General Circulation Models (GCMs) can be considered the most accurate numerical models for simulating climate variables across past and future scenarios. The reliability of GCMs projections can vary markedly across different geographical regions but, despite the importance of selecting the most suitable GCM for a specific study area, there has been limited exploration into identifying the optimal model

Vegetation and associated ecosystem functions are critically dependent on soil moisture availability. As soil moisture declines below critical thresholds, vegetation may undergo regime shifts from energy to water limitation, and ultimately to systemic breakdown (i.e., vegetation no longer survives). However, the patterns, drivers, and trends of such full regime shifts remain unclear. In this study

Non-point source (NPS) pollution from stormwater runoff has become a major threat to urban water bodies. Rapid and reliable pollution profiling is essential for effective mitigation, yet early-stage stormwater management often lacks detailed drainage data and long-term monitoring, complicating model selection. This study evaluates the performance and practical utility of three widely used NPS modeling

Ensuring water supply reliability as well as improving the quality of water environment is a challenging task, especially in cities with water shortage. Non-stationarity and variability in streamflow and water demand compound this challenge. This study first develops Non-stationary Transformer models to explore the stationarity in streamflow forecasting and, uncertainties of both water availability

Riverbed clogging by suspended sediments in turbid rivers can significantly alter the infiltration process. However, since it is difficult to quantitatively monitor the clogging process, the mechanism of riverbed infiltration-clogging is not yet clear. This study conducted a series of column experiments on intermittent riverbeds to simulate the infiltration-clogging process under different riverbed

Characterized by diverging and merging pathways, meandering-anabranching channels are prevalent in natural rivers. They usually have a significant impact on local bed topography, flow structure and sediment transport, thus influencing river segment stability. Despite their significance, the influence of emergent vegetation on the bed surface texture of these channels has not been adequately investigated

Forest transpiration (T) exhibits significant temporal and spatial patterns. A deeper understanding of this variability is necessary to more accurately predict future climate-carbon–water cycle feedbacks. Variations in T are driven by a wide range of biological and abiotic factors, primarily through changes in vegetation phenology and physiological processes. However, it is unclear that how plant phenology

China is a hotspot of vegetation change, accounting for one fourth of the global total vegetation growth. Yet the influence of vegetation change on the future changes of soil moisture drought is two-fold as the response of vegetation physiology (e.g., physiological effects of CO2) and structure (e.g., leaf area index (LAI)) to CO2 rise can either mitigate or exacerbate soil moisture droughts. Here

Groundwater extraction and aquifer heterogeneity significantly influence seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers. However, traditional groundwater monitoring network designs often fail to account for the uncertainties arising from variations in extraction intensity and aquifer heterogeneity. To develop a monitoring network that performs robustly across different scenarios, this study integrates geostatistical

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a crucial role in carbon cycling of aquatic ecosystems. However, limited research has explored how DOM quantity and quality respond to global changes and their underlying mechanisms. To bridge this knowledge gap, we conducted a comprehensive analysis using data from 50 published studies. Our findings revealed significant variations in dissolved organic carbon (DOC)

Glyphosate and its degradation product AMPA, are ecotoxic, recurrent and persistent in agricultural soils, susceptible to overland transport by runoff, and sediment erosion due to their strong sorption affinities. We hypothesize that eroded sediments of different sizes have differing sorbed concentrations and relative contributions to glyphosate and AMPA transport, due to different specific surface

Karst groundwater is a vital water resource that faces challenges of over-extraction and declining quality, which can be influenced by long-term climate change and anthropogenic activities. However, studies integrating the long-term monitoring of both water quality and quantity remain limited. This study examined the Baotu Spring watershed, which is a typical karst region in northern China, by utilizing

Low dissolved oxygen (DO < 4 mg/L) plays a crucial role in shaping the nutrient cycle in tidal rivers and affects nutrient flux into the ocean. However, it often garners less attention compared to low DO in coastal waters. In this study, a water quality model alongside observations was employed to study the driving forces of low DO in the intricate tidal rivers of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), which

Evapotranspiration (ET) over forests plays a crucial role in controlling the global hydrological cycle, regulating the global energy, water, and carbon cycle. The prevailing large-scale evapotranspiration models usually rely on remotely-sensed meteorological conditions and terrestrial properties. In recent years, Solar-Induced chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF) has shown great potential in estimating transpiration

Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) play a pivotal role in mitigating soil erosion and should be included in the cover-management factor (C-factor) for improving the accuracy of soil erosion models. The study aimed to quantify the influence of biocrusts development on soil erosion and to establish a biocrusts factor (Bbc) for integration into the C-factor calculation. This was achieved through indoor

