Satellite-based measurements have been widely used for estimating fire-emitted pollutants based on the parameters of either burned area or fire radiative power (FRP). Fire-related remote sensing additionally requires information on active fire areas and fire temperature at a subpixel scale, as well as the combustion phases (i.e., smoldering and flaming) to infer the plume injection height and to understand

Emerging economies face the dual challenges of enhancing green growth while limiting carbon emissions. Therefore, the study investigates the impact of sectoral energy intensity, renewable energy, green technological innovations, and green finance on green growth and carbon footprint in selected 13 emerging economies from 2000 to 2022. This study employed Driscoll- Kraay and three-stage least squares

PAZ mission is an X-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite launched by Spain in February 2018, capable of routinely acquiring images with high spatio-temporal resolution. In this paper, we explore the potential of spotlight-mode (HS) PAZ images for monitoring small-scale ground deformation with millimeter-level accuracy, utilizing 21 HS PAZ images acquired over the Alcoy basin (SE Spain) between

Rapid and accurate monitoring of surface water is critical for water resource management, environmental protection, sustainable urban development, among other issues. Landsat and Sentinel data are publicly available optical data with high spatial and temporal resolution, providing the possibility for large-scale surface water mapping. However, traditional threshold-based or supervised classification-based

The emission of greenhouse gases has resulted in the deterioration of the global climate, leading nations worldwide to adopt measures to mitigate the environmental impact of carbon emissions. Carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is an emerging large-scale greenhouse gas emission reduction technology with the potential to become an important means of mitigating the greenhouse effect

Precise and accurate sediment chronologies are essential for studies of past climate change. In the brackish-marine environment of the Baltic Sea, radiocarbon dating is complicated by varying influx of old carbon and reservoir age changes, challenging the construction of a robust age model. One approach to overcome the problem is well-dated isochronous tie-points like tephra. Here, we present for the

International interest is focusing on how to better manage soil organic carbon (SOC) to increase resilience to climate change and reinforce food security. Remote sensing imagery and visible, near-infrared, and short-wave infrared (VNIR-SWIR) spectroscopy combined with advanced modeling algorithms can monitor SOC in an efficient, low-cost, and environmentally friendly manner. However, the limited bands

Cloud detection is a requisite step of almost all terrestrial applications using optical remote sensing imagery, as many applications are sensitive to cloud contamination. In this research, a new algorithm has been developed to detect nocturnal cloud (from sunset to sunrise) in Himawari-8/9 AHI (Advanced Himawari Imager) imagery over land, with simultaneous aims of maximising accuracy, simplicity and

Grouting of fractured rock is an effective method for controlling water hazards in underground engineering. However, the diffusion process and mechanism of slurry flow within fractured rock masses remain unclear due to the concealed nature of subsurface structures. In this study, a two-dimensional random fracture network was generated, and both visual grouting experiments and two-phase flow numerical

Accident statistics for embankment dams show that internal erosion is a major cause of incidents involving these structures. However, internal erosion is a complex process and remains difficult to assess probabilistically.

Engineering loess is often unstable during extreme rainfall events due to its high erodibility and low water stability. Bio-mediated stabilization has garnered increasing attention as an eco-friendly soil reinforcement method in recent years. The slaking dynamics model quantitatively characterizes soil erosion resistance. To develop slaking dynamics models for bio-mediated loess with varying cementation

This study presents the results of microscopic and geochemical analyses of the Menilite Formation from the Polish part of the Outer Carpathians. Twelve Oligocene shales from the Central Carpathian Synclinorium of the Silesian Nappe were examined to evaluate the petrological characterization of the solid bitumen and other organic matter (OM), identify the hydrocarbon evidence in the analyzed samples

The upper Permian Newcastle Coal Measures (NCM) host world-class coal resources in coastal New South Wales, Australia. They formed close to the foredeep axis of a developing retroarc foreland basin associated with the Hunter-Bowen contractional event. In addition to the typical coal-bearing lithological suite of mudrocks, heteroliths, sandstones, and coals (with several beds of volcanic ash), the NCM

Detrital mineral studies have been largely undertaken using zircon, a resilient mineral to weathering, that accumulates in sediments through multiple cycles of sedimentation preserving information from early cratons and provinces. The greater susceptibility of apatite to weathering offers a specific advantage to apatite geochemistry and geochronology over zircon: an insight into first-cycle sedimentation

