record, focusing on well-documented examples that have captured particular attention over the past decade. We provide up-to-date

Effective storage and containment of injected fluids over a range of spatial and temporal scales is reliant upon the sealing capacity of the lithologies overlying geological stores. Low-permeability mudrocks are considered effective candidates to restrict the migration of injected fluids from the host formation, owing to their low matrix permeabilities (<10−19 m2). Fluid-conductive fault and fracture

A summary of approximately three decades and greater than thirty loess magnetic fabric studies is presented here. The revised studies cover various loess regions from the Chinese Loess Plateau across the European Loess Belt to Alaska. Although there is still an ongoing argument about the feasibility of the magnetic fabric of loess in paleowind reconstructions, the determination of prevailing wind direction

This paper reviews the variable features of coastal tsunamis caused by offshore active faults along the eastern margin of the Japan Sea (EMJS) based on the historical records and modern observations of earthquakes and tsunamis. Tsunami deposits discovered along the EMJS coast were also introduced and categorized depending on their sedimentary environments. The offshore active faults, which are densely

The Eastern Iranian range is seen as a large scale India-Eurasia collisional event and the subsequent amalgamation of the Afghan and Lut micro-continents, including the Neo-Tethyan accretionary complexes and associated island arcs. Revised examination of the nature of tectono-stratigraphic units distributed in both sides of the NS elongated Eastern Iranian Orogen, reveals two remarkable facts: first

The Turee Creek Basin of the Pilbara Craton is critical for timing onset of the early Paleoproterozoic Icehouse and the GOE. We establish correlation to the Koegas/Postmasburg Supersequence of the Kaapvaal Craton based on a common compressional basin, with the Pilbara succession deposited near the orogen and the Kaapvaal succession near the flexural arch. Whereas Turee Creek cyclicity was controlled

Droughts can have strong environmental and socio-economic impacts in the Mediterranean region, in particular for countries relying on rain-fed agricultural production, but also in areas in which irrigation plays an important role and in which natural vegetation has been modified or is subject to water stress. The purpose of this review is to provide an assessment of the complexity of the drought phenomenon

The morphological study of geological hand samples has a wide variety of applications in the geosciences, which is conventionally accomplished by measuring the distance between features of interest on the sample's surface. Close-range three-dimensional (3D) laser scanners provide an opportunity to study the form and shape of geological samples in a digital environment and have been increasingly utilized

Reconstructions of former ice sheets and glaciers provide important palaeoglaciological information about their behaviour in response to climate changes. Glacial trimlines record both the margin positions and palaeo ice thickness, enabling the production of empirically constrained 3-Dimensional reconstructions. However, the literature review into the characteristics, interpretation, and use of glacial

Microbial mats were the dominant habitat type in shallow marine environments between the Palaeoarchean and Phanerozoic. Many of these (termed ‘microbialites’) calcified as they grew but such lithified mats are rare along modern coasts for reasons such as unsuitable water chemistry, destructive metazoan influences and competition with other reef-builders such as corals or macroalgae. Nonetheless, extant

The arrival and subsequent stagnation of the Farallon/Nazca slab at the mantle transition zone below southern South America triggered seemingly unrelated large-scale geological processes in the second half of the Cenozoic. During this period, three poorly understood regional events have characterized the more recent geological history of Patagonia: i) the development of intense intraplate magmatism

In the major zones of crustal deformation within the Arabia-Sinai-Nubia plates, the interactions between the Sinai-Negev Shear Zone (SNSZ) and the Dead Sea Fault system (DSF) shed light on the interplay between neighboring, large-scale fault systems.The SNSZ is composed of several ~E-W to ENE–WSW trending, mainly normal and dextral, strike-slip faults that are tens to hundreds of kilometers long. These

High-resolution sequence stratigraphy (HRSS) is a data-driven methodology that refers to the stratigraphic refinement achieved below seismic resolution. HRSS follows the standard sequence stratigraphy methodology and nomenclature, which are well established for the shallow marine to downstream reaches of the fluvial systems. Still, nomenclature must be flexible to some extent when applied to lacustrine

