Dam-break waves are a major concern for communities and infrastructures in flood-prone areas. The impact of dam-break waves against rigid obstacles after propagation on a mobile bed is lacking both in experimental datasets and in numerical investigations aimed at assessing the capabilities and limitations of available morphodynamic models. To fill these gaps, a novel data set from experiments of dam-break

The dynamics and aggregation of microplastics in marine environments are investigated through high-fidelity direct numerical simulations with Lagrangian point-particle tracking. The properties of microplastics and biogenic particles, including size, density, and concentration, align with scenarios typical of seawater systems. The stickiness nature of microplastics, induced by biofilm formation (biofouling)

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are receiving increased attention in modeling flow in porous media because they can surpass purely data-driven approaches. However, in heterogeneous domains, PINNs often face convergence challenges due to discontinuities in rock properties. A promising alternative is the mixed formulation of PINNs, which utilizes pressure head and velocity fields as primary

A sudden surge of data has created new challenges in water management, spanning quality control, assimilation, and analysis. Few approaches are available to integrate growing volumes of data into interpretable results. Process-based hydrologic models have not been designed to consume large amounts of data. Alternatively, new machine learning tools can automate data analysis and forecasting, but their

The present study investigates the quality of four three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies to accurately reproduce the complex pore structure of a real undisturbed soil sample for laboratory experiments of transport in porous media at a 1:1 scale. Four state-of-the-art 3D printing technologies were evaluated (digital light synthesis, PolyJet with gel support material, low-force stereolithography

Thin water lenses floating on top of the main groundwater body are important for many natural and agricultural systems, owing to their different properties in terms of chemical composition or density compared to the surrounding groundwater. In settings with upward seeping groundwater, lenses may form that have thicknesses ranging from tens of centimeters to a few meters, making them prone to changing

Deep limestone aquifers are potential CO storage sites, but CO-saturated brine reacts with the carbonate rock, changing its transport and storage properties. This study provided a preliminary investigation of the optimal injection rate of CO-saturated brine in carbonate rocks. Indiana limestone cores were subjected to CO-saturated brine injection at varied rates using an HPHT coreflooding setup with

Mixing-limited reactions are central to a wide range of processes in natural and engineered porous media. Recent advances have shown that concentration gradients sustained by flow at the pore-scale influence macroscopic reaction rates over a large range of reactive transport regimes. Yet, resolving concentration gradients driven by fluid mixing at the pore-scale is challenging with current simulation

Non-Darcy flow through porous media is of great significance in hydraulics, oil and gas engineering, biomedical science, chemical and civil engineering etc. However, it is difficult to fully grasp the nature of fluid flow through porous media from macroscopic scale alone. Based on the statistically fractal scaling laws of pore structures, a new fractal pore-throat chain model (FPTCM) for non-Darcy

Increasing flood risk due to urbanization and climate change poses a significant challenge to societies at global scale. Hydrologic information that is required for understanding flood processes and for developing effective warning procedures is currently lacking in most parts of the world. Procedures that can combine global climate dataset from satellite and reanalysis with fast and low computational

We unravel the nonmodal stability of a three-dimensional nonstratified Poiseuille flow in a saturated hyperporous medium constrained by impermeable rigid parallel plates. The primary objective is to broaden the scope of previous studies that conducted modal stability analysis for two-dimensional disturbances. Here, we explore both temporal and spatial transient disturbance energy growths for three-dimensional

Pore networks play a key role in understanding and quantifying flow and transport processes in complex porous media. Realistic pore-spaces may be characterized by singular regions, that is, isolated subnetworks that do not connect inlet and outlet, resulting from unconnected porosity or multiphase configurations. The robust identification of these features is critical for the characterization of network

Hydraulic tomography (HT) has been proven effective for characterizing aquifer hydraulic heterogeneity for decades. Many have also proposed using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to gain prior information about large-scale layer structures to improve the HT estimates, when the number of pumping tests and drawdown measurements is limited. This study investigates the merits of such proposals via

The overall benefits of geological carbon storage (GCS) depend primarily on CO storability and injectability, expressed as saturation and relative permeability, respectively. The effects of GCS schemes on these two properties, the macroscopic response indicators of a two-phase seepage system, are closely related to pore-scale two-phase behaviors. However, the comprehensive effects of capillary number

