This article presents a comprehensive hydrometeorological dataset collected over the past two decades throughout the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. The data-recording sites, located in the upper portion of the Rio Santa valley, also known as the Callejon de Huaylas, span an elevation range of 3738–4750 m a.s.l. As many historical hydrological stations measuring daily discharge across the region became defunct

Bacterial pathogens in surface waters may threaten human health, especially in developing countries, where untreated surface water is often used for domestic needs. The objective of the long-term multiscale monitoring of Escherichia coli ([E. coli]) concentration in stream water, and that of associated variables (temperature (T), electrical conductance (EC), dissolved oxygen concentration ([DO]) and

Crop phenology indicators provide essential information on crop growth phases, which are highly required for agroecosystem management and yield estimation. Previous crop phenology studies were mainly conducted using coarse-resolution (e.g., 500 m) satellite data, such as the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. However, precision agriculture requires higher resolution phenology

Population change impacts almost every aspect of global change from land use, to greenhouse gas emissions, to biodiversity conservation, to the spread of disease. Data on spatial patterns of population density help us understand patterns and drivers of human settlement and can help us quantify the exposure we face to natural disasters, pollution, and infectious disease. Human populations are typically

Abstract. This article focuses on the determination and the validation of a new global mean sea surface (MSS) model which is named as SDUST2020 (Shandong University of Science and Technology 2020) with a grid of 1′×1′. This new model is established with 19-year moving average method and merges multi-satellite altimetry data over 27-year (from January 1993 to December 2019). The data of HY-2A, Jason-3

Abstract. Aviation emission accounting is the key to establishing market measures to control aviation pollutant emissions. Based on the Fuel Percentage Method (FPM), this paper applies the Improved BFFM2-FOA-FPM method to calculate the emissions of six pollutants (CO2, CO, HC, NOx, SO2, and PM2.5) between Chinese and foreign cities from 2014 to 2019, including Landing and Take-off (LTO) emissions and

Abstract. The Balloon Lidar Experiment (BOLIDE) observed polar mesospheric clouds (PMC) along the Arctic circle between Sweden and Canada during the balloon flight of PMC Turbo in July 2018. The purpose of the mission was to study small-scale dynamical processes induced by the breaking of atmospheric gravity waves by high-resolution imaging and profiling of the PMC layer. The primary measured variable

Abstract. Urban green space (UGS) is an important component in the urban ecosystem and has great significance to the urban ecological environment. Although the development of remote sensing platforms and deep learning technologies have provided opportunities for UGS mapping from high-resolution images (HRIs), challenges still exist in its large-scale and fine-grained application, due to insufficient

One of the challenges in studying desert dust aerosol along with its numerous interactions and impacts is the paucity of direct in situ measurements, particularly in the areas most affected by dust storms. Satellites typically provide column-integrated aerosol measurements, but observationally constrained continuous 3D dust fields are needed to assess dust variability, climate effects and impacts upon

Long time series of temperature and rainfall grids are fundamental to understanding how these environmental variables affect environmental or ecological patterns and processes such as plant distributions, plant and animal phenology, wildfires, and hydrology. Ideally such temperature and rainfall grids are openly available and associated with uncertainties so that data-quality issues are transparent

Abstract. We present the CarbonTracker Europe High-Resolution system that estimates carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange over Europe at high-resolution (0.1 x 0.2°) and in near real-time (about 2 months latency). It includes a dynamic fossil fuel emission model, which uses easily available statistics on economic activity, energy-use, and weather to generate fossil fuel emissions with dynamic time profiles

Abstract. Here we describe the 2022 update to the WGLC global gridded lightning climatology and timeseries (Kaplan and Lau, 2021), which extends the dataset with global lightning observations from 2021. This addition of new data means that the WGLC now contains 12 complete years of global lightning stroke observations covering 2010–2021. Slightly more lightning strokes (3 %) were recorded in 2021 compared