Global climate shifted to markedly warmer interglacial conditions across the “mid-Brunhes transition” (MBT, ~400 ka). However, a global MBT synthesis that spans marine and terrestrial evidence remains elusive, which limits our understanding of the role of the MBT in mid-Pleistocene human evolution. We synthesize Asian precipitation reconstructions within a context of global palaeoclimatic records and

Arclogites, or clinopyroxene-, garnet-, amphibole-, and FeTi oxide-bearing cumulates and restites (collectively representing residues) to andesitic continental arc magmas, are reviewed here and in a companion paper (Ducea et al., 2020). Experimental petrology and petrologic observations suggest that these eclogite facies rocks form magmatically in deep crustal hot zones beneath arcs with crustal thicknesses

Abstract East China experienced alternating tectonic extension and compression with ambiguous tectonic settings in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic interval. Long-term extensional episodes associated with the subduction retreat of the Paleo-Pacific and Pacific slabs have been widely studied. The compressional events, of which basin inversion is a typical case, are less concerned, but important in understanding

Ridge and runnel features were originally described by King and WiIliams (1949) from observations at Blackpool beach (U.K.) and laboratory experiments. They were characterised as intertidal, shore-parallel sandbars (ridges), commonly 2–6 bars in total, and disconnected from each other by troughs (runnels). The nomenclature ‘ridge and runnel’ was, however, also used by Hayes (1967) to describe multiple-barred

The uptake of machine learning (ML) algorithms in digital soil mapping (DSM) is transforming the way soil scientists produce their maps. Within the past two decades, soil scientists have applied ML to a wide range of scenarios, by mapping soil properties or classes with various ML algorithms, on spatial scale from the local to the global, and with depth. The wide adoption of ML for soil mapping was

Legislation and guidelines developed for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) have set performance requirements to minimize leakage risk, and to quantify and remediate any leaks that arise. For compliance it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the possible spread, fate and impacts of any leaked CO2, and the ability to detect and quantify any CO2 seepage into marine or terrestrial environments

Eclogites are witnesses of geodynamic processes that are commonly related to subduction of oceanic crust. Information on the part of these processes that refers to the burial of this rock type is rarely published but stored in the eclogitic garnet core and inclusions therein. To better understand general aspects of the burial process, a literature search on the chemical characteristics of garnet in

Strontium isotope ratio (87Sr/86Sr) has been widely used to trace human migrations across geologically distinct landscapes in archaeological, ecological, food and forensic sciences. 87Sr/86Sr-based provenance studies require a detailed strontium reference map to make valid interpretations of mobility patterns for a given region. In this study, we first review the previous development for 87Sr/86Sr

Palaeotsunami research in the Sino-Pacific region has increased markedly following the 2011 Tōhoku-oki tsunami. Recent studies encompass a variety of potential sources and cover a full range of research activities from detailed studies at individual sites through to region-wide data collation for the purposes of database development. We synthesise palaeotsunami data from around the region drawing on

The purpose of this review study is to reappraise in a more comprehensive form the thermodynamic principles behind the partitioning of trace elements between clinopyroxene and melt. The original corollary is that the partitioning energetics controlling the crystal-melt exchange are described by two distinct but complementary contributions: ΔGpartitioning = ΔGstrain + ΔGelectrostatic. ΔGstrain is the

Accurate probabilistic seismic hazard analysis requires a good knowledge of the recurrence parameters of the strongest earthquakes in a region. Due to the typical short temporal span of instrumental and historical data, it is often unclear whether one should adopt a time-dependent or time-independent (Poissonian) recurrence model, the choice of which has large repercussions on the probability estimates

Sublimation waves are periodic, linear and transverse bedforms that grow by sublimation of icy substrates under turbulent winds. They occur in different environments of the Earth and other planets, where the climate is favorable to sublimation. Their morphological and kinematic characteristics (wavelength, migration velocity, characteristic time of formation) depend on the environmental conditions

