There is a rapidly growing number of palaeotsunami sites being reported from the Pacific region but rarely have researchers looked far beyond their immediate site to find contemporary evidence at more distal locations. However, over the past 150 years the region has experienced giant earthquakes and their associated tsunamis from several key circum-Pacific sources. The 2011 Tōhoku, 1960 Valdivia, 1946

The spatiotemporal evolution of magmatism is pivotal to understand the growth mechanism and evolution of continental crust during major orogenic cycles. In this study, we investigate the extensive Early Paleozoic magmatic rock suites (487-390 Ma) from the East Kunlun Orogen (EKO), and attempt to gain insights into the growth and reworking of continental crust. The geodynamic setting of the EKO in the

Basalts are ubiquitous, mantle-derived mafic rocks found within all tectonic settings. Studying the chemical composition of basalts has proven to be an effective way to understand tectonics-related mantle processes for more recent periods of Earth history when other geological and tectonic records are still well preserved. However, using basalt geochemistry to decipher ancient tectonic environments

Broken foreland basins are caused by crustal-scale contractional basement structures that compartmentalize (or break) a contiguous retroarc or collisional foreland basin into smaller disconnected basins. Broken foreland basins differ from their unbroken counterparts in their deformational, depositional, and geodynamic framework. Whereas contiguous (unbroken) foreland basins are generated mainly by

Terrain is considered one of the most essential natural geographical features and is a key factor in physical processes. Geomorphometry and terrain analyses have provided a wealth of topographic data and corresponding tools, thus delivering insights into geomorphology, hydrology, soil science, and geographical information systems (GIS) in general. Recent advances in analysis theory, analysis methods

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) was generated through multiple collisional and accretionary events in the Paleo-Asian Ocean, a major global ocean that existed from the late Neoproterozoic into the late Paleozoic. Nevertheless, the question of when the Paleo-Asian Ocean finally closed has notoriously been enigmatic, especially due to the absence of large-scale investigations. The South Tianshan-Solonker

Central Europe, a region composed of Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia, occupying over 1 million km2 and inhabited by >150 million people, has recently experienced several extensive and severe hydrological droughts (e.g., 2015, 2018, 2019) that affected a wide range of sectors. These drought events were broadly attributed to climate change, but often without,

Archean cratons display spatial and temporal changes in the composition and thickness of the crust, which has important implications for intracrustal differentiation, attainment of long-term stability, and operation or absence of plate tectonics. The geodynamic reason(s) for these changes, though, is a controversial subject. To address this issue, the present contribution investigates the spatial and

The Paleo-Mesoproterozoic Lesser Himalayan Crystalline Sequence (LHCS) of the Himalayan orogen are critical in the understanding of pre-Himalayan tectonics in relation to the supercontinent Columbia. The LHCS is considered as the Paleoproterozoic northern boundary of the Indian Continental Block (ICB). Geological and geochemical studies of the LHCS have provided contrasting interpretations for its

Abstract not available

In our recent publication on the biodiversity of Paleozoic phytoplankton (Kroeck et al., 2022) we cited several works of Martin (Martin, 1996; Martin and Quigg, 2012; Martin and Servais, 2020) to present the hypothesis that during the late Paleozoic nutrient availability in the oceans increased significantly from a rather (super-) oligotrophic early to middle Paleozoic. We put this view in contrast

There is much debate regarding the temporal and spatial pattern of hydroclimate variations on the Tibetan Plateau during the Holocene, focusing especially on the dipolar pattern of precipitation and moisture between the southern and northern regions, on multiple timescales. Modern observations reveal that the δ18O in precipitation is an integrated tracer of the atmospheric processes of the Indian summer

Biogenic sedimentary structures, or traces, on the modern seafloor (neoichnology) record organism behaviors in response to physico-chemical conditions; consequently, they, act as analogues to similar structures preserved in the sedimentary record. Neoichnological insights are fundamental to the broad fields of paleobiology, paleontology, and sedimentology. This paper summarizes the current state of

Event stratigraphy is used to help characterise the Anthropocene as a chronostratigraphic concept, based on analogous deep-time events, for which we provide a novel categorization. Events in stratigraphy are distinct from extensive, time-transgressive ‘episodes’ – such as the global, highly diachronous record of anthropogenic change, termed here an Anthropogenic Modification Episode (AME). Nested within

Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for the evolution of life and circulates between different layers of the Earth through carriers such as igneous and sedimentary rocks. Geochemical analyses show that the variation of P concentration in igneous rocks, especially volcanics, affected the P fluctuation in coeval marginal sedimentary rocks deposited in shallow marine environments over most of geological

Triassic to Pleistocene sandstones of the Kyrenia Range, N Cyprus provide an exceptional repository of the erosional history of Anatolia. The Kyrenia Range features several different tectonic hypotheses of the Eastern Mediterranean region, which are tested here using a combination of new and recently published detrital zircon geochronology, zircon trace-element data and hafnium isotopic data. Minimum

The Iapetus Ocean was the first ancient ocean to be identified following the development of plate tectonics; its history has been fundamental in relating orogenesis and plate motion. The ocean probably formed following 3-way rifting between Laurentia, Baltica, and Amazonia – West Africa (a block that became incorporated in Gondwana). Closure of the ocean trapped numerous terranes during the development

The Eastern Australian Volcanic Province (EAVP) is a ∼ 3800 km discontinuous belt of Cenozoic mafic intraplate volcanoes along the eastern seaboard of Australia. EAVP volcanic centres contain mantle-derived melts that show minor fractionation but have large ranges in major element concentrations. Current lava field and central volcano classifications of basaltic centres do not capture geochemical trends

The driving forcing behind the secular evolution of the Earth system is controversial. Zircon, a common mineral in the continental crust, is a testimony of the growth and evolution of the continental crust and a recorder of Earth system evolution because of the time scale of the UPb isotopic chronology system zircon contains. Here, we compiled the largest known database of 2,042,944 zircon UPb ages

Over the past couple decades, the understanding of petrophysical parameters in bioturbated hydrocarbon reservoirs and aquifers has expanded greatly. Specifically, insights into how bioturbation impacts the distributions of porosity and permeability has occurred through both direct measurements (spot-permeameter, high-resolution imaging) and computer modelling of features such as bioturbation intensity

Abstract not available

The Himalayan foreland basin, manifested as the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) on the surface, has been filling up with sediment, carried by the Himalayan river network. Since 1960, several sediment budget records have been established for this region, estimated by different approaches, and averaged over different time scales. Here, we have compiled 196 records of sediment load, sediment yield, and erosion

In order to present a conclusive new correlation model for Neoproterozoic glacial units of southern Namibia, ten different sections and a variety of samples thereof were studied and analysed with respect to field relationships, whole rock geochemistry, zircon U-Pb dating as well as Th-U ratios, Hf isotopic measurements and zircon grain size analyses, combined with the new method of LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating

We appreciate the comments by G. Shanmugam on the paper “A new classification system for mixed (turbidite-contourite) depositional systems: Examples, conceptual models and diagnostic criteria for modern and ancient records” by S. Rodrigues, F.J. Hernández-Molina, M. Fonnesu, E. Miramontes, M. Rebesco, D. C. Campbell [Earth-Science Reviews (2022), 104,030]”. Most of the comments from G. Shanmugam refer

Rodrigues et al. (2022) have proposed a new classification for mixed turbidite-contourite depositional systems based on their notion that there is only one type of tubidite and that there is only one type of contourite in deep-marine systems. However, there are at least 36 turbidite types and 4 contourite types in the published literature. Furthermore, they have used the term “bottom current” to represent

Volcanic reservoirs are widely distributed in more than 40 basins in 13 countries and have become an important target for oil and gas exploration. The study of volcanic reservoirs is becoming a hot research topic. After decades of research in China, especially within the last 20 years, numerous achievements have been attained including the study of void space, petrophysical characteristics, distribution

Lying to the south of the Dharwar Craton, the expansive granulite massif, known as the Granulite Terrane of South India, preserves protracted history of the earth from ca. 3400–500 Ma. It has been divided into Northern and Southern Granulite Terranes, separated by the Moyar-Bhawani Shear Zone. Unlike the Archean Northern Granulite Terrane, the rocks of the Southern Granulite Terrane bear imprints of