Abstract. In this manuscript, we present Version 1.0 of the World Atlas of Last Interglacial Shorelines (WALIS), a global database of sea-level proxies and samples dated to Marine Isotope Stage 5 (~80 to 130 ka). The database includes a series of datasets compiled in the framework of a Special Issue published in this journal (https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/special_issue1055.html). This manuscript

Abstract. Between 1986 and 1995 429 hydrofracturing tests have been carried out in six, now abandoned, coal mines and two coal bed methane boreholes at depths between 600 and 1950 m within the greater Ruhr region in western Germany. From these tests, stress magnitudes and orientations of the stress tensor are derived. The majority of hydrofracturing tests were carried out from mine galleries away from

A dataset of microphysical cloud parameters from optically thin clouds, retrieved from infrared spectral radiances measured in summer 2017 in the Arctic, is presented. Measurements were performed using a mobile Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer which was carried by RV Polarstern. The dataset contains retrieved optical depths and effective radii of ice and liquid water, from which the liquid

Abstract. Because of the large diversity of case 2 waters ranging from extremely absorbing to extremely scattering waters and the complexity of light transfer due to external terrestrial inputs, retrieving main biogeochemical parameters such as chlorophyll-a or suspended particulate matter concentration in these waters is still challenging. By providing optical and biogeochemical parameters for 180

Polar systems are undersampled due to the difficulty of sampling remote and challenging environments; however, these systems are critical components of global biogeochemical cycles. Measurements on primary productivity in specific areas can quantify the input of organic matter to food webs and so are of critical ecological importance as well. However, long-term measurements using the same methodology

Energy systems are becoming increasingly exposed to the impacts of weather and climate due to the uptake of renewable generation and the electrification of the heat and transport sectors. The need for high-quality meteorological data to manage present and near-future risks is urgent. This paper provides a comprehensive set of multi-decadal, time series of hourly meteorological variables and weather-dependent

Abstract. In the European Union, a tri-annual surveyed sample collects land cover and land use information under the Land Use/Cover Area frame Survey since 2006. A total of 1,351,293 observations at 651,780 unique locations for 106 variables along with 5.4 million landscape and point photos were collected during five LUCAS surveys. In addition to these photos, a set of previously unpublished LUCAS

Abstract. The extent of surface water has been changing significantly due to climatic change and human activities. However, it is challenging to capture the interannual changes of inland water bodies due to their high seasonal variation and abrupt change. In this paper, a global annual surface water cover frequency dataset (GLOBMAP SWF) was generated from the MODIS land surface reflectance products

Abstract. There has been controversy about the air pollutants emitted from sources closely related to people's daily life (such as cooking, fireworks burning, sacrificial incenses and joss paper burning, and barbecue, named as five missing sources, FMS) impacting the outdoor air quality to what extent. Till now, there is no emission estimation of air pollutants from FMS, as the missing of both activity

The characteristics of the CISE-LOCEAN seawater isotope dataset (δ18O, δ2H, referred to as δD) are presented (https://doi.org/10.17882/71186; Waterisotopes-CISE-LOCEAN, 2021). This dataset covers the time period from 1998 to 2021 and currently includes close to 8000 data entries, all with δ18O, three-quarters of them also with δD, associated with a date stamp, space stamp, and usually a salinity measurement

From 2017 to 2019, an extensive sampling campaign was conducted in Belgian inland and coastal waters, aimed at providing paired data of optical and biogeochemical properties to support research into optical monitoring of aquatic systems. The campaign was focused on inland waters, with sampling of four lakes and a coastal lagoon during the growth season, in addition to samples of opportunity from other

Abstract. The changing Arctic climate is creating increased economic, transportation, and recreational activities requiring reliable and relevant weather information. However, the Canadian Arctic is sparsely observed and processes governing weather systems in the Arctic are not well understood. There is a recognized lack of meteorological data to characterize the Arctic atmosphere for operational forecasting