This study aims to numerically examine the effect of temporal variation in soil hydraulic properties (SHPs) on water movement in agricultural fields. The 1-D Richards’ equation was integrated with an analytical time-varying SHP model to simulate the soil–water dynamics under wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop covers for two different fertilizer treatments and four soil types

Headwater streams disproportionately influence global river carbon balances, increasing uncertainty in carbon flux estimates, especially amid environmental change. While land use changes and urbanization have been attributed to global river chemistry shifts, their impact on carbon dioxide (CO2) dynamics in headwater streams, particularly in sensitive carbonate-rich karst systems, remains poorly understood

The Budyko framework estimates macroscale evapotranspiration (ET) through hydrological partitioning, which determines what proportion of precipitation becomes ET or passes overland as runoff. This method has been widely used for modelling catchment ET and calibrating satellite-based ET algorithms at multi-annual timesteps, as it effectively accounts for how the relationship between water and energy

Rapid drawdown can trigger internal erosion in totally or partially undrained soils within landslides and embankments, posing a significant threat to slope stability. Both the mechanical balance method and data-driven technologies, fail to consider the impact of internal erosion on slope failure when estimating the critical drawdown rate. Additionally, the traditional k/μv formula, based on stable

The cause of the convex shape of cumulative infiltration curves observed in hydrophobic porous media with persistent water repellency is unclear. The current study aims to narrow this research gap. Previous experiments have demonstrated that the hydraulic conductivity of hydrophobic capillary tubes increases with ponded water depth and stabilizes after reaching a critical ponded water depth. To investigate

The increasing availability of precipitation stations worldwide highlights the importance of understanding how station selection influences hydrological modeling. Nevertheless, the debate regarding using all available stations versus selecting a subset remains underexplored. This study examines how selecting precipitation stations based on the homogeneity of precipitation data impacts hydrological

This study presents an efficient physics-based modeling strategy for simulating urban pluvial floods, which uses a subgrid approach to account for the contribution of (part of) underground drainage pipes. Coupled with a two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic model solving the porous version of the shallow water equations for the free-surface flow, the subgrid formulation allows running rain-on-grid (RoG)

Groundwater storage (GWS) is a crucial source of drinking water and agricultural supply. The effects of climate change, such as global warming, drought, and reduced rainfall, make it increasingly difficult to replenish depleted groundwater. Therefore, accurately monitoring changes in GWS is of paramount importance. The twin Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites provide a valuable

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a critical component of the land–atmosphere water cycle in the natural environment and a significant element in surface energy balance processes. This study presents an enhanced version of the surface energy balance system (SEBS) model, termed the modified SEBS (mSEBS) model, to estimate the daily actual land surface ET in China, with a spatial resolution of 500 m, from 2011

Wetlands play a critical role in the global water cycle and ecological health. However, understanding and accurately parameterizing water and heat exchanges in these areas is challenging due to the heterogeneous nature of wetland surfaces. This study extends the maximum entropy production (MEP) model to simulate wetland evapotranspiration (ET) by integrating NDVI dynamics, water evaporation, and plant

Plants are vital for maintaining ecosystem health as they absorb, store, and release water. However, a comprehensive understanding of plant water sources at different altitudes, especially in cold alpine regions, remains limited. Based on MixSIAR model, we quantify the seasonal water sources of dominant plants along altitude gradients and analyze the controlling factors in the Qinghai Lake Basin. The

Headcut erosion constitutes the beginning of rill erosion and is the main process influencing gully expansion. However, there is a lack of detailed quantitative studies on the sediment–producing process and the dynamic mechanism underlying rill headcut erosion at the beginning stage of the development of large–scale incised gullies (Benggang). In this study, we continuously dynamically monitored the

The main objective of this paper is to improve the soil water content (SWC) estimation in semi-arid areas to enhance the ability of hydrological models for reliable assessment of droughts. This study couples the water cloud model (WCM) and the Oh model and combined them with Sentinel-1 SAR and Sentinel-2 multispectral data to improve the accuracy of SWC estimation. In addition, the study uses NDVI

Fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) is a key indicator of the sources and transformation trends of organic matter in aquatic environments. However, in natural water, the composition of FDOM is often affected by external inputs, which complicates the isolation of environmental heterogeneity effects. To elucidate the intrinsic fluorescent characteristics of DOM with minimal external interference

High-precision and accurate runoff simulation is crucial for the management and allocation of water resources, the operation of hydraulic engineering, and the prevention of flood and drought disasters. However, consensus remains elusive regarding effective methods to filter and reshape the impact of numerous external factors on runoff, and theoretical foundations for such processes are also inadequately