The role of possible controlling factors in influencing the geomorphology of submarine canyons has been investigated using a database of 282 globally distributed modern examples collated from the literature and open-source worldwide bathymetry. Canyon geomorphology has been characterised quantitatively in terms of maximum and average canyon dimensions, canyon sinuosity, average canyon thalweg gradient

MODIS surface reflectance product (R_land) has been used to monitor waters due to its free availability and higher spatial resolution than MODIS ocean bands. However, its applicability in aquatic remote sensing has not been sufficiently assessed. Some fundamental questions such as the following need to be addressed: How does the R_land product perform in global inland and coastal waters? What water

Ecosystem engineering deals with how one species affects another (or others) via modifying habitat conditions and resource availability. Through the application of this concept, many Earth scientists have assessed the roles of focal species in modulating landscape formation and dynamics. No species, however, lives or evolves in isolation; moreover, few species exist without any engineering effects

The origin and development of the major rivers in the eastern Tibetan Plateau have been a special focus of research because of the close links recognized between river formation, tectonic uplift, and climate change. In this article, we review a number of sedimentary provenance investigations aiming to constrain the drainage evolution of the main rivers draining eastern Tibet, including the Mekong,

Peatlands are important carbon sinks, therefore their degradation mainly due to lowering of the water table, has an adverse effect to the carbon cycle and largely burden the atmosphere. Annually, extensive areas of these peatlands are affected by wildfires, therefore large peatland areas have been degraded, directly or indirectly related to anthropogenic activities, largely contributing to greenhouse

The Pampean loess is the most extensive continental paleo-record of aeolian material in the Southern Hemisphere, recording the deposition of dust transported by two major zonal wind systems: the southern westerly winds and the subtropical jets. In order to increase the understanding on paleo-atmospheric circulation over the Southern Hemisphere, we evaluate dust provenance through REE, Nd, Sr and Pb

Ferromanganese nodules (FMNs) are common products of pedogenesis and differ significantly from the surrounding soil matrix in terms of morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition. FMNs have direct impacts on nutrient cycles and heavy metal adsorption, and the concentric ring structure (or undifferentiated fabric) of FMNs can serve as fingerprints in assessing the paleoclimatic conditions and

With the aim of testing the representativity of detrital zircon U-Pb datasets, we combine new and published data from 31 large river systems in Europe and compare this information with the well-known geology of the continent. Detrital zircon ages range from Archean to Cenozoic and age clusters can be linked to different orogenic cycles and the formation of supercontinents thus representing all relevant

A review of the early Holocene paleoseismicity in areas covered by huge ice sheets in the interior of Fennoscandia and North America shows that observational data and numerical modelling are consistent with a Glacial Isostatic Adjustment response to ice removal from thick old lithosphere during the last deglaciation. We primarily relate this climate-earthquake relationship to the combined effects of

The Orphan Basin, located offshore northeastern Newfoundland, Eastern Canada, is a Mesozoic rift basin formed during the disintegration of Pangaea and the concurrent opening of the North Atlantic Ocean. The majority of previous work has divided the basin into the East (EOB) and West Orphan (WOB) subbasins, separated by the Central Orphan High (COH). These subbasins share some similarities but have

The failures of engineered dams that retain freshwater or mining waste (tailings) have led to socioeconomic and environmental consequences. However, the global magnitude-frequency statistics of these occurrences remain poorly quantified, out-of-date and/or limited in scope. Addressing this gap would give insight into how the hazard-risk of water-retention (reservoir) dams and mine tailings impoundments

Debris flows are among the most catastrophic natural phenomena, attracting the interest of researchers, engineers and government agencies. The complexity of the physical process has led to the development of numerous mathematical models to simulate and deeper understand the propagation of debris flows. Nevertheless, the intrinsic characteristics of models are not all suitable for every process observed

The offshore Chinese basins are located in the transition zone from the East Asia to the Western Pacific plate. The Cenozoic evolution of these basins reflects the geodynamic processes in East Asia. However, the coupling of the evolution of the offshore Chinese basins to the geodynamic processes occurring in the East Asian continental margin is still poorly understood. Here, the rifting processes of