We present here a global oceanic compilation of 234Th measurements that collects results from researchers and laboratories over a period exceeding 50 years. The origin of the 234Th sampling in the ocean goes back to 1967, when Bhat et al. (1969) initially studied 234Th distribution relative to its parent 238U in the Indian Ocean. However, it was the seminal work of Buesseler et al. (1992) – which proposed

The risk of water erosion on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), a typical fragile ecological area, is increasing with climate change. A rainfall erosivity map is useful for understanding the spatiotemporal pattern of rainfall erosivity and identifying hot spots of soil erosion. This study generates an annual gridded rainfall erosivity dataset on a 0.25∘ grid for the TP in 1950–2020. The 1 min precipitation

We present a global atlas of downcore foraminiferal oxygen and carbon isotope ratios available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.936747 (Mulitza et al., 2021a). The database contains 2106 published and previously unpublished stable isotope downcore records with 361 949 stable isotope values of various planktic and benthic species of Foraminifera from 1265 sediment cores. Age constraints are provided

Surface soil moisture (SSM) is crucial for understanding the hydrological process of our earth surface. The passive microwave (PM) technique has long been the primary tool for estimating global SSM from the view of satellites, while the coarse resolution (usually >∼10 km) of PM observations hampers its applications at finer scales. Although quantitative studies have been proposed for downscaling satellite

Abstract. A benchmark dataset of radiation, heat and CO2 fluxes is crucial to land–atmosphere interaction research. Due to the rapid urbanization and the development of agriculture, land–atmosphere interaction process over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) of China, which is the typical East Asian monsoon region, is becoming various and complex. To understand the effects of various land cover changes on

Abstract. Millet agriculture, i.e., broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica), were initially originated in northern China and provided the basis for the emergence of the first state in the Central Plains. However, owing to the lack of a comprehensive archaeobotanical dataset, when, where, and how these two millet types evolved across different regions and periods remains

Abstract. High quality gridded soil moisture products are essential for many Earth system science applications, and they are usually available from remote sensing or model simulations with coarse resolution. Here we present a 1 km resolution long-term dataset of soil moisture derived through machine learning trained with in-situ measurements of 1,789 stations, named as SMCI1.0. Random Forest is used

Abstract. Soil moisture (SM) plays a significant role in many natural and anthropogenic systems which are essential to supporting life on Earth. Thus, accurate measurement and assessment of changes in soil moisture globally is of great value, including long-term historical assessment. Since the on-board cycle and detailed parameters of disparate sensors are different, the European Space Agency established

Abstract. From 2014 to 2021, extensive monitoring of hydrodynamics was deployed within a variety of lagoons of New Caledonia during 6 tropical cyclone seasons. Globally, those coastal physical observations encompassed five different lagoons (four of which were never monitored before) and at least eight major atmospheric events ranging from tropical depression to category 4 cyclone. The main objectives

Abstract. Tropospheric water vapor is among the most important trace gases of the Earth’s climate system and its temporal and spatial distribution is critical for the genesis of clouds and precipitation. Due to the pronounced dynamics of the atmosphere and the non-linear relation of air temperature and saturated vapor pressure, it is highly variable which hampers the development of high resolution

Abstract. Accompanied by the continuous declines of PM2.5, O3 pollution has become increasingly prominent and has been targeted by the Government of China to protect climate, ecosystem, and human health. Although satellite retrievals of column O3 have been operated for decades and nationwide monitoring of ground-level O3 has been offered since 2013 in China, climatological variability of ground-level

Abstract. We present the ashfall deposit and airborne ash concentration dataset from ash dispersal simulation of a large-scale explosive volcanic eruption as a reference for ashfall disaster countermeasure. We select the Taisho (1914) eruption in Sakurajima volcano, regarded as the strongest eruption in Japan in the last century, as our case study to provide a baseline for the worst-case scenario.

