Disentangling the individual contributions from vegetation and soil in measured canopy reflectance is a grand challenge to the remote sensing and ecophysiology communities. Since Solar Induced chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF) is uniquely emitted from vegetation, it can be used to evaluate how well reflectance-based vegetation indices (VIs) can separate the vegetation and soil components. Due to the residual

The size structure of phytoplankton communities influences important ecological and biogeochemical processes, including the transfer of energy through marine food webs. A variety of algorithms have been developed to estimate phytoplankton size classes (PSCs) from satellite ocean color data. However, many of these algorithms were developed for application to the global ocean, and their performance in

The PROSPECT model, one of the most popular leaf radiative transfer models, has long been used for retrieving leaf biochemical traits from leaf directional-hemispherical reflectance factor (DHRF) spectra, while remains underexplored for applications to the leaf bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) spectra to retrieve leaf biochemical traits. Existence of leaf surface reflectance and anisotropic property

In this study, a model test was carried out to investigate the hydro-mechanical properties of calcareous sand, and distributed fiber optic sensing technologies were utilized to monitor the entire process. The test procedure had three stages: one-way water supply, one-way drainage, and two-way drainage. The actively heated fiber optic (AHFO) method was used to monitor the soil moisture profiles, and

Slope failures represent important supplies of material for debris flows, and field observations have indicated that failures across a slope are random and discontinuous. However, few studies have focused on the nature of successive failures. This study conducted field experiments on soil failure under artificial rainfall on slopes in two typical debris flow valleys, and established the random nature

To cope with the increasing demand for traffic capacity in the Chinese Loess Plateau, building additional tunnels are required in the thick paleosol strata of Q1 strata. The thick paleosol strata consist of multiple paleoclimatic stratigraphic units, and the behavior and properties of the paleosol in each unit, which are believed to be quite different from those of common loess, remain scarcely investigated

A compacted mixture of Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) claystone/MX80 bentonite is a promising sealing material in the French Cigéo project for radioactive waste disposal at great depth. Over time, the sealing material will be saturated by the site water originating from the surrounding rock and the water chemistry can affect the performance of the sealing material. In this study, the effects of water chemistry

Bentonite suspension have been widely used as drilling fluid in drilling engineerings. In this work, a modified thixotropic loop test was conducted on 6 wt% bentonite suspensions with 4 solution salinities, to investigate the influence of salinity on rheological behaviors of Na-bentonite suspensions. Most of flow curves were well fitted with Herschel-Bulkley model except first upward curves, where

In gassy underground and spontaneous combustion prone coal mines, goaf management is a challenging task to reduce the risks of gas explosion and spontaneous combustion to acceptable levels. Goaf gas drainage via vertical surface goafholes is a primary control method to manage gas emissions in Australian coal mines. However, the operation of vertical surface goafholes maybe significantly impacted by

Loss of strength caused by the destructuration of sensitive soils has been identified as the trigger of numerous landslides, some of them of devastating proportions. Norwegian sensitive clay deposits are typically found with a mineralogical composition of inert rock flour, including clay-sized chlorite and dioctahedral mica. The present paper presents a cross-scale study conducted on a sensitive clay

Shallow loess landslide induced by rainfall is a widespread form of slope failure on the Loess Plateau of China. The hydrological response, evolutionary mechanism and failure processes of unsaturated loess slopes under precipitation in a field scale are currently lacking. Three groups of full-scale field experiments with different rainfall intensities were conducted in Jingyang County, Northwest China

This study presents a theoretical framework for monitoring the stability of a slope in an efficient and cost-effective manner. The optimal arrangement of monitoring points is achieved using strength reduction finite element analysis and redundancy optimization analysis. Using a highway slope in South China as a case study, it demonstrates that the developed theoretical framework has the capability

The design of sealing/backfill elements in high level radioactive waste disposal repository often depends on the laboratory results in terms of swelling pressure and hydraulic conductivity. In this study, a series of swelling pressure test were performed on compacted specimens of MX80 bentonite and Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) claystone mixture with different initial stress state (with and without residual

Fluid penetration from water-based drilling fluids into shale formations results in swelling and subsequent borehole instability. Generally, inorganic or organic salts are used to generate necessary chemical osmotic pressure to inhibit shale hydration and swelling. However, the relationship between salt ions and shale osmotic pressure is not clear. In this study, a dynamic model is proposed to determine

Estimation of seismogenic potential through geological studies of faults is an important step in seismic hazard evaluation and mitigation. We investigated the Katrol Hill Fault (KHF), an E-W trending and south dipping high angle reverse fault in the seismically active Kachchh Basin at the western continental margin of India. While several faults in the eastern part of the basin are presently seismically

Physical model tests are considered to be useful tools and are widely used in landslide research. The three-dimensional (3D) surface deformation of slope models provides useful information for investigating the behaviour and mechanism of landslides. In this study, a measurement system called a multi-smartphone measurement (MSM) system was proposed and developed to measure the 3D surface deformation