Cavity detection is a significant yet challenging issue of site investigation, especially in urban karst underground, where unpredictable cavities can lead to geological hazards and substantial economic impact during tunnelling and underground construction. This paper presents an innovative methodology to accurately and quantitatively detect and characterize cavities with different scales and infilling

This study presents a comprehensive approach to site-specific one-dimensional (1-D) nonlinear ground response analysis (GRA) incorporating a porewater pressure (PWP) generation model for the Holocene deposits of Kolkata, India. In-situ Dilatometer Marchetti Test (DMT) and seismic DMT have been performed adjacent to borehole locations in the study area to obtain the strength parameters of the subsoil

Rockfalls represent a significant hazard in high-mountain regions of the Pyrenees, threatening transportation routes, infrastructure, and local communities. Protective forests naturally mitigate the impact of hazards, which can be further enhanced using engineering solutions. Here, we evaluate, close to real-scale conditions, the effectiveness of nature-based engineering solutions against rockfalls

Accurate site classification maps are essential for updating the seismic ground motion parameter zoning map, as they account for the site effects. When field investigations are impractical, proxy-based methods (e.g., geological or topographic proxies) are commonly adopted to estimate VS30, a key parameter for characterizing site conditions. In this study, we compiled a nationwide borehole database

Repetitive optical observations from satellites are crucial for monitoring earth surface dynamics over time. However, optical satellite image time series is severely affected by frequent data gaps due to clouds and shadows. While synthetic aperture radar (SAR) provides cloud-penetrating capabilities to complement missing optical data, recent advancements in time series reconstruction have shifted focus

New apatite fission track (AFT) data from Estonia together with previously published data from Finland, all from crystalline basement drill core, constrain the Phanerozoic thermal history. Models show a consistent pattern of heating from Cambrian to end-Carboniferous, with peak paleotemperatures of 60 ± 10 °C when sediment cover was ∼ 0.5 km thicker in the Baltic Paleobasin and ∼ 1.5 km over Precambrian

A thorough analysis of the pile-soil-sheet interaction is essential to understanding the load-transfer mechanism and reliable structural design of sheet pile walls in slope stabilizations. However, the stabilizing contribution of retaining sheet still remains unclear to date. In this paper, a series of shaking table tests were conducted on a deposit slope reinforced with sheet pile walls by considering

Rock moisture, a hidden component of the water cycle, is responsible for deterioration of rocks. In caves shielded from rainfall, rock moisture dynamics remain insufficiently known. In the Yungang Grottoes, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in China, we employ the frequency domain reflectometry to monitor the apparent rock water content (RWC) at the horizontal depth of 5 cm of a rock wall, and transform

Excavating foundation pits in karst areas faces challenges from stress interactions between densely distributed caves. Current methods (e.g., FEM) often yield high safety factors, leading to increased excavation costs. We develop a complex function model incorporating Riemann mapping to derive analytical stress solutions for arbitrary cave geometries. Stability criteria for different failure modes

In early 2023, the Joshimath town in Uttarakhand Himalaya, India, became a major concern due to widespread ground deformation and building damage. As a densely populated town on a slow-moving landslide (SML), it is crucial to assess the ground movement patterns and associated risks. Towards this objective, this study integrates Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) time-series data (2017–2023)

Climate change has intensified the occurrence of rock-ice avalanches, heightening risks to communities and infrastructure in alpine regions. However, their abrupt onset and remote locations have limited investigations into their initiation mechanisms. This study addresses that gap through centrifuge experiments based on two major events: the 2000 Yigong landslide in China and the 2021 Chamoli rock-ice

Aerosols, which offset a third of the greenhouse gas forcing, remain the primary source of uncertainty in climate monitoring. Satellite products, models, or reanalyses provide time series of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), each with distinct strengths and weaknesses. This study evaluates the temporal stability of these datasets from 2003 to 2022 using spatially representative long-term AERONET measurements

The mechanical behavior of weathered interbedded rocks, such as the Kenny Hill Formation, is highly anisotropic due to bedding and joint orientations. This study investigates the compressive strength, failure modes, and stress-strain behavior of weathered shale, sandstone, and composite specimens under unconfined and confined stress conditions, with bedding and joint orientation angles ranging from

Slope stability analysis in spatially variable soils poses significant computational challenges for traditional methods. While surrogate models offer potential solutions, they face limitations in handling high-dimensional data of random fields and lack interpretability. This study introduces a novel LeNet5-CBAM surrogate model that combines Convolutional Neural Networks (LeNet5 base) with Convolutional

