Purpose To investigate the burden of near vision loss (NVL) in China by year, age and gender from 1990 to 2019. Methods We used estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study to report the prevalence and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to NVL in China. Estimates of crude counts and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population are accompanied by 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs)

Aims To determine the distribution of three different intraepithelial growth patterns (pagetoid, bowenoid and papillary) in eyelid sebaceous carcinoma (SC) and correlate them with the clinical characteristics and prognosis. Methods A retrospective cohort study. The medical charts and pathological sections were retrospectively reviewed. All eligible patients were followed up for recurrence, metastasis

Aims To gather information on useful medications to treat visual snow syndrome (VSS) as well as to validate an instrument to assess its clinical severity and the course of the disorder over time. Methods Four hundred patients with VSS were included in this web-based prospective questionnaire study. All subjects completed a treatment questionnaire and a clinical diary. The first allowed evaluation of

Aims To examine the relationship between vision impairment (VI) and employment outcomes in a multiethnic Asian population. Methods We included 7608 Asian individuals aged ≥40 years (mean (SD) age: 58.4 (10.3) years; 64.8% male) from the Singapore Epidemiology Eye Disease Study (response rate: 78.8%), a population-based cohort study (mean follow-up period: 6.2 years). Presenting visual acuity (VA) was

Aims To characterise and classify the morphological, clinical and tomographic characteristics of focal choroidal excavation (FCE) lesions to determine their prognostic implications. Methods 36 eyes with FCE (32 patients) underwent multimodal imaging, including spectral domain optical coherence tomography and fundus autofluorescence. FCE lesions were classified into three subtypes: (1) type 1: myopic

Background/Aims To provide longer-term data on efficacy, safety, immunogenicity and pharmacokinetics (PK) of ranibizumab biosimilar SB11 compared with the reference ranibizumab (RBZ) in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Methods Setting : Multicentre. Design : Randomised, double-masked, parallel-group, phase III equivalence study. Patient population : ≥50 years old participants

Background/aims X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS), associated with RS1 , is the most common type of X-linked retinopathy in children. This study aimed to identify clinical and genetic features of retinoschisis in 120 families with RS1 variants in China. Methods RS1 variants were collected from our in-house exome data and were predicted by multiple-step bioinformatics analysis. Clinical data of 122 patients

Background/aims To understand whether the epidemiology, aetiologies, common pathogens and the antibiotic efficacy against the identified bacteria of periorbital cellulitis in adults have changed recently (2010–2019) compared with the past decade (2000–2009). Methods Adult patients (n=224) diagnosed with preseptal cellulitis and orbital cellulitis admitted to Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital during

Purpose To report on the outcomes of immunotherapy in patients with locally advanced periorbital squamous cell carcinoma. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of seven consecutive patients with locally advanced periorbital cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma treated with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Treatments and therapeutic outcomes were reviewed. Results Of the seven patients, six were treated

Aims To evaluate visual acuity (VA) outcomes of cataract surgery, and factors associated with good visual outcomes, among a population with diabetes. Methods Participants with type 2 diabetes enrolled in The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) study and ACCORD-eye substudy. 1136 eyes of 784 ACCORD participants receiving cataract surgery during follow-up (2001–2014) were included

Background/aims Fetal haemoglobin (HbF) has an oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve that may affect systemic oxygenation and the development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The study aim is to characterise the effects of HbF levels on systemic oxygenation and ROP development. Methods Prospective study conducted from 1 September 2017 through 31 December 2018 at the Johns Hopkins NICU. Preterm infants

Background/aims To identify biometric parameters that explain misclassifications by a deep learning classifier for detecting gonioscopic angle closure in anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) images. Methods Chinese American Eye Study (CHES) participants underwent gonioscopy and AS-OCT of each angle quadrant. A subset of CHES AS-OCT images were analysed using a deep learning classifier

