Importance Patients with language barriers have a higher risk of experiencing hospital safety events. This study hypothesized that language barriers would be associated with poorer perceptions of hospital safety climate relating to communication openness. Objective To examine disparities in reported hospital safety climate by language proficiency in a cohort of hospitalized children and their families

Importance Teen dating violence (TDV) is widespread and has adverse consequences across the life course. Many US states are actively seeking strategies to prevent and address TDV in schools, including enactment and implementation of TDV laws. These state laws are upstream, system-level interventions that lay the foundation for an array of downstream targeted interventions to be deployed in schools

Importance Screen time has become an integral part of children's daily lives. Nevertheless, the developmental consequences of screen exposure in young children remain unclear. Objective To investigate the screen time trajectory from 6 to 72 months of age and its association with children's development at age 72 months in a prospective birth cohort. Design, Setting, and Participants Women in Shanghai

Importance National clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) guide medical practice. The use of race in CPGs has the potential to positively or negatively affect structural racism and health inequities. Objective To review the use of race in published pediatric CPGs. Evidence Review A literature search of PubMed, Medscape, Emergency Care Research Institute Guidelines Trust, and MetaLib.gov was performed

Importance Preterm birth complications are the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years worldwide. Despite advancing knowledge of risk factors and mechanisms related to preterm labor, the preterm birth rate has risen in most industrialized countries. Moreover, the burden of neonatal preterm birth remains unclear across the world. Objective To determine the trends in incidence and mortality

Importance Neonatal early-onset sepsis (EOS) is a severe disease, particularly in preterm infants. Timely diagnosis can be challenging owing to unspecific presentation and questionable performance of the common markers of infection. Presepsin was recently proven to be a promising biomarker for the diagnosis of EOS. Objective To assess presepsin accuracy for the diagnosis of EOS. Data Sources PubMed

Importance Children and adults spend large amounts of their leisure time using screen media, which may affect their health and behavior. Objective To investigate the effect of reducing household recreational screen media use on physical activity and sleep in children and adults. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a cluster randomized clinical trial with a 2-week follow-up. Enrollment began

Importance In the United States, Black and Hispanic children have higher rates of asthma and asthma-related morbidity compared with White children and disproportionately reside in communities with economic deprivation. Objective To determine the extent to which neighborhood-level socioeconomic indicators explain racial and ethnic disparities in childhood wheezing and asthma. Design, Setting, and Participants

Importance Autistic students often experience poor educational outcomes that have implications for later life, including unemployment, interactions with the criminal justice system, increased risk for substance abuse, and low socioeconomic status. Improving educational outcomes is critical for ensuring that autistic young people can reach their potential. Objective To quantify differences in suspension

Importance Pediatric sepsis definitions have evolved, and some have proposed using the measure used in adults to quantify organ dysfunction, a Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score of 2 or more in the setting of suspected infection. A pediatric adaptation of SOFA (pSOFA) showed excellent discrimination for mortality in critically ill children but has not been evaluated in an emergency department

Importance Elective births at 39 weeks' gestation are increasing. While this option may improve maternal and perinatal outcomes compared with expectant management, longer-term childhood developmental outcomes are uncertain. Objective To investigate the association between elective birth at 39 weeks' gestation and the risk of childhood developmental vulnerability. Design, Setting, and Participants For

Importance The establishment and renovation of supermarkets may promote healthy diet practices among youth by increasing retail infrastructure for fresh foods. Objective To estimate the association between the Food Retail Expansion to Support Health (FRESH) program and the weight status of children and adolescents. Design, Setting, and Participants Using a difference-in-differences (DiD) design and

Importance Blood culture overuse in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) can lead to unnecessary antibiotic use and contribute to antibiotic resistance. Optimizing blood culture practices through diagnostic stewardship may reduce unnecessary blood cultures and antibiotics. Objective To evaluate the association of a 14-site multidisciplinary PICU blood culture collaborative with culture rates, antibiotic

Importance There is widespread interest in the effect of food marketing on children; however, the comprehensive global evidence reviews are now dated. Objective To quantify the association of food and nonalcoholic beverage marketing with behavioral and health outcomes in children and adolescents to inform updated World Health Organization guidelines. Data Sources Twenty-two databases were searched

Importance Several respiratory support techniques are available to minimize the use of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) in preterm neonates. It is unknown whether noninvasive high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (NHFOV) is more efficacious than nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) or nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) in preterm neonates after their first extubation

Importance Appropriately established pediatric reference intervals are critical to the clinical decision-making process and should reflect the physiologic changes that occur during healthy child development. Reference intervals used in pediatric care today remain highly inconsistent across a broad range of common clinical biomarkers. Observations This narrative review assesses biomarker-specific pediatric

Importance In addition to illness, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to historic educational disruptions. In March 2021, the federal government allocated $10 billion for COVID-19 testing in US schools. Objective Costs and benefits of COVID-19 testing strategies were evaluated in the context of full-time, in-person kindergarten through eighth grade (K-8) education at different community incidence levels

Importance Children with medical complexity (CMC) have substantial health care needs and frequently experience poor health care quality. Understanding the population prevalence and associated health care needs can inform clinical and public health initiatives. Objective To estimate the prevalence of CMC using open-source pediatric algorithms, evaluate performance of these algorithms in predicting health

Importance A previously reported prediction model included a child's race to estimate risk of urinary tract infection (UTI), but race-conscious medicine encourages investigating how race is likely to be a proxy for other factors that should instead be used for risk prediction. Objectives To systematically review the available literature to evaluate the robustness of the association between race and

Importance Animal studies have found that antenatal corticosteroids affect many organs across multiple stages of life. However, the long-term outcomes in human children are not well understood. Objective To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term outcomes associated with preterm exposure to antenatal corticosteroids compared with no exposure in all children as well as children with

Importance A cancer diagnosis can adversely affect other members of the family, including children. However, little is known about the extent to which history of parental cancer affects children's health. Objective To examine associations of parental cancer with children's school absenteeism, medical care unaffordability, health care use, and mental health. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional