Importance Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a well-known risk factor for preterm birth. Molecular diagnosis of BV is now available. Its impact in the screening and treatment of BV during pregnancy on preterm births has not been evaluated to date. Objective To evaluate the clinical and economic effects of point-of-care quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction screen and treat for BV in low-risk pregnant

Importance Although a growing number of studies have reported negative associations of the COVID-19 pandemic with academic performance among school-aged children, less is known about the pandemic's association with early childhood development. Objective To examine the association between the COVID-19 pandemic and early childhood development. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cohort study conducted

Importance Diabetes in children is a global epidemic that causes various medical conditions associated with an increased incidence of premature death. Objective To investigate the trends in diabetes incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in children, with risk factors for diabetes-associated death, from 1990 to 2019. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a cross-sectional

Importance Nearly 40% of US youth aged 2 to 19 years do not have a body mass index (BMI) in the healthy weight category. However, there are no recent estimates for BMI-associated expenditures using clinical or claims data. Objective To estimate medical expenditures among US youth across all BMI categories along with sex and age groups. Design, Setting, Participants This cross-sectional study used IQVIA's

Importance There is a paucity of pediatric-specific comparative data to guide duration of therapy recommendations in children with urinary tract infection (UTI). Objective To compare the efficacy of standard-course and short-course therapy for children with UTI. Design, Setting, Participants The Short Course Therapy for Urinary Tract Infections (SCOUT) randomized clinical noninferiority trial took

Importance A cancer diagnosis and treatment may result in highly traumatic periods with lasting psychological consequences for children, adolescent, and young adult patients with cancer (CYACs). Early identification and management may prevent long-term psychological morbidity and suicide. Objective To analyze risk, severity, and risk factors for depression, anxiety, psychotic disorders, and suicide

Importance Childhood housing insecurity has dramatically increased in the US in recent decades, but whether an association with adverse mental health outcomes exists after adjusting for repeated measures of childhood poverty is unclear. Objective To test whether childhood housing insecurity is associated with later anxiety and depression symptoms after adjusting for time-varying measures of childhood

Importance While knowing the goals of care (GOCs) for children receiving pediatric palliative care (PPC) are crucial for guiding the care they receive, how parents prioritize these goals and how their priorities may change over time is not known. Objective To determine parental prioritization of GOCs and patterns of change over time for parents of children receiving palliative care. Design, Setting

Importance Extubation failure (EF) has been associated with worse outcomes in critically ill children. The relative efficacy of different modes of noninvasive respiratory support (NRS) to prevent EF is unknown. Objective To study the reported relative efficacy of different modes of NRS (high-flow nasal cannula [HFNC], continuous positive airway pressure [CPAP], and bilevel positive airway pressure

Importance Despite strong evidence linking place and obesity risk, the extent to which this link is causal or reflects sorting into places is unclear. Objective To examine the association of place with adolescents' obesity and explore potential causal pathways, such as shared environments and social contagion. Design, Setting, and Participants This natural experiment study used the periodic reassignment

Importance Little is known about the association between sickle cell disease (SCD) and severe maternal morbidity (SMM). Objective To examine the association of SCD with racial disparities in SMM and with SMM among Black individuals. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study was a retrospective population-based investigation of individuals with and without SCD in 5 states (California [2008-2018]

Importance Although inequitable care due to racism and bias is well documented in health care, the impact on health care-associated infections is less understood. Objective To determine whether disparities in first central catheter-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) rates existed for pediatric patients of minoritized racial, ethnic, and language groups and to evaluate the outcomes associated

Importance Controversy exists on the clinical utility of kidney ultrasonography after first febrile urinary tract infection (UTI), and clinical practice guideline recommendations vary. Objective To determine the prevalence of urinary tract abnormalities detected on kidney ultrasonography after the first febrile UTI in children. Data Sources The MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Central

Importance The prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection during pregnancy and its risk of transmission to newborns are not well documented. Objective To ascertain the prevalence of HPV in pregnant women, the risk of HPV detection in the placenta and in children at birth, and the probability that HPV detected at birth may persist in newborns. Design, Setting, and Participants The Human Papillomavirus

Importance Active monitoring of health outcomes after COVID-19 vaccination offers early detection of rare outcomes that may not be identified in prelicensure trials. Objective To conduct near-real-time monitoring of health outcomes following BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination in the US pediatric population aged 5 to 17 years. Design, Setting, and Participants This population-based study was conducted under

Importance Optimal hemostatic resuscitation in pediatric trauma is not well defined. Objective To assess the association of prehospital blood transfusion (PHT) with outcomes in injured children. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study of the Pennsylvania Trauma Systems Foundation database included children aged 0 to 17 years old who received a PHT or emergency department blood

Importance Pharmacologic agents are often used to treat newborns with prenatal opioid exposure (POE) despite known adverse effects on neurodevelopment. Alternative nonpharmacological interventions are needed. Objective To examine efficacy of a vibrating crib mattress for treating newborns with POE. Design, Setting, and Participants In this dual-site randomized clinical trial, 208 term newborns with

Importance Fetuses in women with gestational diabetes (GD) compared with those without GD show evidence of subclinical cardiac functional and morphological changes. However, it is uncertain whether glycemia or the adverse maternal underlying risk factor profile is the main driver for fetal cardiac remodeling. Objective To assess cardiac morphology and function at midgestation in fetuses of mothers

Importance The risk of serious long-term outcomes for infants born to individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) is not fully characterized, nor is it well understood whether risks are modified by infant diagnosis of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). Objective To characterize the risk of postneonatal infant mortality among infants with a NOWS diagnosis or born to individuals with OUD. Design