Purpose To study the outcome of a modified amnion-assisted conjunctival epithelial redirection (ACER) technique using vacuum-dried amnion (Omnigen) and fibrin glue for managing total limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD). Method A retrospective, interventional case series of all patients with total LSCD who underwent limbal stem cell transplant (LSCT) using the modified ACER procedure between 2016 and

Aims To report the 6-year incidence of optical coherence tomography (OCT)-derived age-related changes in drusen volume and related systemic and ocular associations. Methods Chinese adults aged 40 years and older were assessed at baseline and 6 years with colour fundus photography (CFP) and spectral domain (SD) OCT. CFPs were graded for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) features and drusen volume

Purpose To evaluate the epidemiological trends and associated risk factors of disease burden due to trachoma. Methods Data for the country-specific disability-adjusted life year (DALY) number, rate and age-standardised rate of trachoma together with related data of other common eye diseases were acquired from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 database. The Socio-Demographic Index (SDI), Human

Background Age-related cataract, which presents as a cloudy lens, is the primary cause of vision impairment worldwide and can cause more than 80% senile blindness. Previous studies mainly explored the profile of lens proteins at a low concentration because of technical limitations, which could not reflect physiological status. This study focuses on protein stability changes with ageing under physiological

Purpose To assess the outcomes of the non-valved Aurolab aqueous drainage implant (AADI) in neovascular glaucoma (NVG). Methods Data of consecutive patients with NVG who underwent AADI and had a minimum follow-up of 2 years were included. The primary outcome measure was the cumulative rate of surgical failure defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) >21 mm Hg or reduced <20% below baseline, IOP ≤5 mm

Aims To retrospectively compare the therapeutic effect of modified double-dose photodynamic therapy (PDT) with standard-dose PDT in patients with circumscribed choroidal haemangioma (CCH). Methods Thirty-nine patients with CCH were categorised in two groups by PDT type. The standard-dose group (n=12) was treated with 6 mg/m2 verteporfin and a 689 nm laser for 83 s. The modified double-dose group (n=27)

Aim To evaluate the effectiveness of dexamethasone intravitreal implant 0.7 mg (DEX; Ozurdex) monotherapy in the patient subgroup of the AUSSIEDEX study with treatment-naïve diabetic macular oedema (DME). Methods The open-label, prospective, phase 4, real-world study included pseudophakic eyes and phakic eyes scheduled for cataract surgery that were treatment-naïve or non-responsive to antivascular

Aim To investigate the association between visual field defects and blood vessel network (BVN) formation in optic disc melanocytomas (ODMs) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods Single-centre, retrospective case series of 32 eyes of 32 patients with ODM, in which eyes were divided into two groups based on complete and incomplete BVN formations. Results OCTA revealed incomplete

Background Dacryolith-induced epiphora is caused by a chronic obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct whose aetiology is often specified peroperatively. Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) has been often regarded as the gold standard to treat dacryolithiasis. Hasner’s valve (HV) incision is a technique to evacuate lithiasis through its physiological track. The purpose of this study was to describe clinical and

Purpose To quantify retinal and choriocapillaris (CC) microvasculature in highly myopic (HM) eyes with myopic macular degeneration (MMD) using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA). Methods 162 HM eyes (spherical equivalent ≤ −6.0 dioptres or axial length (AL) ≥26.5 mm) from 98 participants were enrolled, including 60 eyes (37.0%) with tessellated fundus, 54 eyes (33.3%) with

Purpose To test whether a single or composite set of parameters evaluated with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), representing retinal capillary closure, can predict non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) staging according to the gold standard ETDRS grading scheme. Methods 105 patients with diabetes, either without retinopathy or with different degrees of retinopathy (NPDR up to

Purpose To analyse the morphological characteristics of eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with good long-term visual acuity after anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) therapy. Methods Retrospective, observational study of 175 patients with neovascular AMD with >5 years of follow-up after initiating anti-VEGF therapy. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography

Aims The purpose of this study was to explore the microstructural properties of the major white matter (WM) tracts in constant exotropia (XT) before and after strabismus surgery, and further investigate the association between microstructural alterations and the ocular dominance (OD). Methods We collected diffusion tensor imaging data of patients with XT before (n=19) and after (n=15) strabismus surgery

Background Largest basal diameter (LBD) appears to have independent prognostic value in uveal melanoma (UM). Methods All patients undergoing plaque brachytherapy or enucleation for UM involving the choroid and/or ciliary body between 2012 and 2019. Results A total of 348 patients with a mean age of 60±14 years were included and followed for a mean of 40±26 months (3.3±2.2 years). On multivariate analysis

Purpose To assess the refractive change and incidence of myopia, as well as their risk factors, among Chinese rural children aged 6–17 years. Methods Children who completed the baseline vision examination of the Handan Offspring Myopia Study were re-examined, including both cycloplegic and non-cyloplegic autorefraction, with a mean follow-up time of 42.4±1.47 months. Results A total of 601 children

Purpose To assess gaze evoked deformations of the optic nerve head (ONH) in thyroid eye disease (TED), using computational modelling and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods Multiple finite element models were constructed: one model of a healthy eye, and two models mimicking effects of TED; one with proptosis and another with extraocular tissue stiffening. Two additional hypothetical models

Background/aims To determine whether timing of ophthalmic screening influences prevalence of neonatal fundus haemorrhages. We compared the prevalence of fundus haemorrhages in two populations: term newborns screened early (less than 72 hours) and preterm newborns screened late (4–11 weeks). Additionally, we reviewed the literature on timing and prevalence of newborn haemorrhages. Methods Retrospective

Bone-derived hydroxyapatite orbital implants can reduce in size by osteoclastic activity in as little time as four years, requiring further intervention to maintain orbital volume. Orbital lymphoma incidence is very low in South Korea but has increased recently. Orbital extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma incidence is high in Koreans; older adults have lower survival rate for orbital soft tissue

Training the modern ophthalmic surgeon is a challenging process. Microsurgical education can benefit from innovative methods to practice surgery in low-risk simulations, assess and refine skills in the operating room through video content analytics, and learn at a distance from experienced surgeons. Developments in emerging technologies may allow us to pursue novel forms of instruction and build on

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) research has had significant advancements over the past decades. We analysed the impact and characteristics of the top 100 (T100) most-cited articles in DR research. The Scopus database was searched for articles published from 1960 to June 2020 by two independent investigators. The T100 DR articles were published between 1961 and 2017 with median citations of 503 (range: 306–20 100);

In ‘Case series of shrinking hydroxyapatite orbital implants’, Han et al 1 draws attention to a particularly interesting postoperative complication. The authors report the potential shrinking of mammalian bone-derived hydroxyapatite orbital implants by osteoclastic activity, which may lead to orbital volume loss. This volume loss might affect the cosmesis and the prosthesis motility leading to a significantly

Background An orbital implant is used after enucleation or evisceration surgery to replace the volume lost and to aid in prosthesis fitting and movement. Different materials have been used through the years. The authors noted that with bone-derived hydroxyapatite orbital implants, some patients lose their orbital volume. Methods The operating theatre record was searched to find patients who had their

Background/Aims Lymphomas are the most frequent neoplasm of the orbit. However, the epidemiology of orbital lymphomas is not well reported. This study aimed to provide a population-based report on the epidemiology of orbital lymphomas and measure the trends in the incidence of orbital lymphoma cancer in South Korea. Methods Nationwide cancer incidence data from 1999 to 2016 were obtained from the Korea

Aims To compare the unique experiences related to artificial eye (AE) versus cosmetic shell (CS) wear. Methods In this observational, cross-sectional study, the National Artificial Eye Questionnaire (NAEQ) was employed nationwide within the National Health Service England. The proportions or mean values of the aetiology of sight or eye loss, demographics, length of prosthesis wear, reported adjustment