Understanding dynamic mechanical properties of hydrate reservoirs is essential for ensuring safety and economic hydrate production. The modulus, damping ratio, and Poisson's ratio are critical parameters in interpreting seismic surveys and well logging data and the stability prediction of hydrate reservoirs during production or under earthquake conditions. In this paper, the shear and Young's moduli

The combination of Unmanned/Unoccupied Aerial Vehicle (UAV) data and deep learning, especially convolutional neural networks (CNNs), offers robust new tools for precision land cover mapping. However, its successful application is highly dependent on local experiences that are rarely documented, resulting in practical limitations during implementation. Cost-effective deep learning frameworks for fast

The intensity of land use and management in permanent grasslands affects both biodiversity and important ecosystem services. Comprehensive knowledge about these intensities is a crucial factor for sustainable decision-making in landscape policy. For meadows, the management intensity can be described by proxies such as the mowing frequency, usually, a higher number of cuts indicate higher intensities

The multi-channel satellite passive-microwave record of Earth's sea ice coverage, extending back to the late 1970s, has long revealed declining sea ice coverage in the Arctic but through 2015 revealed an overall increase rather than decrease in Antarctic sea ice coverage. Following major decreases in Antarctic sea ice since 2015, the 42-year 1979–2020 satellite dataset now shows recent losses in sea

In recent years, the artificial ground freezing (AGF) method has been widely used in subway construction, and the engineering properties of soil have changed significantly after freezing and thawing. In this paper, a series of dynamic triaxial tests were used to investigate the pore pressure development of freeze-thaw soft clay under different cyclic dynamic stress ratios, loading frequencies and freezing

Delineation of a subsurface geological cross-section can be accomplished by conditional simulations, which can effectively combine prior geological knowledge as training images with site-specific measurements for spatial interpolation. Valuable prior geological knowledge may be concisely represented by a single training image, and the evaluation and optimal selection of a representative training image

Laterites derived from different parent lithologies in the same tropical area and under the same climatic condition are likely to have different engineering properties. In this study, two nearby abandoned laterite quarries at Haripur and Tengara in Dhenkanal district (in the state of Odisha, India) were investigated. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the strength and physical properties

In old-growth forests, natural disturbances form a complex mosaic of structures, providing a wide diversity of habitats and functions of great importance. Old-growth forests are still often seen as a homogeneous whole and few remote-sensing approaches have been tested to identify their structural diversity, especially in boreal forests. The aim of this study is to use a combination of airborne LiDAR

Recently, a large number of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images has been introduced into landslide investigations with the growing launch of new SAR satellites, such as ALOS/PALSAR-2 and Sentinel-1. Therefore, it is appropriate to develop new approaches to retrieve three-dimensional (3D) displacements and long-term (> 10 years) displacement time series to investigate the spatio-temporal evolution

Remote spectroscopy of terrestrial ecosystems generally falls into one of two categories: UV, Visible and ShortWave InfraRed (VSWIR) methods measuring reflected solar illumination, and Thermal InfraRed (TIR) methods measuring radiation emitted from the Earth's surface. Both interpret the measured radiance with inversion algorithms that estimate surface reflectance, emissivity, surface temperatures

Lignite-bearing sequence of the Valia mine, associated with the Cambay Shale Formation (early Eocene) in Cambay Basin of western Indian State Gujarat, has been studied. An integrated approach (including organic petrography, palynofacies, palynology, entomology, geochemistry) has been adopted to assess the origin and characters of lignite deposits and their potential for the hydrocarbon generation,

Understanding the frictional characteristics of granular materials (e.g., fault gouge and sand foundations) exposed to dynamic normal load are important for investigations of engineering geology disasters and safety assessment. Direct shear tests on granular materials under dynamic normal load were performed in the laboratory using a dynamic shear box device. Experimental results showed that the shear

This study investigates the role of zooclasts in the bulk organic matter composition, kerogen type, and hydrocarbon generation potential of the lower Paleozoic marine Alum shale in Baltoscandia, northwestern Europe. The results show that graptolite periderm is composed of non-granular cuticles and granular filling. The graptolite cuticle is non-fluorescing and has a well-polishing measurable surface

Leaf chlorophyll, as a key factor for carbon circulation in the ecosystem, is significant for the photosynthetic productivity estimation and crop growth monitoring in agricultural management. Hyperspectral remote sensing (RS) provides feasible solutions for obtaining crop leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) by the advantages of its repeated and high throughput observations. However, the data redundancy

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) have significant ecological and economic impact at local and regional scales. Consequently, there is a pressing need to map the fine-scale temporal and spatial patterns of MHWs, for both historical and near real-time events. Satellite remote sensing of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) provides fundamental data for the mapping of MHWs. This study used high-resolution Himawari-8