As the archetype of mountain building in subduction zones, the Central Andes has constituted an excellent example for investigating mountain-building processes for decades, but the mechanism by which orogenic growth occurs remains debated. In this study we investigate the Southern Central Andes, between 22° and 35°S, by examining the along-strike variations in Cenozoic uplift history (<45 Ma) and the

The unique self-generation and self-storage characteristics of shale gas allow for its geochemical characteristics to better reflect the gas generation process inside the original rock under geological conditions. Based on a systematic analysis of 541 typical shale gas components and stable isotope compositions worldwide, this review provides an in-depth elucidation of the geochemical characteristics

On-going trade wars combined with the increasing consumption and depletion of known resources will necessitate the search for new deposits in poorly explored or unexplored areas, such as the polar regions. Antarctica is particular among the world's continents in that it has no native population and state sovereignty; the continent has also been identified as potentially harboring extensive hydrocarbon

The present study is a contribution to the understanding of continental-scale source-to-sink sedimentary systems over geological time scales. The northern half of South America is taken as a case study to explore the relations between (i) continental tectonic boundary conditions (active / passive margin, orogenic activity) and intracontinental deformation, (ii) the spatial distribution of clastic sediment

The global End-Devonian Hangenberg Event was one of the most important mass extinction events during the Phanerozoic eon. The stratigraphical, paleontological, and sedimentological evolution of strata equivalent to the Hangenberg Event have been widely investigated in three depositional environments of shallow-marine platform, of margin and upper slope, and of deep-water facies along the South China

Lacustrine shale oil represents an important opportunity for unconventional petroleum exploration and has received considerable attention from petroleum geologists. However, the assessment of oil content and resource quality of shale oil reservoirs with substantial heterogeneity and the determination of favorable exploration targets challenge geologists and petroleum explorers. Numerous methods and

This study reviews plant species richness and abundance change from the End Permian to Middle Triassic in South China and examines the co-evolutionary relationship between the flora and the environment through this critical interval in the history of terrestrial biotas. A normalized macro-fossil plant record, that considers only one taxon per whole plant, is produced. This identifies four broad phases

Over the past few decades, it has become increasingly clear that the impact of interplanetary bodies on other planetary bodies is one of the most ubiquitous and important geological processes in the Solar System. This impact process has played a fundamental role throughout the history of the Earth and other planetary bodies, resulting in both destructive and beneficial effects. The impact cratering

The evolution of the Retiolitinae marks one of the most important events in the evolution of the planktic graptolites (Graptoloidea), leading to a diversification of genera and species in the early Silurian oceans still highly underestimated and poorly understood. The complex tubarium construction of the Silurian Retiolitinae is reviewed using a unified concept to describe constructional details of

Following a decade during which its presence was widely accepted, the existence of the putative Ediacaran supercontinent Pannotia has come into question since the turn of the millenium, largely due to the geochronology of Ediacaran-Cambrian orogens, which suggests that the supposed landmass had begun to break up well before it was fully assembled. Paleomagnetic data from this time interval have been

K-Ar and Ar/Ar illite geochronology are powerful and versatile tools that can be used to provide age constraints on diverse geological processes such as diagenesis, hydrothermalism, and low-temperature metamorphism and deformation in the brittle and ductile-brittle regimes. However, the interpretation of illite Ar dates can be difficult, especially since results from grain-size fractionated samples

The present comprehensive multidisciplinary geophysical study provides new insights into the structural architecture and tectonic development of the Brazilian Equatorial Margin during the transform opening of the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean. The study integrates magnetic, gravity, and seismic data and adds to the knowledge of the prebreakup geotectonic setting of West Gondwana, shedding light on the

Landslide susceptibility corresponds to the probability of landslide occurrence across a given geographic space. This probability is usually estimated by using a binary classifier which is informed of landslide presence/absence data and associated landscape characteristics. Here, we consider the Italian national landslide inventory to prepare slope-unit based landslide susceptibility maps. These maps

The Singhbhum craton of eastern India contains an almost continuous depositional record from the Paleoarchean to the Neoproterozoic. Although researchers have examined the Mesoarchean to Neoproterozoic geological history in the last decade, the Paleoarchean sedimentological inventory is poor and the crust-mantle interaction is poorly constrained. Here we present new sedimentological data from the Paleoarchean-early