Multispecies transport analytical models that solve advection-dispersion equations (ADEs) are efficient tools for evaluating the transport of decaying contaminants and their sequential products. This study develops a novel semi-analytical model to simulate the multispecies transport of decaying contaminants, considering nonequilibrium sorption and decay in both dissolved and sorbed phases. First-order

Numerical simulations explore for the first time the role of mega columns and aperture variability on particle transport through mature volumetric contraction networks as informed by a unique synthesis of network propagation and maturity. Columnar fracture patterns are generated by updating a series of Voronoi centers to the midpoint of a generated polygon over many iterations, creating 250 network

Modelling non-Darcy flow behaviour in shale rocks, composed of nanometer-sized pores and multi-scale fracture networks, is crucial for various subsurface energy applications. However, incorporating multiple physical mechanisms across numerous scales is not trivial. This work proposes an improved and practical upscaling workflow for coupling an Upscaled Discrete Fracture Matrix (UDFM) model and a pressure-dependent

Transport phenomena in unsaturated porous media still present an important research topic. In particular, in the context of recent environmental concerns, further understanding of contaminant transport in the partially saturated vadose zone is necessary. However, there is currently a lack of understanding of the relationship between water saturation, in particular the two-phase distribution, and dispersion

This paper focuses on the modeling of hydrogen (H2) storage in subsurface formations, particularly focusing on the equilibrium between H2 and brine and its implications for hydrogen transport properties in black-oil reservoir simulations. Initially, we evaluate and calibrate various equations of state (EoS) for H2-water and H2-brine mixtures. Our analysis ranges from the molecular-level Perturbed-Chain

Solute transport in unsaturated porous media is of interest in many engineering and environmental applications. The interplay between small-scale, local forces and the porous microstructure exerts a strong control on the transport of fluids and solutes at the larger, macroscopic scales. Heterogeneity in pore geometry is intrinsic to natural materials across a large range of scales. This multiscale

There are still many unclear mechanisms in the multiphase reactive flow with solid dissolution processes. In this study, the reactive transport processes coupled with solid dissolution and self-induced multiphase flow in three-dimensional (3D) structures with increasing complexity is studied by developing a 3D computational microfluidic method, which considers multiphase flow, interfacial mass transport

Knowing local concentration distributions is important for transport and mixing, particularly in porous media, yet a comprehensive understanding of them remains a challenge. Computing advancements have enabled high-resolution pore-scale simulations, offering an unprecedented opportunity for in-depth investigation of mixing. In this study we use simulation data to examine concentration distributions

To realize the transition of our society to a low-carbon future with innovative subsurface energy solutions, understanding the dynamic behavior of gas invading multi-fluid systems in underground pore space is critical. In this work, a joint approach of flow imaging and digital image processing is employed to investigate the fingering dynamics of gas invading multi-fluids in porous media. We examined

The Representative Elementary Volume (REV) concept, a cornerstone in porous system heterogeneity assessment, was initially conceived to determine the minimal domain volume suitable for homogenization and upscaling. However, the definition of REV and usability in continuum-scale models is vague. In this study, we conduct comprehensive REV analyses on multiple samples, encompassing a range of scalar

Subterranean estuaries (STE) are hotspots of biogeochemical reactions. Here, dissolved constituents in waters of terrestrial and marine origin are transformed before they discharge to the coastal oceans. The involved biogeochemical reactions are complex and non-linear, calling for the application of numerical reactive transport modeling (RTM) to improve the process understanding. The aim of this study

Accurate estimation of contaminant transport in cementitious material using numerical tools plays a key role in the risk assessments of nuclear waste disposal. At the pore scale, the increase of microbial activity, such as microbially induced calcite precipitation on cementitious material, causes changes in solid surface topography, pore network geometry, and pore water chemistry, which affect contaminant

Permeability and effective dispersion tensors are critical parameters to characterize flow and transport in porous media at the continuum scale. Homogenization theory defines a framework in which such effective properties are first computed from solving a closure problem in a repeating unit cell of the periodic microstructure and then used in a macroscopic formulation for efficient computation. The