Landscape fire is a widespread, somewhat unpredictable phenomena that plays an important part in Earth's biogeochemical cycling. In many biomes worldwide fire also provides multiple ecological benefits, but in certain circumstances can also pose a risk to life and infrastructure, lead to net increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, and to degradation in air quality and consequently human

Inaccuracies in spatial modelling of coal properties can impact coal resource and reserve estimates. Geostatistical methods which account for compositional data have previously been recommended as a preferred method for modelling of coal properties. These methods can quantify uncertainty, can use auxiliary information to improve estimates, and ensure that compositional data (such as coal proximate

As one of the elements having significant affinity for organic matter in low-rank coals, aluminum (Al) can form strong complexes with organic matter. Measurable concentration of Al has been detected in ‘clean’ macerals of coal, especially vitrinite. This raises interesting questions on the modes of occurrence of Al in coal and the specific way of Al associated with organic matter. In this study, the

An algorithm for retrieving nighttime aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Day-Night Band (DNB) observations of reflected moonlight is presented for rural areas during the western U.S. fire seasons. The algorithm uses the UNified and Linearized Vector Radiative Transfer Model (UNL-VRTM) with newly developed capabilities for considering lunar illuminations

The Wenchuan earthquake triggered many landslides in the Longmen Mountain area. Among them, landslide #1, which had a unique failure model, occurred in the Liujiawan area, Qingchuan County, and experienced two failure processes. First, the shallow surface phyllitic slate and slate generated coseismic landslides, and then, the outcropping dolomite generated another landslide accumulation process at

In recent 30 years, Th/U ratio has been using widely in evaluating the paleoredox conditions during the depositions of source rocks. However, there are few studies on the preconditions of the use of Th/U ratio for evaluating the paleoredox conditions. In many areas, the evaluation results of redox conditions in paleoenvironment obtained by Th/U ratio is different from that reflected by other parameters

The technique of carbonated stabilization is an innovative method to improve the engineering performance of soft soils. However, the improvement in the engineering performance of stabilized soils with carbonized steel slag has not been studied. In addition, the effect of clay minerals on carbonation parameters and D-W cycle performance remains unknown. To this end, in this paper, three types of synthetic

Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous matter reconstructs the progressive path of graphitization during granulite facies metamorphism in the Variscan collisional belt of the southern Bohemian Massif. In this area, heating to 650–750 °C gradually altered the graphite microstructure, attributed to a metamorphic field gradient. Late low-pressure and high-temperature metamorphism at temperatures above 800 °C

Over the past decade, western North America glaciers experienced strong mass loss. Regional mass loss during the ablation season is influenced by air temperature, but the importance of other factors such as changes in surface albedo remains uncertain. We examine changes in surface albedo for 17 glaciated regions of western North America as documented in a 20-year record (2000 to 2019) of MODIS daily

Precise information on tree species composition is critical for forest management and conservation, but mapping tree species with satellite data over large areas is still a challenge. Since 2017, Sentinel-2A/B provide multi-spectral time series with global coverage at an unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. This is a new opportunity for mapping tree species over large areas that has not yet

The US Gulf of Mexico coastal region has repeatedly been subjected to major flood events. Local geotechnical site characteristics and geomorphology can change due to sediment transport processes during such events. However, field measurements during extreme conditions are challenging. This paper discusses initial attempts at a combined geotechnical and geophysical site investigation of the uppermost

Surface soil moisture and vegetation optical depth (VOD), as an indicator of vegetation wet biomass, from passive microwave remote sensing have been increasingly applied in global ecology and climate research. Both soil moisture and VOD are retrieved from satellite brightness temperature measurements assuming a zeroth order radiative transfer model, commonly known as the tau-omega model. In this model

Rivers are among the most dynamic components in Earth's terrestrial water cycle and provide critical ecosystem services. Yet, the spatiotemporal variability of river surface extents remains largely unquantified at the global scale. Satellite remote sensing provides a promising alternative to in-situ observations, which can enable a more comprehensive survey and systematic analysis of global rivers

Clay buffer is a key component of the engineered barrier system (EBS) for geological disposal of higher activity radioactive waste. Experimental observations indicate the possibility of buffer erosion at the interface with host rock due to interactions with groundwater. Existing models for clay erosion are very limited in terms of addressing the hydro-chemical effects, while the assessment of the long-term

Canopy radiative transfer (RT) modeling is critical for the quantitative retrieval of vegetation biophysical parameters and has been under intensive research over the decades. RT models of discontinuous canopies, such as three-dimensional (3D) RT models, posed challenges for the early one-dimensional (1D) hypothesis. Although 3D RT models have higher accuracy, theoretically, they suffer from two problems:

Satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signals are affected by the Earth's ionosphere when the signals travel through the ionosphere. We first analyze the impact of ionospheric variation on the coseismic deformation results derived from interferometric SAR (InSAR) for the 2010 Maule, Chile, earthquake. We then jointly invert leveling, GPS and InSAR data for the coseismic slip distribution. The bias