In the deep geological repository for high-level radioactive waste (HLW), technological voids are inevitably generated during the construction, which may influence the bentonite-based barrier performance. To well understand the self-sealing/healing mechanisms, simultaneous morphology-hydromechanical tests were performed on compacted GMZ bentonite blocks with vertical technological void, and the overall

Dense granular flows play a critical role in various geological hazards, including landslides, fault slip zones, debris flows, and rock avalanches, yet the coupled thermo-mechanical behavior governing their evolution remains poorly understood. In this study, we conducted ring shear experiments under high normal stress using nearly crush-resistant glass beads to investigate the evolution of velocity

Polymer amended geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) have exhibited substantial semipermeable membrane behavior in singe-species salt solution. However, very few studies have evaluated the membrane and diffusion behavior of polymer amended GCLs in multi-species leachates. This study investigated the membrane and diffusion behavior of novel composite polymer amended GCL (referred to as PHGCL) using diluted

Historical and newly acquired data are used to model the spatial variability of rare earth elements (REE), Sc, Y, and Li concentrations in two coal ash impoundments. Samples were collected using a limited sampling scheme and modeled in ArcGIS Pro for total REYSc, Ce, La, Sc, Y, Nd, and Li using 3-dimensional empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK 3D). Although a higher sample density was modeled at Site 1

Daytime land surface temperature (D-LST) plays a pivotal role in regulating net ecosystem exchanges and is characterized by rapid fluctuations. Thermal infrared satellite remote sensing (TIRS) is widely used to acquire D-LST data owing to its global coverage and high-frequency observations. However, the presence of cloud cover impedes the TIRS technique by obstructing ground thermal emissions. A prevalent

Gross primary production (GPP) is a key indicator of plant growth and ecosystem health, and accurately capturing its diurnal variation is crucial for understanding vegetation responses to extreme heat and drought. However, the applicability of satellite-based semi-empirical models to diurnal GPP estimation remains limited. This study refined diurnal GPP estimation in humid temperate climates by leveraging

The northern margin of the Indian continental plate had undergone multiple tectonic events associated with the supercontinent assemblies and breakups before the Cenozoic collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. Whole-rock geochemical, zircon U–Pb geochronology, Lu–Hf and O isotopic study of the granites and granite gneisses exposed in the west Kameng and Subansiri regions of Arunachal Himalaya

Problems such as roof collapse and support crushing are frequently encountered in the working face and threatened safety of the working face. Therefore, understanding the overburden stress is crucial to hazard detection and mitigation in deep coal mining. The hydraulic support is in direct contact with the roof of the working face in the working space of the shearers, which can most comprehensively

The diversification of elasmobranchs through time is accompanied by an incredible diversity of feeding ecologies reflecting every trophic position and placing elasmobranchs as cornerstone organisms of the marine food webs. Quantifying their trophic ecology in the fossil record brings precious insights about their successes and the evolution of trophic structure through deep time. Here we quantitatively

Paleogeography of the microcontinents in northeastern China is essential to understanding tectonic and dynamic evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). Studies using a variety of scientific and technical means have been carried out on materials ranging from the Late Neoproterozoic to the early Mesozoic of the CAOB. However, evidence from macroplant fossils is rare, and its Devonian-related

Snowmelt provides critical water resources that impact ecosystem health and hazard frequency; however, the timing of melt is difficult to infer across large spatial scales. While Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has been used to detect snowmelt onset, the accuracy of different methodological approaches requires evaluation. We use Sentinel-1 SAR observations to estimate snowmelt timing at automated snow

In recent years, increasing wildfire activity in the western United States has led to significant emissions of smoke aerosols, impacting the atmospheric energy balance through their absorption and scattering properties. Single scattering albedo (SSA) is a key parameter that governs these radiative effects, but accurately retrieving SSA from satellites remains challenging due to limitations in sensor

The surveillance and detection of civil aircraft over a wide area has long been a technical challenge, with no available datasets and complete detection methods yet. The first global space-based three-channels thermal infrared flying civil aircraft dataset (TIFAD.v1) is established by this paper, covering 17 months, six continents, with 21,004 aircraft and 1252 contrail aircraft, integrating ADS-B

