Urban shrubs are one of the main components of urban vegetation and play a significant role in mitigating the urban heat island (UHI) through transpiration. As there are no suitable methods to measure the transpiration rate of urban shrubs, many issues related with urban transpiration rate and UHI are still not properly understood. In this study, the two-dimensional (2D) three-temperature (3T) model

Evaluation of hydrological response to future climate change is essential for water quality risk assessment and adaptive management implementation within a watershed context. In this study, we present a modeling framework that integrates a hydrological model with projections of General Circulation Models (GCMs). Temperature and precipitation projections of six GCMs with two downscaling methods are

Lack of high spatial resolution soil moisture data is a major limitation in many regional scale hydrologic, climatic and agricultural applications. The available satellite soil moisture data products are too coarse and unable to cater for this resolution requirement. Downscaling coarse spatial resolution satellite soil moisture retrievals is a feasible option to meet the required level of spatial resolution

Snow varies widely in space and time over high mountain regions. Accurately representing the spatial distribution of snow water equivalent (SWE) is critically important for improving our understanding of snow accumulation and melt processes. Despite its importance, in situ observations are lacking in poorly gauged regions such as the headwater region of the Yangtze River (HRYR). Traditional remotely

Topography is one of the main factors in hillslope rainfall-runoff processes. The effect of hillslope geometry, representing an important aspect of topography, on Hortonian rainfall-runoff has not been fully understood. In order to investigate this effect, hillslope geometry was abstracted as the combination of longitudinal profile curvature and plan shape, and a set of representative hillslope surfaces

The capability of hydrologic models to spatially simulate the changes in hydrologic processes, like precipitation, is an important consideration in capturing the impacts of these processes on sediment prediction across the domain. Radar-derived precipitation (RDP) provides an enhanced detail of rainfall characteristics in time and space compared to estimates from rain-gauge precipitation (RGP) commonly

We measured the concentrations of the total dissolved ions (TDI), dissolved silica, major cations and the δD and δ18O at sub-weekly intervals for one year in the Okavango River at the outlet of the Okavango Delta (Delta). Our objectives were to (1) document the temporal variations in the concentrations of solutes in the Okavango River, (2) determine the processes controlling the transfer of solutes

Quasi-point hydraulic properties (K) measured locally under laboratory or field conditions need to be upscaled to block-scale K-tensors for use in flow simulators. The upscaled model also needs to be calibrated to hydraulic head observations. The calibration must preserve spatial covariance, cross-covariance and non-linear relations between tensor components. We apply a new upscaling method that allows

The leaf area index (LAI) is a key variable for representing vegetation state, and it is closely related to simulating carbon and water exchanges between land and the overlying atmosphere in land surface and terrestrial ecosystem models. Model simulations are still limited in their representation of vegetation phenological processes and capturing the resulting LAI seasonality. Therefore, this study

Drought is one of the major hazards that could have a significant impact on agriculture. In this study, two drought indices at high spatial resolution: Soil Water Deficit Index (SWDI) and Soil Moisture Deficit Index (SMDI) were derived by 1 km downscaled Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) soil moisture (SM), Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) long-term SM and soil attribute products, and

The goal of this work is to estimate surface and root zone soil moisture at resolutions that are useful for decision making and water resources management. A 500-m atmospheric forcing dataset is developed from the 12.5-km NLDAS-2 (North America Land Data Assimilation System) products across Oklahoma, where high-quality observations are available for validation purposes. A land surface model is then

Precipitation is an essential climate and forcing variable for modeling the global water cycle. Particularly, the recent Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) product retrospectively provides an unprecedented two decades of high-resolution satellite precipitation estimates. The primary goal of this study is to examine the similarities and differences between the two latest and also

Infiltration trenches are popular green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) systems in dense urban areas primarily due to their small footprints that cope with the limited available space and subsurface utility conditions. To investigate the dynamic, seasonal performance of urban infiltration trench systems, more than three years of continuous rainfall and water level data from an infiltration trench in