Abstract. Twenty urban neighbourhood-scale eddy covariance flux tower datasets have been harmonized and quality controlled, producing a 50 site-year collection with broad diversity in climate and urban surface characteristics. Observations are gap-filled and prepended with 10 years of reanalysis-derived local data to enable use as spin up and forcing for land surface model evaluation. For both gap

We present a European dataset of daily sector-, pollutant- and country-dependent emission adjustment factors associated with the COVID-19 mobility restrictions for the year 2020. We considered metrics traditionally used to estimate emissions, such as energy statistics or traffic counts, as well as information derived from new mobility indicators and machine learning techniques. The resulting dataset

Cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) has become an effective method to measure soil moisture at a horizontal scale of hundreds of metres and a depth of decimetres. Recent studies proposed operating CRNS in a network with overlapping footprints in order to cover root-zone water dynamics at the small catchment scale and, at the same time, to represent spatial heterogeneity. In a joint field campaign from

The warming of the Arctic climate is well documented, but the mechanisms of Arctic amplification are still not fully understood. Thus, monitoring of glaciological and meteorological variables and the environmental response to accelerated climate warming must be continued and developed in Svalbard. Long-term meteorological observations carried out in situ on glaciers in conjunction with glaciological

Abstract. Climate warming and related drivers of soil thermal change in the Arctic are expected to modify the distribution and dynamics of carbon contained in perennially frozen grounds. Thawing of permafrost in the Mackenzie Delta region of northwestern Canada, coupled with increases in river discharge and coastal erosion, trigger the release of terrestrial organic matter (OMt) from the largest Arctic

Abstract. With rapid population growth and socioeconomic development over the last century, a great number of dams/reservoirs have been constructed globally to meet various needs. China has strong economical and societal demands for constructing dams and reservoirs. The official statistics reported more than 98,000 dams/reservoirs in China, including nearly 40 % of the world’s large dams. Despite the

Abstract. Excessive anthropogenic nitrogen (N) inputs to the biosphere have disrupted the global nitrogen cycle. To better quantify the spatial and temporal patterns of anthropogenic N enrichments, assess their impacts on the biogeochemical cycles of the planet and other living organisms, and improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for sustainable development, we have developed a comprehensive and synthetic

Abstract. The thermal state of permafrost in the present and future is fundamental to the ecosystem evolution, hydrological process, carbon release, and infrastructure integrity in cold regions. From 2011, we began to establish a permafrost monitoring network along the China-Russia crude oil pipelines (CRCOPs) route at the eastern flank of the northern Da Xing'anling Mountains in Northeast China. Based

Abstract. Since 2000 and for the following 20 years hydrological data of the Mediterranean Sea, with a particular focus on the western and central Mediterranean sub-basins, have been acquired to study the hydrodynamics at both coastal and open sea scales. Totally 1468 hydrological casts were realized in 29 oceanographic cruises planned due to scientific purposes linked with funding research projects

Against the backdrop of global change, in terms of both climate and demography, there is a pressing need for monitoring of the global water cycle. The publicly available global database is very limited in its spatial and temporal coverage worldwide. Moreover, the acquisition of in situ data and their delivery to the database have been in decline since the late 1970s, be it for economical or political

This paper describes a 16-year dataset of air pollution concentrations and air quality indicators over France. Using a kriging method that combines background air quality measurements and modeling with the CHIMERE chemistry transport model, hourly concentrations of NO2, O3, PM10 and PM2.5 are produced with a spatial resolution of about 4 km. Regulatory indicators (annual average, SOMO35 (sum of ozone

Coastal mangroves, thriving at the interface between land and sea, provide robust flood risk reduction. Projected increases in the frequency and magnitude of climate impact drivers such as sea level rise and wind and wave climatology reinforce the need to optimize the design and functionality of coastal protection works to increase resilience. Doing so effectively requires a sound understanding of

