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BACKGROUND Fine motor skills are heritable, comprise important milestones in development, and impairments are associated with neurodevelopmental conditions, psychiatric disorders, and poor educational outcomes. METHODS In a pre-registered study of 9625 preschool children from the Twins Early Development Study, fine motor assessments (drawing, block building, folding, and questionnaires) were conducted

Stress and psychiatric disorders have been independently associated with disruption of the maternal and offspring microbiome, and with increased risk of the offspring developing psychiatric disorders, both in clinical studies and in preclinical studies. However, the role of the microbiome in mediating the effect of prenatal stress on offspring behavior is unclear. While preclinical studies have identified

Neuroplasticity, or activity-dependent neuronal change, is a crucial mechanism underlying the mechanisms of effect of many therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders, one of which is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Understanding the neuroplastic effects of rTMS at different biological scales, different timescales, and how the effects at different scales interact with each other can

The development of neuroimaging methodologies to map brain connectivity has transformed our understanding of psychiatric disorders, the distributed effects of brain stimulation, and how TMS can be best employed to target and ameliorate psychiatric symptoms. In parallel, neuroimaging research has revealed that higher-order brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex, which represent the most common

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Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated neurological disorder where up to 50% of patients experience depression. We investigated how white matter network disruption is related to depression in MS. Methods 380 participants with MS were identified via the electronic health record. Depressed individuals (MS+Depression; n=232) included persons with an ICD-10 depression diagnosis, a prescription

Increasing evidence suggests that the clinical effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are target-dependent. Within any given symptom, precise targeting of specific brain circuits may improve clinical outcomes. This principle can also be extended across symptoms – stimulation of different circuits may lead to different symptom-level outcomes. This may include targeting different symptoms

Stress modulates the activity of various memory systems and can thereby guide behavioral interaction with the environment in an adaptive or maladaptive manner. At the cellular level, a large body of evidence indicates that (nor)adrenaline and glucocorticoid release induced by acute stress-exposure affects synapse function and synaptic plasticity, which are critical substrates for learning and memory

Background To gain insights into the role of brain structure and function on anxiety (ANX), we conducted a genetically informed investigation leveraging information from ANX genome-wide association studies available from UK Biobank (UKB; N=380,379), FinnGen Program (N=290,361), and Million Veteran Program (MVP; N=175,163) together with UKB genome-wide data (N=33,224) related to 3,935 brain imaging-derived

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Primary and motile cilia are thin, hair-like cellular projections from the cell surface involved in movement, sensing, and communication between cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound vesicles secreted by cells and they contain various proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that are delivered to and influence the behavior of other cells. Both cilia and EVs are essential for the normal

BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is characterized by compulsive alcohol-seeking behavior, which is associated with dysregulation of afferent projections from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to the basal amygdala (BLA). However, the contribution of the cell-type-specific mechanism in this neuronal circuit to alcohol-seeking behavior remains unclear. METHODS Mice were trained with two-bottle

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Objectives Schizophrenia is associated with increased risk of developing multiple aging-related diseases, including metabolic, respiratory, and cardiovascular diseases, and Alzheimer’s and related dementias, leading to the hypothesis that schizophrenia is accompanied by accelerated biological aging. This has been difficult to test because there is no widely accepted measure of biological aging. Epigenetic

Background Suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) are common among adolescent girls and increase risk for suicide death. Emotion regulation difficulties are linked with STBs, particularly in response to targeted social rejection. However, neural correlates of this link have not been investigated and may identify novel targets for interventions. Here, we examine neural correlates of emotion regulation

Background Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are highly enriched in the synapses of the mammalian brain and play important roles in neurological function by acting as molecular sponges of microRNAs (miRNAs). CircAnk3 is derived from the 11th intron of the Ankyrin 3 (Ank3) gene, a strong genetic risk factor for neuropsychiatric disorders; however, the function of circAnk3 remains elusive. In this study, we investigated

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Nutrition and diet quality play key roles in preventing and slowing cognitive decline and have been linked to multiple brain disorders. This review compiles available evidence from preclinical studies and clinical trials on the impact of nutrition and interventions regarding major psychiatric conditions and some neurological disorders. We emphasize the potential role of diet-related microbiome alterations

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Background Responding to social signals by expressing the correct behavior is not only challenged in autism, but also in diseases with high prevalence of autism, like Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS). Clinical evidence suggests aberrant pro-social behavior in patients can be regulated by intranasal oxytocin (OXT) or vasopressin (AVP). However, what neuronal mechanisms underlie impaired behavioral responses

Stress levels are surging, alongside the incidence of stress-related psychiatric disorders. Perhaps a related phenomenon, especially in urban areas, the human gut contains fewer bacterial species than ever before. Although the functional implications of this absence is unclear, one consequence may be reduced stress resilience. Preclinical and clinical evidence has shown how stress exposure can alter

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Background Previous studies have implicated both rare copy number variations (CNVs) and common variants in liability for Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, how common and rare genetic variants jointly contribute to individual liability requires further investigation in larger cohorts. Methods This study is comprised of 9,385 subjects of European decedent and 7,810 subjects of

Depression and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are substantial public health concerns. In the past decades, a link between two disease entities has received extensive acknowledgment, yet the complex nature of this relationship has demanded further clarification. Some evidence indicates that mid-life depression may be an AD risk factor, while a chronic course of depression in late life may be a precursor to

Background Hyperactivity of granule cells in the ventral dentate gyrus (vDG) promotes vulnerability to chronic stress. However, which receptors in the vDG could be targeted to inhibit this hyperactivity and confer stress resilience is not known. The serotonin 1A receptor (5HT1AR) is a Gi protein coupled inhibitory receptor that has been implicated in stress adaptation, anxiety, depression, and antidepressant

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Second only to early life, adolescence is a period of dramatic change and growth. For the developing young adult, this is occurring on a backdrop of distinct environmental challenges and stressors. A significant body of work now identifies an important role for the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis in the development and function of the brain. Given that the MGB axis is both highly plastic during the