Numerical models with spatially-varying head as top boundary conditions were used in previous studies to understand topography-driven groundwater flow. The head boundary conditions could cause artifacts of extremely large, but unrealistic recharge rates owing to unlimited supply of water. This study adopted a fully-coupled surface–subsurface hydrologic modeling approach to simulate transient topography-driven

Time averaged groundwater table above the mean sea level has been observed in unconfined coastal aquifers. Several theoretical solutions were presented to investigate the groundwater table overheight (super-elevation) in response to tidal oscillations. Nevertheless, previous analytical solutions are generally limited to Dupuit-Forchheimer assumptions or a two-dimensional free surface model. In this

Clearly, water conservancy projects are advantageous for human beings; however, they significantly change the streamflow variability of rivers. This change is a result of the complex and non-linear interactions between natural processes and human activities. Thus far, our understanding of these interactions is still inadequate. In this study, these interactions were evaluated for a large river basin

Peatlands dominate the landscape (~50% of total area) in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) in northern Alberta, and as such, are susceptible to hydrological disturbance from oil sands mining and exploration. In this study, we explore the hydrochemical response of a disturbed fen (Firebag Fen) in the AOSR following the removal of a temporary access road that was operational from 2007 to 2013. Prior

Organic and inorganic carbon reservoirs are investigated in surface and groundwater in the semi to hyper-arid Río Loa Basin in Northern Chile. Part of the study area is within the Andean volcanic arc, and volcanism is responsible for large inputs of 14C-depleted CO2 which hampers groundwater residence time estimations using dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). To better understand the area’s carbon system

Sources and co-cycling of nitrogen species in arsenic-prone groundwater remain poorly understood, which could affect arsenic behavior. Here, geochemical and multi-isotopic characteristics of groundwater from various redox environments were investigated to reveal the effects of nitrogen cycling on arsenic mobility in groundwater systems from the Hetao Basin in China. In deep groundwater along an approximate

Flash floods are a worldwide threat to humans, which is why they are being intensively studied using historical event records. As measurements and event data increase, databases are becoming increasingly important for flash flood research. However, the recent literature on flood databases lacks technical details as well as discussions about a suitable database design for scientific investigations.

Areas with shallow groundwater and check dams have relatively abundant water resources compared to tablelands with deep loess layers on the Loess Plateau in China, but little attention has been paid to their potentially substantial role in groundwater recharge to date. In addition, during groundwater recharge preferential flow through macropores can replenish groundwater quickly, leaving immobile bound

Determining the soil moisture content (SMC) distribution is indispensable for field management, especially in arid and semiarid regions. Effective parameters can contribute to the optimization of SMC models for accurate SMC prediction. Therefore, in this study, the relationships between the SMC and multifractal parameters (D2, Dv, Ds, Av, and Fv denote the correlation dimension, property of small probability

Boltzmann transform method, wetting front advancing method and instantaneous profile method are widely used in measuring hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils. However, all the three methods are based on relatively strong assumptions. In this study, a new Boltzmann variable was proposed based on the experimental observation that the wetting front advancing distance is not always proportional

This study proposed a novel double machine learning (DML) approach to merge multiple satellite-based precipitation products (SPPs) and gauge observations, and tested its reliability and validity over the Chinese mainland. The DML approach was mainly developed based on the classification model of random forest (RF) in combination with the regression models of the machine learning (ML) algorithms including

Soil moisture plays a pivotal role in terrestrial water circulation, energy transfer, and mass exchange. The X-band radiometer on-board Fengyun-3B and -3C satellites have been used for soil moisture retrieval since 2011. In this study, the spatial and temporal integrity of all available Fengyun-3 series soil moisture products were evaluated, and the data accuracy was validated against four in-situ

Sociohydrology has advanced understandings of water related phenomena by conceptualizing changes in hydrological flows and risks as the result of the interplay between water and society. However, social power and the heterogeneity of human societies, which are crucial to unravel the feedback mechanisms underlying human-water systems, have not been sufficiently considered. In response, this paper proposes

