This cross-sectional study analyzed the association between parents’ engagement with their children regarding responsible and safe firearm use and the security of firearm storage in their homes.

ImportanceSudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a major cause of infant death in the US. Previous research suggests that inborn errors of metabolism may contribute to SIDS, yet the relationship between SIDS and biomarkers of metabolism remains unclear.ObjectiveTo evaluate and model the association between routinely measured newborn metabolic markers and SIDS in combination with established risk factors

ImportanceFor youth with chronic pain, anxiety and depression are reported as consequences of experiencing pain and maintaining factors of ongoing pain and disability. However, prevalence estimates of anxiety and depression remain unclear.ObjectiveTo report the prevalence of clinical anxiety and depression for youth with chronic pain and compare symptoms of anxiety and depression between youth with

ImportanceAlthough questionnaire-based cross-sectional research suggests that screen time before bed correlates with poor sleep, self-reported data seem unlikely to capture the complexity of modern screen use, requiring objective night-by-night measures to advance this field.ObjectiveTo examine whether evening screen time is associated with sleep duration and quality that night in youths.Design, Setting

ImportanceIncreased secure firearm storage can reduce youth firearm injury and mortality, a leading cause of death for children and adolescents in the US. Despite the availability of evidence-based secure firearm storage programs and recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics, few pediatric clinicians report routinely implementing these programs.ObjectiveTo compare the effectiveness of

This cohort study evaluates parental stress and protective factors mitigating risks for child maltreatment in the context of intimate partner violence.

This cross-sectional study describes gender differences in adolescent school climate, health, and social supports, including who depressed or anxious youth seek help from.

ImportanceDepression and eating disorders are heightened for adolescents with obesity. Clinical reviews alongside self-report questionnaires are important to ensure appropriate intervention.ObjectiveTo evaluate changes in self-report symptoms of depression, eating disorders, and binge eating in adolescents with obesity during the Fast Track to Health trial.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis was

ImportanceAdolescent obesity requires effective and accessible treatment. Intensive dietary interventions have the potential to be used as adjunctive therapy for behavioral weight management.ObjectiveTo examine the effectiveness of 2 diet therapies, delivered as part of an intensive behavioral weight management intervention, in adolescents with metabolic complications associated with obesity.Design

This Viewpoint examines data from the National Survey on Children’s Health reflecting effects of the housing crisis and mentions political response among voters and candidates.

ImportanceAcute respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of emergency department visits and hospitalizations in US children, with highest risks in the first 2 months after birth. Out-of-home childcare settings increase the spread of respiratory tract infections. The study team hypothesized that access to state-paid family leave could reduce acute care encounters (hospital admissions or emergency

Importance There is a recognized unmet need for clinical trials to provide evidence-informed care for infants, children and adolescents. This Special Communication outlines the capacity of 3 distinct trial design strategies, sequential, parallel, and a unified adult-pediatric bayesian adaptive design, to incorporate children into clinical trials and transform this current state of evidence inequity

This cross-sectional study assesses US pediatric inpatient psychiatric capacity and identifies state-level variation in access to pediatric inpatient psychiatric beds.

This cross-sectional study examines suicide mortality rates among Asian American youths and young adults overall and by ethnic subgroup from 2018 to 2021.

ImportanceUse of exogenous sex steroid hormones, when indicated, may improve outcomes in adolescents and young adults with gender incongruence. Little is known about factors associated with the time from diagnosis of gender dysphoria to initiation of gender-affirming hormone therapy. Identification of inequities in time to treatment may have clinical, policy, and research implications.ObjectiveTo evaluate

ImportancePrevious evidence suggests that maternal hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection during prepregnancy or pregnancy is associated with congenital heart diseases (CHDs) in offspring. However, the association of paternal HBV infection with CHDs is not well examined.ObjectiveTo explore the association of paternal preconception HBV infection with CHDs in offspring.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis

Importance Infants with neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS) cared for with the Eat, Sleep, Console (ESC) care approach receive less pharmacologic treatment and have shorter hospital stays compared to usual care with the Finnegan Neonatal Abstinence Scoring Tool, but the effects of these approaches on feeding and weight are unknown. Objective To evaluate feeding practices and weight trajectories

Importance Most emergency departments (EDs) across the US use the Emergency Severity Index (ESI) to predict acuity and resource needs. A comprehensive assessment of ESI accuracy among pediatric patients is lacking. Objective To assess the frequency of mistriage using ESI (version 4) among pediatric ED visits using automated measures of mistriage and identify characteristics associated with mistriage

ImportanceTablet use continues to increase in preschool-aged children. The use of mobile devices has been linked to child emotional dysregulation. However, few studies have been able to show a clear direction of association between child tablet use and the development of self-regulation skills. In addition, few studies have modeled within-person associations over time.ObjectiveTo estimate how child

ImportanceThe effects of probiotic interventions on colonization with resistant bacteria and early microbiome development in preterm infants remain to be clarified.ObjectiveTo examine the efficacy of Bifidobacterium longum subsp infantis, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis (BB-12), and Lactobacillus acidophilus (La-5) probiotics to prevent colonization with multidrug-resistant organisms or highly

This Viewpoint discusses the National Sleep Foundation consensus panel’s recommendations for screen-based media use and sleep health among children and teenagers.

ImportanceThe multifaceted nature of screen use has been largely overlooked in favor of a simplistic unidimensional measure of overall screen time when evaluating the benefits and risks of screen use to early childhood development.ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine associations of screen use contexts in early childhood with cognitive and psychosocial outcomes.Data

Importance The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention plans to introduce hospital-onset bacteremia (HOB) as a health care-associated infection measure. The epidemiology and clinical characteristics of HOB among infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are unknown. Objective To estimate the rate of HOB among infants admitted to the NICU, measure the association of HOB risk with

This Viewpoint discusses the benefits and impediments of drug repurposing in the US and how the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act may serve as a successful legislative model to stimulate greater drug repurposing.