Abstract. Accurate global terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) estimation is essential to better understand Earth’s energy and water cycles. Although several global ET products exist, recent studies indicate that ET estimates exhibit high uncertainty. With the increasing trend of extreme climate hazards (e.g., droughts and heat waves), accurate ET estimation under extreme conditions remains challenging

Abstract. We compile a data set of forest surveys from expeditions to the north-east of the Russian Federation, in Krasnoyarsk Krai, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (59-73° N, 97-169° E). The region is characterized by permafrost soils, and forests dominated by larch (Larix gmelinii RUPR., Larix cajanderi MAYR). Our dataset consists of a plot data base describing 226

Abstract. This work presents a hyperspectral reflectance dataset of macroplastic samples acquired using Analytical Spectral Devices (ASD) FieldSpec 4. Samples analysed consisted of pristine, artificially weathered and biofouled plastic items and plastic debris samples collected in the docks of the Port of Antwerp and in the river Scheldt near Temse Bridge (Belgium). The hyperspectral signal of each

Abstract. This paper presents a bottom-up methodology to estimate multi-pollutant hourly gridded on-road traffic emission using advanced traffic flow and speed data for Delhi. We have used the globally adopted COPERT (Computer Programme to Calculate Emissions from Road Transport) emission functions to calculate the emission as a function of speed for 127 vehicle categories. At first the traffic volume

Abstract. A global in-situ data set for validation of ocean-colour products from the ESA Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI) is presented. This version of the compilation, starting in 1997, now extends to 2021, which is important for the validation of the most recent satellite optical sensors such as Sentinel 3B OLCI and NOAA-20 VIIRS. The data set comprises in-situ observations of the

We describe the instrumentation, calibration, and uncertainty of the network of ground-based, in situ, cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS) greenhouse gas (GHG) measurements deployed in the Permian Basin. The primary goal of the network is to be used in conjunction with atmospheric transport modeling to determine methane emissions of the Delaware sub-basin of the Permian Basin oil and natural gas extraction

This paper provides a summary of published sea-level archives representing the past position of sea level during the Last Interglacial sea-level highstand in the Bahamas, Turks and Caicos, and the eastern (Atlantic) coast of Florida, USA. These data were assembled as part of a community effort to build the World Atlas of Last Interglacial Shorelines (WALIS) database. Shallow marine deposits from this

The Rhône River is among the main rivers of western Europe and the biggest by freshwater discharge and sediment delivery to the Mediterranean Sea. Its catchment is characterized by distinct hydrological regimes that may produce annual sediment deliveries ranging from 1.4 to 18.0 Mt yr−1. Its course meets numerous dams, hydro and nuclear power plants as well as agricultural, urban and industrial areas

Abstract. The land of the conterminous United States (CONUS) has been transformed dramatically by humans over the last four centuries through land clearing, agricultural land expansion and intensification, and urban sprawl. Spatial-temporal data on long-term historical changes in land use and land cover (LULC) across the CONUS is essential for understanding and predicting the dynamics of coupled natural-human

Abstract. Reservoirs and dams are essential infrastructures in water management, thus information of their surface water area (SWA), water surface elevation (WSE), and reservoir water storage change (RWSC), is crucial for understanding their properties and interactions on hydrological and biogeochemical cycles. However, knowledge of these reservoir characteristics is scarce or inconsistent at national

Arctic river deltas and deltaic near-shore zones represent important land–ocean transition zones influencing sediment dynamics and nutrient fluxes from permafrost-affected terrestrial ecosystems into the coastal Arctic Ocean. To accurately model fluvial carbon and freshwater export from rapidly changing river catchments as well as assess impacts of future change on the Arctic shelf and coastal ecosystems

The surface radiation budget, also known as all-wave net radiation (Rn), is a key parameter for various land surface processes including hydrological, ecological, agricultural, and biogeochemical processes. Satellite data can be effectively used to estimate Rn, but existing satellite products have coarse spatial resolutions and limited temporal coverage. In this study, a point-surface matching estimation