Groundwater contaminant source identification is normally a prerequisite for contaminant remediation. This study proposes a new two-stage surrogate-assisted Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)-based Bayesian framework to identify contaminant source parameters for groundwater polluted by dense nonaqueous phase liquid. In the framework, an adaptive update feedback process is proposed to construct a locally

Groundwater withdrawal has caused severe land subsidence in Ningbo since 1964. The land subsidence rate slowed down by the prohibition of groundwater exploitation. However, water supply crisis prompted a new task of how to satisfy the emergency demands of water supply. This study tries to provide insights into the prediction of groundwater level and land subsidence and formulate reasonable exploitation

As Brazil becomes one of the largest agricultural and livestock producers, the expansion of cultivated pasture and crop areas in the Cerrado region is expected to cause significant changes in carbon and water vapor fluxes. While this change in land use promotes modifications in regional carbon uptake and water cycle, eddy covariance studies carried out in pasture areas in the Brazilian Cerrado remain

Water reservoir operating rules are typically derived based on the assumption of streamflow stationarity, however, this assumption could be undermined by climate change. Adaptive reservoir operation is one of the most effective strategies to support water resources management under non-stationarity, yet until now, adaptive strategies considering non-stationarity across multiple time scales are rarely

Accurate Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts (QPF) at high spatial and temporal resolution are a perquisite for urban flood prediction. Commonly Lagrangian extrapolation of the rainfall patterns recognized by radar data, forms the basis of such forecasts for the near future (up to 2 h lead time) – referred here as nowcasting. Nevertheless, due to the intermittent nature of the rainfall at such fine

Remote sensing products have been widely used in water resources assessment and management. However, the accuracy varies in different products. Water budget closure provides an important breakthrough for better assessing the uncertainties and quantifying error sources of satellite-based data products using water budget imbalance, especially in ungauged basins where conventional verification methods

This paper provides a review of over thirty years of research and investigation in the Woodville Karst Plain (WKP) in northern Florida, which is representative of the Floridan Aquifer system, a karst aquifer in the southeastern United States. The WKP is a well-developed karst region where over 40 km of subsurface conduits are mapped by divers and tracer tests, and connected to Wakulla Spring, one of

Coupled migration of water and heat is one of the core problems in studying the frost-heave and thaw-weakening problems in cold regions. Determination of the hydraulic conductivity of frozen soils is the key to understanding this process. The hydraulic conductivity of a frozen soil is related to the liquid water flow in pores among soil solid and pore ice, which differs from the hydraulic conductivity

Agricultural practices-induced pollution runoff has been widely acknowledged to be a significant source of nutrients fueling cyanobacterial bloom. The impact of topdressing activities on cyanobacterial bloom phenology (key parameters for depicting bloom process), however, has not been verified. Taking Lake Erhai, a typical eutrophic plateau lake, as an example, this study explored the spatio-temporal

The expansion of built-up areas within urban and peri-urban river catchments has the potential to increase flooding. Hydrological modelling of these catchments is an important tool to analyse and manage the increasing flood hazard, but it requires an understanding of the areas contributing to runoff from the urban parts of the catchment. This is difficult as in many catchments fine resolution data

Modeling the relationship between rainfall and runoff is an important issue in hydrology, but it is a complicated task because both the high levels of complexity in which both processes are embedded and the associated uncertainty, affect the forecasting. Neuro-fuzzy models have emerged as a useful approach, given the ability of neural networks to optimize parameters in a fuzzy system. In this work

Real-time correction is the key to reducing hydrological forecasting errors. Methods of real-time correction can be classified into terminal error correction (TEC) and process error correction (PEC) methods. A state-of-the-art PEC method is the dynamic system response curve (DSRC) method which has been developed to improve flood forecasting, but its underlying assumption of error source limits the

Transient flow of geofluids caused by a well production in a subsurface formation is a phenomenon of enormous importance in hydrology, geosciences and engineering. Geofluid transient flow has been proved to be a nonlinear physical process dominated by QPG (quadratic pressure gradient). Much research has indicated that neglecting a QPG term in flow models by assuming small pressure gradients can cause