The impacts of climate change pose significant challenges to global forest ecosystems, particularly in Mediterranean evergreen forests dominated by Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.). Since the CLMS 10-daily Gross Dry Matter Productivity (GDMP) product represents the potential productivity and, by definition, does not account for water stress, this study aims to evaluate and improve the Gross Primary

Compared with those provided by polar-orbiting satellites/sensors (e.g., Landsat/MODIS), new-generation geostationary satellites, such as Himawari-8 and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R series (GOES-R), offer temporally continuous and much more frequent observations of the land surface over the course of the diurnal cycle. In this study, Himawari-8 land surface temperature (LST)

Variations of helium isotopic compositions across tectonic belts and at regional scales provide critical insights into crust–mantle interactions and the transport of heat and volatiles from the Earth’s interior. In this study, we report geochemical data from 26 thermal springs, including 51 newly analyzed samples, and integrate a broader dataset comprising 854 samples from 350 sites distributed along

The hotspot-sun angular offset (the spherical circular angle between hotspot and sun positions, termed ΔCA) in urban thermal anisotropy (UTA) plays a pivotal role in advancing remote sensing of urban climates. However, its diurnal and monthly variations across scenarios influenced by sun position, urban morphology, and thermal inertia remain largely unknown. Here we filled this knowledge gap based

Hyperspectral remote sensing has great potential for monitoring chlorophyll-a concentration (Chla) in optically complex waters. However, various hyperspectral indices currently used for retrieving Chla in productive waters exhibit drawbacks due to interference from other water parameters, imperfect atmospheric correction, and the constraints imposed by discrete spectral bands. To address these issues

High spatial resolution Ice/snow Surface Temperature (IST) data provides prominent advantages for polar research, such as identification of sea ice lead, monitoring of surface melting on ice shelves and variations of polynyas. As the first satellite dedicated to sustainable development goals, SDGSAT-1 is equipped with 30 m thermal infrared bands, making it highly promising for monitoring fine scale

The Chilpi Group (2050 – 1850 Ma), central India, preserves iron formations of the Paleoproterozoic Era. The PO2 value of 10-3 – 10-5 times the present atmospheric level (PAL) during deposition of the Chilpi Group was reported from the analyses of the geothermometry and oxygen fugacity variations using the mineral chemistry of the rare association of magnetite-greenalite-cronstedtite-siderite in the

42-years of Arctic and Antarctic Surface Temperatures from thermal Infrared satellite radiometers (AASTI) are presented as the Copernicus Climate Change Service Ice surface temperature record v1.1 dataset (C3S IST). It covers snow, ice and ocean surfaces with mean and max–min daily temperatures poleward of 50 degrees North and South, for the period 1982–2023. The C3S IST is provided as a Level 3 (L3)

Methane is an important greenhouse gas contributing to global warming and climate change. The effective identification of atmospheric plumes in spatial images of methane concentration data retrieved from remote sensing is a critical step in quantifying emissions and ultimately helping to mitigate climate change by reducing large methane emission sources. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive efficient

In recent years new sensors and products have been developed to advance our capabilities in assessing human activities based on the remote sensing of night lights. Correctly understanding patterns in human activity and land use based on night lights, is key to gauge our advancement in reaching the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. In this paper I focus on five challenges in remote sensing

Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) have been widely investigated for their potential role in mass extinction events. High-precision U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Deccan Traps indicates that peak eruptive activity began approximately 250 kyr before the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary and persisted into the early Danian, suggesting a causal link between Deccan volcanism and the K-Pg mass extinction

The Doppler shift observed by single-beam synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has been widely used to retrieve the radial velocity of ocean surface currents. However, operational marine forecasting centers require full surface current vector fields for data assimilation and forecast validation. To address this need, we propose a method to reconstruct the two-dimensional surface current vector from SAR Doppler

Soil moisture (SM) is a critical variable in land-atmosphere interactions. As an important passive microwave remote sensing dataset, the Fengyun-3B (FY-3B) SM has been applied in a variety of scientific studies and applications. However, due to the discontinuous coverage of satellite revisit orbits, the FY-3B SM contains a large range of data gaps, which greatly limit the applicability. To solve this

The importance of conservation agriculture (CA) is undeniable, both for improving soil health and offering a viable path towards achieving carbon neutrality. However, to date, survey statistics on the extent of conservation agriculture were based on farmer declarations or field inspections. This is a major impediment to the promotion or monitoring of conservation agriculture. Here, we collected the