A growing awareness of life in deep igneous crust expands our appreciation for life's distribution in the upper geosphere through time and space, and extends the known inhabitable realm of Earth and possibly beyond. For most of life's history, until plants colonized land in the Ordovician, the deep biosphere was the largest reservoir of living biomass. This suggests that deep crustal habitats played

Earthquakes can occasionally trigger the eruption or increase the activity of mud volcanoes and other fluid seepage systems. One long pending question is how static and dynamic stress changes can trigger eruptions of fluid expulsion features and modulate their activity. This study addresses the potential role of static and dynamic stress changes by investigating some well documented examples of triggered

Since the advent of seismic imaging techniques, the dream of geophysicists has been to identify the fluid effect and be able to accurately map hydrocarbon from the brine within a target reservoir. The usage of bright spots (strong reflection amplitudes) as an indicator of hydrocarbon was the earliest recognition of the direct role played by the pore fluids in seismic signatures. Further development

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is also known as the “Third Pole”. Elevation dependent warming (EDW), the phenomenon that warming rate changes systematically with elevation, is of high significance for realistically estimating warming rates and their impacts over the TP. This review summarizes studies of characteristics and mechanisms behind EDW over the TP based on multiple observed datasets and model simulations

The lower shoreface provides the connection between the continental shelf and the shoreline via its onshore transition called the upper shoreface. Lower shorefaces are diverse, and range from bedrock-controlled, through sediment-starved to sediment-rich, siliciclastic, carbonate, low to high wave-energy, microtidal to macrotidal, and are variably affected by storm and wind-driven flows. The lower shoreface

Soils are a crucial link between the atmosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. Any disturbance to the health of soils will severely impact plants as well as a multitude of organisms living in or on soils, such as fungi, bacteria, and insects. Catastrophic soil loss is thought to have played a pivotal role during mass-extinction events as a result of major deforestation, but the exact feedbacks remain elusive

The Permian-Triassic mass extinction (PTME, ca. 252 Mya) was one of the most severe biotic crises of the Phanerozoic, eliminating > 90% of marine and terrestrial species. This was followed by a long period of recovery in the Early and Middle Triassic which revolutionised the structure of both marine and terrestrial ecosystems, triggering the new ecosystem structure of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Entire

Located near Japan's most densely populated and industrially active region, the Nankai Trough subduction zone has long been highlighted as a high-risk area for damaging earthquakes and tsunamis. In contrast, less attention has been paid the adjacent Ryukyu Trench because historical and geological records are scarce. In order to develop better quantitative estimates of the timing and size of the earthquakes

At seasonal to century timescales (mesoscale), the shoreface is a critical zone seaward of the surf zone and/or beachface, in which waves interact with the mobile seafloor to cause morphological change. This has important (and often unacknowledged) implications for adjacent shoreline form and behaviour both now and in the near-future. The shoreface has been relatively little studied from a mesoscale

The Permian-Triassic mass extinction, the greatest biotic crisis in Earth history, triggered the complete replacement of ecosystems with the 5–10% surviving species giving rise to the Mesozoic fauna. Despite a long history of systematic studies on Permian-Triassic foraminifera, there have been few investigations into spatial and temporal patterns of survivorship and evolution during this critical interval

The surface of the Earth is the ever-changing expression of the dynamic processes occurring at depth and at or above its surface. However, our ability to “read” landscapes in terms of their underlying tectonic or climatic forcing remains rudimentary. During the last decade, particular attention has been drawn to the deep dynamic contributions to topography, related to the stresses that are produced

Worldwide, shallow slope failure is a problem causing environmental and economic damage. Vegetation plays an important role for the stabilization of slopes. Accordingly, ecological slope engineering aims at improving the stabilizing effect of vegetation by combining knowledge of ecology and engineering. The majority of scientific studies and related methods have addressed slope stabilization mechanisms