Data-driven models can achieve high accuracy and low computational cost without a priori knowledge of hydrological system, which have been successfully applied in streamflow forecasting for decades. However, it is still a challenging task to improve the performance of these models, especially for the rivers with dramatic flow changes. In this paper, a new integrated framework for daily streamflow forecasting

With the increasing impact of drought and anthropogenic c activities, middle and high latitude lakes are increasingly facing exacerbated eutrophication. The sister lakes Hulun Lake and Buir Lake, the former located in the Hulunbuir Grassland in northeast China and the latter shared by China and Mongolia, have been exposed to outbreaks of harmful algal blooms (HABs) of varying degrees. In this study

Groundwater is an important water source for economic activities and human consumption. Currently, this resource is being affected by intensive abstraction, pollution, and climatic change. This study assessed the vulnerability and recharge of groundwater by weighted indices of an aquifer used for agricultural water supply in Chihuahua, Mexico, for current and future conditions. The efficacy of the

Univariate meteorological drought indices are inadequate to represent the complexity of hydrological conditions under the intensification of hydrological cycle due to climate change at catchment scale. In this study, Standardised Precipitation Actual Evapotranspiration Index (SPAEI) was proposed, which can combine both meteorological and hydrological drought characteristics at catchment scale. The

Karst systems present multiple challenges for the application of physically based numerical models, due to the heterogeneity and high spatial variability of their hydrogeological parameters. Some models can face conceptual limitations specific to the karst environment (like equivalent porous medium models). A new version of MODFLOW called MODFLOW-USG (UnStructured Grid) was developed and released (Panday

The gap between the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-on mission (GRACE-FO) is a crucial problem, leading to discontinuous global mass change information from time-variable gravity field solutions. We aim to use the improved Multichannel Singular Spectrum Analysis (MSSA) to fill the gap and reconstruct the continual global mass change signals in this study. The one-year

Subsurface fluids injection is a viable alternative for controlling seawater intrusion in coastal regions, and freshwater is usually served for valid fluids to generate pressure ridge towards the ocean. But other fluids injection, such as compressed air, which presents clean and readily available, is a more attractive solution for repulsing the intruded seawater where freshwater is insufficient. In

In the present paper a set of physically based expressions for estimating the infiltrated volume and the flow rate from hemispherical and disc sources are presented. The proposed formula depends on four parameters: the initial and the saturated soil water contents, the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the wetting front suction head. The developed models allow the accurate estimation of the infiltrated

Coupling erosion formulae with sediment connectivity methods is one promising approach to better represent structural and functional variability of sediment processes. To advance this goal, the probability of connectivity approach is coupled with the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) in a basin with forest and reclaimed mine landuses. Model evaluation showed unforeseen codependency between

Rainfall and land use/land cover changes are significant factors that impact the soil erosion processes. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the impact of rainfall and land use/land cover changes in the current and future scenarios to deduce the soil erosion losses using the state-of-the-art Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). In this study, we evaluated the long-term changes

Flood quantile estimation at sites with little or no data is important for the adequate planning and management of water resources. Regional Hydrological Frequency Analysis (RFA) deals with the estimation of hydrological variables at ungauged sites. Random Forest (RF) is an ensemble learning technique which uses multiple Classification and Regression Trees (CART) for classification, regression, and

Due to the complex water system and diversified management requirements, the optimal water resources operation of the rivers-connected lake has always been a difficulty in current researches. Based on the discussion of characteristics of the rivers-connected lake, this paper quantified the forecasting uncertainty in the operation process, and set the quantified uncertainty as the objective function

Given increasing demand for high frequency streamflow series (HFSS) at daily and subdaily time scales there is increasing need for reliable metrics of relative variability for such series. HFSS can exhibit enormous relative variability especially in comparison with low frequency streamflow series formed by aggregation of HFSS. The product moment estimator of the coefficient of variation C, defined