Fractures are widely distributed in aquifers, and their geometric characteristics and hydraulic properties play a crucial role in groundwater flow and the migration of contaminants. Therefore, accurately characterizing fractures within aquifers is of great importance. In this study, we developed a novel method to invert the geometric features and aperture of fractures in fractured aquifers using deep

The absence or inaccessibility of high-quality Urban Underground Stormwater Networks (UUSNs) data hinders precise modeling and analysis of urban flood. This study proposed an algorithm for deriving UUSNs based on urban road networks and UUSNs design standards by using domain adversarial neural networks and complex network analysis. In data-supported region, the algorithm successfully captured 92% of

Differentiable parameterized learning (dPL) represents a cutting-edge advancement in synergizing process-based models (PBMs) and machine learning to improve both the model prediction and interpretability. However, dPL mainly focuses on refining parameters within a predefined process-based structure, which limits its performance and process understanding to the constraints of existing PBM frameworks

The asymmetric erosion and deposition patterns in river bends result in more pronounced erosion on the concave bank. Sediment transport, serving as the interaction medium between river flow and bank slope, plays a vital role in shaping the evolution of river bends. Thus, an in-depth investigation into the critical conditions for sediment initiation is essential for elucidating the stability mechanisms

Evaluating the alignment between groundwater level (GWL) and groundwater salinity (GWS) is crucial for the management of groundwater. The aim of this proposed module-based study was to explore spatio-temporal coherence between GWL and GWS in the Miandoab aquifer, in northwestern Iran, adjacent Urmia Lake. In the first module, zoning was performed leading to four distinct clusters. The GALDIT as the

Chemical fluxes supplied by Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) can be relevant for coastal ecosystems, particularly lagoonal environments. An appropriate understanding of SGD requires constraining the magnitude and composition of its different pathways. However, the evaluation of SGD pathways is often limited to independent estimations, lacking a comprehensive understanding of the groundwater processes

Streamflow forecasting is useful for various purposes, from ensuring the safety of populations during floods to managing hydraulic structures. The aim of this work is to combine two hydrological modelling approaches widely used in streamflow forecasting in order to define their benefits and limits in a probabilistic framework: the multi-model approach (which accounts for structural and parametric model

Active microwave remote sensing techniques, especially synthetic aperture radar (SAR), are valid tools for monitoring snow depth (SD) because of their high spatial resolution and day–night all-weather monitoring. The first SAR (C-band)-based SD product (C-snow), which covers all mountain ranges in the Northern Hemisphere, has been used as a reference dataset in many applications, such as building SD

Estuaries and bays provide favorable conditions for mariculture, which in turn influences regional carbon cycling. However, a key challenge lies in comprehending the role of mariculture in sedimentary organic matter (SOM) dynamics during the transport of organic carbon (OC) along river-estuary-bay continuums. To address this knowledge gap, surface sediments were collected from a typical oyster farming

Understanding the interactions between vegetation coverage and precipitation is critical for the restoration and conservation of fragile ecosystems, particularly in regions with unique climatic conditions such as the dry-hot valley of the Jinsha River. Using MOD13Q1 vegetation data and IMERG satellite precipitation data from 2001 to 2020, this study investigated the trends, time-lag, and accumulation

To accurately simulate the complex wetting and drying process involved in flooding, two widely used schemes, the thin film scheme and the minimum threshold scheme, have been incorporated into the discrete Boltzmann model for shallow water flows. Seven classical benchmarks are employed to evaluate their performance: one-dimensional steady hydraulic jump, one-dimensional ideal dam-break flow, one-dimensional

Ecohydrological processes in arid and semi-arid regions play a critical role in shaping regional climate dynamics. This study focused on sand dunes and meadows, which are typical ecosystems in the Horqin Sandland, using meteorological, soil, environmental, and eddy covariance (EC) observational data for 10 years (2013–2022). An ecohydrological model (T&C model) was developed for community-scale sandy

In the hydrological cycle, infiltration is a fundamental process that connects surface water with groundwater. Presently, the numerical computation of infiltration equations grounded in physical theories is intricate and frequently constrained by stability challenges. Empirical infiltration equations, which are formulated from experiments conducted at either point or field scales, still necessitate

Stream temperature (ST) is a key driver of water quality and ecosystem health, and the analysis and forecasting thereof benefit from the availability of high spatiotemporal resolution ST datasets. However, such datasets are limited spatially and temporally across the CONUS, particularly for small, remote streams. Available models are limited in domain (regional), spatial resolution (≥10 km), temporal

Sediment connectivity provides an effective geomorphological and hydrologic tool in understanding the impact of morphological complexity and anthropogenic modification on the spatial transfer of sediment fluxes within a geomorphic system. However, sediment connectivity studies presented numerous challenges in complicated topographic area, such as the hilly-gully loess region of Chinese Loess Plateau

Accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is crucial for understanding water and carbon cycles, and water resource management. Direct ET measurements are expensive and technically challenging. A common indirect estimation method involves multiplying potential evapotranspiration (PET) by a soil water stress function (β). However, a soil water stress function with static parameters (βS) was generally

Benthic turbulent bursts play a crucial role in sediment resuspension and endogenous pollution in large, shallow lakes. This study aims to compare the dynamics of bursting events under various wind- and ship-induced waves in the near-bed regions of Lake Taihu, China. Utilizing in-situ observations with high-frequency Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry, we revealed several distinct turbulence patterns associated

Global trends of increasing lake salinity stem from numerous mechanisms, including land use and climate change. As salinity varies inversely with water level in shallow lakes, the effects of a drying and warming climate can mimic salinization, the increased storage of dissolved salts. Even detecting trends in shallow lakes can be challenging due to large interannual variability. Here, I develop a new

Vegetation patch is a widely distributed pattern in global water-limited regions and is found to affect crucial soil hydrological properties, especially soil water content (SWC) that supports plant survival. However, the effects of vegetation patches on soil water content highly vary with site conditions. Under what condition can the positive effect of vegetation patch be maximized remains unknown

Sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) have been widely adopted to address urban flooding, water pollution, and biodiversity degradation. However, implementing SuDS in sloping environments presents unique challenges due to complex hydrological processes and geotechnical factors. This paper comprehensively reviews the current understanding, approaches, opportunities, and future research directions for

Salt intrusion and sediment dynamics affect the water quality of estuaries. Multiple factors, such as river discharge, tidal forcing and surge events influence salt intrusion and the location of the Turbidity Maximum Zone (TMZ). As these drivers vary frequently, estuarine systems are in a permanent state of adaptation. This study quantifies the spatio-temporal variability in response to the change

Accurate mapping of flood susceptibility (FSM) is of paramount importance for the effective management and mitigation of this deadly disaster. This study introduces a novel framework based on the Kolmogorov-Arnold Network (KAN) for enhanced FSM, which was applied to two basins in Iran: the Karun and Gorganrud basins. Three KAN-based models were implemented and evaluated. The performance of the Boubaker-KAN

Unregulated ‘free-flowing’ streams are essential in maintaining the ecological health of river systems within basins that are increasingly regulated by large dams. However, flow regimes in ‘free-flowing’ streams can nonetheless be impacted by smaller distributed (diffuse) forms of regulation such as small dams and pumped extractions, and climate change is expected to exacerbate these impacts. Research

A significant hydrological feature of the cryosphere is that water bodies exist in multiphase forms. Abrupt shifts in multiphase water indicate a break in the stability of the hydrological cycle and may threaten sustainable water resources supply. However, the phenomenon of abrupt shifts in alpine regions and their underlying driving mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study investigated the

With the extensive implementation of control measures for industrial point sources, domestic sewage pollution, and the broad adoption of Low Impact Development facilities, urban river water quality deterioration has increasingly been linked to rainfall events worldwide. Notably, this challenging phenomenon, known as flood-season pollution (FSP), is inadequately addressed in the new phase of precise

Methane (CH4) is a significant greenhouse gas, contributing up to 20% of the greenhouse effect. Among natural sources, wetlands are one of the largest and most uncertain contributors to CH4 emissions. Understanding the mechanisms underlying CH4 production and emission from wetlands is crucial to reducing uncertainties in wetland CH4 flux estimates. Current conceptual and numerical models of wetland

Predicting the onset of flash droughts remains a formidable challenge for current drought early warning systems. However, understanding the timing and mechanisms of flash drought recovery is equally critical for effective flash drought risk management. Despite this, limited research has focused on the recovery phase across different stages of the flash drought full life cycle. This study integrates

Inadequate discharge data at the necessary spatiotemporal scale and the lack of local rating curves can hinder the modeling of flood inundations in urban and peri-urban areas. In many urban regions globally, detailed terrain data and stage-discharge measurements along major drainage channels or contributing rivers are often unavailable. Typically, stage hydrographs are recorded at only a few gauging

Rivers in high-latitude regions frequently undergo a process of freezing during the winter, forming an ice cover on the water surface that effectively cuts off the exchange between the water body and the atmosphere. This results in a notable reduction in dissolved oxygen levels within the water body and hence makes it challenging for contaminants to volatilize and degrade. As a thorough understanding

Typhoon Hato (2017), Typhoon Mangkhut (2018), and Typhoon Saola (2023) are among the most destructive typhoons to have struck Hong Kong in recent years, resulting in intense coastal flooding and severe damage. However, comprehensive flood risk assessments remain limited due to scarce data from inundation field surveys and damage assessments. In this study, we develop an integrated framework combining