Aim To study the morphological features of the palpebral lobe of the main lacrimal gland in normal and dry eyes. Methods This cross-sectional study included 25 healthy subjects and 83 patients with dry eye disease (DED). The aetiological groups of DED were cicatrising conjunctivitis (CC, n=35), evaporative dry eyes (EDE, n=25) and Sjogren’s syndrome (SS, n=23). The palpebral lobes in both eyes were

Background To relate conjunctival melanoma characteristics to local control. Methods Retrospective, registry-based interventional study with data gathered from 10 ophthalmic oncology centres from 9 countries on 4 continents. Conjunctival melanoma patients diagnosed between January 2001 and December 2013 were enrolled in the study. Primary treatments included local excision, excision with cryotherapy

AIMS To evaluate the contrast sensitivity in patients with nuclear cataract and corneal guttae compared to patients with nuclear cataract without guttae. METHODS In this retrospective, single-centre case series, 50 eyes of 50 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Patients with corneal guttae and nuclear cataract (n=25, study group) underwent triple Descemet membrane endothelial

Purpose To evaluate the agreement of central corneal thickness (CCT) measurement between Scheimpflug imaging and ultrasound (U/S) pachymetry in keratoconic eyes, and investigate factors that affect the agreement. Methods This post hoc analysis within a prospective, observational non-randomised study preformed at the Kensington Eye Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, included crosslinking candidates

Background/aims We developed a novel technology consisting of violet light (VL)-emitting glasses and defined the combination of VL irradiation and riboflavin treatment as KeraVio. Our goal was to evaluate the clinical results of KeraVio in patients with progressive corneal ectasia. Methods Eyes were exposed to VL (375 nm, irradiance 310 μW/cm2)-emitting glasses for 3 hours daily for 6 months, and a

Background/Aims To investigate clinical characteristics and risk factors for glaucoma conversion of the contralateral eye in unilateral normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) patients. Methods A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted on a total of 76 subjects who had been diagnosed with unilateral NTG at the baseline and followed up for more than 5 years. Glaucoma conversion in the contralateral

Background/Aims To investigate the association between exposure to intraocular pressure (IOP)–lowering medications during pregnancy and neonatal adverse outcomes. Methods This retrospective, cohort study used the JMDC Claims Database (JMDC, Tokyo, Japan), 2005–2018. We extracted data on pregnant women with glaucoma, including dispensation of (1) any IOP-lowering medications, (2) only prostaglandin

Background/Aims To determine associations between HLAB27-positive uveitis, ethnicity and seronegative spondyloarthropathies (SpAs) in a New Zealand population. Methods Retrospective observational cohort study. Medical records of all subjects with uveitis at Auckland District Health Board from 2008 to 2018 were reviewed for HLAB27 status, age of presentation, ethnicity and SpA. Results In 10 years,

Aim To evaluate the diagnostic worth of elevated serum ACE (sACE) and lymphopaenia, singly or combined, in diagnosing sarcoid uveitis. Methods Monocentric retrospective study, on a cohort of 996 adult patients referred to our department between March 2001 and December 2018 for a diagnostic work-up of uveitis. The sensitivity (SE), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive

Purpose To evaluate the long-term functional and morphological changes occurring in myopic eyes with a dome-shaped macula (DSM), with or without untreated serous retinal detachment (SRD). Methods This prospective, single-centre study enrolled consecutive cases of highly myopic patients with DSM with or without a SRD. Patients underwent complete ophthalmological examinations, optical coherence tomography

Aims To study widefield imaging features, analyse risk factors for progression and compare treatment modalities of peripheral exudative haemorrhagic chorioretinopathy (PEHCR). Methods Clinical and imaging data from each visit were collected, including near-infrared reflectance, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, optical coherence tomography using the Spectralis platform (Heidelberg

Purpose To evaluate the various patterns of subretinal fluid (SRF) in eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in the absence of macular neovascularisation (MNV) and to assess the long-term outcomes in these eyes. Methods This retrospective study included only eyes with non-neovascular AMD and associated SRF. Eyes with evidence of MNV were excluded. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography

Aim To describe optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) features of polypoidal choroidal neovascularisation (PCNV) secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Methods A retrospective consecutive series of 51 patients with a diagnosis of PCNV, based on clinical and multimodal imaging, was analysed. All patients with PCNV underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological examination, including fluorescein

Purpose We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarise the geographic distribution of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) incidence. Methods Databases including PubMed, Embase and Web of Science were searched for publications of early and late AMD before September 2019. Studies were included if they applied a standardised photographic assessment and classification system. The proportion

Background The travel distance from home to a treatment centre, which may impact the stage at diagnosis, has not been investigated for retinoblastoma, the most common childhood eye cancer. We aimed to investigate the travel burden and its impact on clinical presentation in a large sample of patients with retinoblastoma from Africa and Europe. Methods A cross-sectional analysis including 518 treatment-naïve

Aims To investigate the retinal vascular structure and capillary anomalies of affected and fellow eyes of patients with unilateral Coats’ disease using multimodal imaging. Methods Clinical investigation of both eyes of each patient with diagnosed Coats’ disease using ultra-widefield (UWF) fundus imaging, including UWF fluorescein angiography (UWFFA), spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT)

Aims To evaluate the prognostic value of clinical, histopathological and molecular features and to relate different treatment modalities to clinical outcome in conjunctival melanomas (CM). Methods Retrospective review of clinical, histopathological and BRAF V600E and telomerase reverse transcriptase ( TERT ) promoter mutation status and treatment modalities, correlated to recurrence and metastasis

Purpose To evaluate the contributions of human leucocyte antigen ( HLA ) class I and II genes in the development of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) in a Southern Chinese population. Methods Eight HLA loci were genotyped and analysed in 272 unrelated patients with Graves’ disease (GD) or the proptosis and myogenic phenotypes of GO, and 411 ethnically matched control subjects. Results The allele frequencies

Purpose To develop age-specific and gender-specific reference percentile charts for axial length (AL) and AL/corneal radius of curvature (AL/CR) and, to use percentiles to determine probability of myopia and estimate refractive error (RE). Methods Analysis of AL, cycloplegic RE and CR of 14 127 Chinese participants aged 4–18 years from 3 studies. AL and AL/CR percentiles estimated using Lambda-Mu-Sigma

Background/Aims To analyse the long-term anatomic and visual outcomes of patients with peripapillary pachychoroid syndrome (PPS), a recently described entity in the pachychoroid disease spectrum. Methods This study retrospectively included patients from several retina centres worldwide. Visual acuity (VA), retinal thickness and choroidal thickness at baseline, 6 months and final follow-up were assessed

Précis Cystinosis is a lysosomal storage disease leading to an accumulation of cystine crystals in several organs. We aim to comprehensively describe chorioretinal cystine crystals via spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and elaborate a new biomarker for systemic disease control. Background/aims Cystinosis is a rare lysosomal storage disease leading to an accumulation of cystine crystals

Objective To compare CYP1B1 and MYOC variants in a cohort of neonatal-onset (NO) and infantile-onset (IO) primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). Methods This prospective observational study included 43 infants with PCG (14 NO and 29 IO) presenting between January 2017 and January 2019 with a minimum 1-year follow-up. CYP1B1 and MYOC genes were screened using Sanger sequencing with in-silico analysis of

Aims To examine independent and interactive associations of ophthalmic and systemic conditions with incident dementia. Methods Our analysis included 12 364 adults aged 55–73 years from the UK Biobank cohort. Participants were assessed between 2006 and 2010 at baseline and were followed up until the early of 2021. Incident dementia was ascertained using hospital inpatient, death records and self-reported

Synopsis A deep-learning-based macular extrafoveal avascular area (EAA) on a 6×6 mm optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiogram is less dependent on the signal strength and shadow artefacts, providing better diagnostic accuracy for diabetic retinopathy (DR) severity than the commercial software measured extrafoveal vessel density (EVD). Aims To compare a deep-learning-based EAA to commercial output