Underground hydrogen (H) storage in saline aquifers is a viable solution for large-scale H storage. Due to its remarkably low viscosity and density, the flow of H within saline aquifers exhibits strong instability, which needs to be thoroughly investigated to ensure safe operations at the storage site. For the first time, we develop a lattice Boltzmann model tailored for pore-scale simulations of the

An areal-averaged form of classical Shallow-Water-Equations is developed in conjunction with Finite-Volume-Method for capturing sub-grid bed variation. The averaging mechanism treats sub-grid obstacles through depth-dependent-area-averaged porosity at the macroscopic level. This porosity assumes a binary distribution (0,1) for a resolution fine enough to treat bed-variation separately, resulting in

This article explores the possibility to assess the flow and transport properties of loosely consolidated rock material—something that is very hard or impossible to achieve in the laboratory due to fragility of cores. We present two cases of weakly consolidated and unconsolidated rocks. We provide a solution based on pore-scale simulations and stochastic reconstructions using scanning electron (SEM)

Low-permeability sedimentary formations, such as tight sandstones, exhibit fluid flow and transport phenomena distinct from those in conventional porous systems due to the dominance of micro- to nanometer-sized pores and variable amounts of boundary slip. The widely used traditional no-slip boundary condition often fails to accurately describe fluid behavior in these formations. A knowledge gap exists

As a result of complex pore-throat geometry and precursor corner flow, the snap-off of the non-wetting phase occurs during the spontaneous imbibition (SI) of wetting phase. However, accurate modeling of such pore-scale flow behavior remains a big challenge, and its influencing factors remain unclear. In this study, an improved pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is used to analyze the snap-off

High-resolution three-dimensional X-ray microscopy can be used to image the pore space of materials. Machine learning algorithms can generate a statistical ensemble of representative images of arbitrary sizes for rock characterization, modeling, and analysis. However, current methods struggle to capture features at different spatial scales observed in many complex rocks which have a wide range of pore

The simplified view of two-phase flow, such as oil and gas, in a fracture is often assumed to occur in a stratified behavior. However, recent studies and production practices have revealed that two-phase flow in fractures exhibits diverse flow patterns. This paper investigates the control of the fracture aperture, fluids viscosity, and wettability on two-phase flow in a 2D cross section of a 3D Berea

Richards equation is often used to represent two-phase fluid flow in an unsaturated porous medium when one phase is much heavier and more viscous than the other. However, it cannot describe the fully saturated flow for some capillary functions without specialized treatment due to degeneracy in the capillary pressure term. Mathematically, gravity-dominated variably saturated flows are interesting because

In aged levees, toe (blanket) drains get clogged with time due to seepage-induced suffusion and translocation of fine soil fractions from the upstream to the downstream part of the embankment. These particles deposit on the top of the drain (usually, Terzhagi's graded gravel) as a cake. Also, high hydraulic gradients in the vicinity of the drain move the fine particles into the body of the coarse filter

Climate change poses significant challenges for decision-making processes across a range of sectors. From the water resources planning and management perspective, the interest is often in evaluating the performance of a water supply system in a future state considering the potential changes in rainfall and streamflow characteristics. With observed climate change signals, scenario-based projections

An accurate assessment of the hydraulic properties of aquifers is required to represent groundwater flow and solute transport. This study investigates periodic hydraulic tomography performed between wells to obtain accurate images of hydraulic properties. Tomographic experiments with different period and amplitude of sinusoidal test flow, hydraulic properties and well configurations were simulated

Knowledge of the parameterization of the dry surface layer (DSL) is essential for evaluating near-surface water flow and water balance in arid and semi-arid areas. Existing studies have parameterized DSL thickness and vapor flow as functions of the soil moisture content (SMC) in the surface layer to predict soil evaporation. However, hydrochemical processes related to DSL development have been ignored

This paper presents a unified, embedded finite element formulation for simulating transient fluid flow in fractured porous media while accounting for transverse and longitudinal directions. The transverse flow arises due to pressure variations on both sides of fractures, as these typically exhibit lower permeability in the perpendicular direction. A simple coupling framework is introduced to connect

