The Third Pole (TP) is the largest alpine mountains on the Earth. Its cryosphere is shrinking and collapsing and the hydrosphere has subsequently changed under the warming climate in recent decades, potentially affecting the biogeochemical cycle. In particular, the carbon cycle has undergone dramatic changes, primarily because of the alterations between the cryosphere and hydrosphere. Carbon emissions from melting glaciers and thawing permafrost can trigger climate change feedback. However, carbon dynamics linked to the changes of cryosphere and hydrosphere under climate warming on the TP still require clarification comprehensively. Herein, we reviewed the current state of carbon stocks in the changing TP cryosphere and hydrosphere, focusing on their variations in permafrost, glaciers, and related inland waters (headwater rivers, thermokarst lakes, and glacial lakes). We also revealed the carbon release pathways into aquatic ecosystems and the atmosphere. Finally, we recommended research priorities to address the dynamics of carbon cycling and its possible future impacts on the TP. This review highlights the importance of carbon cycle dynamics in the TP under future climate change.

中文翻译：

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第三极冰冻圈和水圈变化中的碳动力学变化

第三极（TP）是地球上最大的高山山脉。近几十年来，在气候变暖的影响下，其冰冻圈正在缩小和崩溃，水圈也随之发生变化，可能影响生物地球化学循环。特别是，碳循环发生了巨大的变化，这主要是由于冰冻圈和水圈之间的变化。冰川融化和永久冻土融化产生的碳排放可能引发气候变化反馈。然而，气候变暖背景下青藏高原冰冻圈和水圈变化的碳动态仍需全面阐明。本文回顾了青藏高原冰冻圈和水圈变化中的碳储量现状，重点关注多年冻土、冰川和相关内陆水域（源头河流、热岩溶湖和冰川湖）的碳储量变化。我们还揭示了碳释放到水生生态系统和大气中的途径。最后，我们建议了研究重点，以解决碳循环的动态及其对青藏高原未来可能的影响。本综述强调了未来气候变化下青藏高原碳循环动态的重要性。