Tropical and extratropical cyclones have a profound impact on coastal morphology, ecosystems, and human lives. Given the ongoing global warming and the rising coastal populations, it is an urgent task to evaluate their impact on coastal regions ranging from low to high latitudes. Although the observation records show both significant and insignificant changes in tropical cyclone activity over recent decades, detecting long-term trends and attributing them to anthropogenic warming remains challenging due to the relatively short observation records and substantial natural variability. Paleotempestology is an emerging research field to reveal past storm activity prior to observation records based on geological, geomorphological, and biological records. This review summarizes the current progress and challenges of paleotempestology and provides insight into the response of storm activity to climate variability in the Holocene. Integrating interdisciplinary perspectives from geology, paleoclimatology, and numerical climate modeling, this review underscores the non-stationarity of storm activity, which is intricately related to climate variability through diverse mechanisms in each basin. Exploring the links and discrepancies between paleotempestological, paleoclimate, and modeling studies improves our understanding of the relationship between climate environment and storm activity.

中文翻译：

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揭示全新世古风暴的历史和性质

热带和温带气旋对沿海形态、生态系统和人类生活有着深远的影响。鉴于全球变暖的持续和沿海人口的增加，评估其对低纬度到高纬度沿海地区的影响是一项紧迫的任务。尽管观测记录显示近几十年来热带气旋活动发生了显着和不显着的变化，但由于观测记录相对较短且自然变化较大，检测长期趋势并将其归因于人为变暖仍然具有挑战性。古风暴学是一个新兴的研究领域，旨在根据地质、地貌和生物记录揭示观测记录之前过去的风暴活动。这篇综述总结了古风暴学当前的进展和挑战，并深入了解了全新世风暴活动对气候变化的响应。这篇综述综合了地质学、古气候学和数值气候模型的跨学科观点，强调了风暴活动的非平稳性，它通过每个盆地的不同机制与气候变率错综复杂地相关。探索古风暴学、古气候和模拟研究之间的联系和差异可以提高我们对气候环境与风暴活动之间关系的理解。