This work provides a new formulation of the one-dimensional Shallow Water Equations system for open channels and rivers with arbitrarily shaped cross sections, suitable for numerical integration when discontinuous geometry is encountered. The additional variable considered can be the bottom elevation, a reference width, a shape coefficient, or a vector containing these or other geometric parameters

Understanding multiphase flow in fractures filled with minerals and proppants is vital in various subsurface applications. Limited experimental data have led to reliance on correlations lacking physical basis. We conducted experiments to characterize relative permeability in rough-walled fractures packed with unconsolidated porous media. We tested fractures packed with water-wet 40/70 sand (silica)

In this study, we investigated the effect mechanism of the grain material of artificial porous media coating quartz sand (SiO), titanium dioxide (n-TiO), zinc oxide (ZnO) and polystyrene (PS) on the motion and deposition of suspended particles. First, the relationship was deeply analysed between the DLVO potential energy and the physico-chemical properties of grain material, including the Hamaker constant

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have received great attention as a promising paradigm for forward, inverse, and surrogate modeling of various physical processes with limited or no labeled data. However, PINNs are rarely used to predict two-phase flow in heterogeneous and fractured porous media, which is critical to lots of subsurface applications, due to the significant challenges in their

The evolution of fluvial systems is greatly impacted by mid-channel bars, a typical morphodynamic process in natural rivers. Sometimes, the growth of vegetation over these bars complicates the morphological behaviour by interacting with the flow. It is therefore necessary to have a fundamental interpretation of the flow-turbulence structure around the mid-bar in presence of vegetation cover in order

In this work, we use the steady-state measurement technique to characterize two-phase brine-mineral oil relative permeabilities and residual trapping in water-wet rough-walled fractures induced in Eagle Ford shale rock samples. Furthermore, we systematically probe the effects of flow rate and saturation history on these properties. The influences of capillary, gravity, and viscous forces on fracture

The interaction between freshwater and saltwater in the mixing zone governs regional groundwater flow and the exchange of water and salt between groundwater and the ocean. However, previous studies have overlooked the impact of land reclamation on the transient behavior of the mixing zone. This research investigated the dynamic influence of reclamation length, reclamation material properties, and recharge

Estimating plume spreading in geological CO storage reservoirs is critical for several reasons including the assessment of pore space utilization efficiency, preferential CO migration pathways and trapping. However, plume spreading critically depends on lithological heterogeneity of the reservoir and CO injection rate. It might require numerous high fidelity full physics numerical simulations to constrain

We present an approach for quantifying displacement fronts in heterogeneous porous media based on the concept of time-dependent apparent dispersion coefficients. The concept of constant asymptotic macrodispersion generally overestimates the area swept by a displacement front and leads to unrealistic upstream dispersion. We show that the large-scale front spreading can be captured by a one-dimensional

In this work, a dynamic internal boundary condition is used as subgrid model in a two-dimensional (2D) model based on the shallow water equations in order to model narrow regions in the domain. In this way, computational savings are sought, since it is not necessary to discretize these regions with cells of reduced size. The new internal boundary condition simplifies other works where 1D–2D coupled

Rainfall intensity and antecedent soil moisture are key variables affecting the initiation and accumulation of runoff, and therefore, impact on the occurence flood events. We used time series of rainfall intensities characterizing rainstorms with different mean, standard deviation, and skewness to simulate runoff response of a sealed loamy soil profile under various initial soil moisture conditions

Skillful forecasts of hydroclimate variables are essential for operational water management, agricultural planning, and food supply. Several studies have attempted to improve the skill of raw forecasts either by post-processing or by incorporating sea surface conditions into raw forecasts. However, to the best of our knowledge, limited to no study has investigated temporal trend, which is present in

Understanding the influence of porous media structure, particularly dual porosity, on solvent transport and pore geometry evolution during chemical reactions is a complex and critical area of study. This research leverages the lattice Boltzmann method to investigate how the presence of aggregates in a medium affects solvent transport and pore space development, focusing on distinct dissolution regimes:

High computational demand limits the applications of two-dimensional (2D) shallow water equation models for high resolution overland flow simulations, while one-dimensional (1D) models can achieve higher computing efficiency. This study applied a 1D hydrodynamic model to surrogate 2D models for overland flow simulations on complex 2D domains. With one dimension reduced, the surrogate model simulation