We estimated the risk of death from coronavirus disease 2019 in vaccinated compared with unvaccinated patients. The risk of death was reduced 44% after 1 dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine, 55% after 1 dose of the Oxford-Astrazeneca ChAdOx1 vaccine, and 69% after 2 doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine. This is above the protection provided against infection.

Background Primaquine radical cure is used to treat dormant liver-stage parasites and prevent relapsing Plasmodium vivax malaria but is limited by concerns of haemolysis. We undertook a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis to investigate the haematological safety of different primaquine regimens for P vivax radical cure. Methods For this systematic review and individual patient

Background Primaquine is used to eliminate Plasmodium vivax hypnozoites, but its optimal dosing regimen remains unclear. We undertook a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of different primaquine dosing regimens to prevent P vivax recurrence. Methods For this systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis, we searched

Background Hematogenous vertebral osteomyelitis (HVOM) is an incompletely understood complication of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB). Methods Eligible SAB patients with and without HVOM were prospectively enrolled from 1995 through 2019 at Duke University Health System. HVOM was diagnosed either radiographically or microbiologically. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to

Background Growing evidence suggests that some coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors experience a wide range of long-term postacute sequelae. We examined the postacute risk and burden of new-incident cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and other thrombotic complications after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in a highly vaccinated multiethnic Southeast Asian

The global outbreak of COVID-19 has caused a severe threat to human health; therefore, simple, high-throughput neutralization assays are desirable for developing vaccines and drugs against COVID-19...

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We report 12 patients with persistent viremia on oral antiretroviral therapy who were initiated on injectable cabotegravir/rilpivirine (iCAB/RPV) without oral lead-in. All patients achieved viral suppression without any virologic rebound. iCAB/RPV may be considered as an option for patients unable to maintain suppression on oral antiretroviral therapy.

Limited follow-up data is available on the recovery of Omicron COVID-19 patients after acute illness. It is also critical to understand persistence of neutralizing antibody (NAb) and of T-cell medi...

Patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) present an exacerbated inflammatory response associated with tissue damage and ulcer development. In recent years, higher rates of failure to pentavalent ...

Virus circular RNAs (circRNA) have been reported to be extensively expressed and play important roles in viral infections. In our previous study, we built the first database of virus circRNAs named...

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Background Low awareness and lack of routine testing for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections among adults has led to underreporting and misclassification in hospital records. The Danish National Patient Registry (DNPR) provide an opportunity to identify all patients hospitalized with a respiratory tract infection (RTI) diagnosis. This study aimed to assess the underreporting and misclassification

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More than a decade after the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials group released a reporting items checklist for non-inferiority randomized controlled trials, the infectious diseases literature continues to underreport these items. Trialists, journals, and peer reviewers should redouble their efforts to ensure infectious diseases studies meet these minimum reporting standards.

Background Hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (HABP/VABP) are frequently caused by multidrug-resistant organisms. Patient-centered endpoints in clinical trials are needed to develop new antibiotics for HABP/VABP. Desirability of outcome ranking (DOOR) is a paradigm for the design, analysis, and interpretation of clinical trials based on a patient-centered, benefit-risk

Background In the Netherlands, the number of mpox cases started declining before mpox vaccination was initiated. Most cases were men who have sex with men (MSM). We investigated whether the decline in mpox could be attributed to infection-induced immunity or behavioural adaptations. Methods We developed a transmission model and accounted for possible behavioural adaptations: less casual partners and

Ferrets represent an invaluable model for the study of influenza virus pathogenicity and transmissibility due to the ability of this species to recapitulate clinical symptoms of influenza infection present in humans. Ferrets are also employed for the study of bacterial pathogens that naturally infect humans at different anatomical sites, including the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. While

We measured cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific antibodies that neutralize epithelial cell infection (CMV-AbNEIs) in 101 CMV-seropositive kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) at baseline and post-transplant months 3 and 6. All the patients received antithymocyte globulin and 3-month valganciclovir prophylaxis. There were no significant differences in pre-transplant AbNEIs titers between KTRs that developed

Coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) has one of the highest proportions of fatal outcomes of other enterovirus serotypes. However, the pathogenesis of severe respiratory disease caused by CVB4 infection remain...

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains one of the major global public health concerns, and it develop into liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent evidence sugges...

In Mississippi, USA, infant hospitalization with congenital syphilis (CS) spiked by 1,000%, from 10 in 2016 to 110 in 2022. To determine the causes of this alarming development, we analyzed Mississippi hospital discharge data to evaluate trends, demographics, outcomes, and risk factors for infants diagnosed with CS hospitalized during 2016–2022. Of the 367 infants hospitalized with a CS diagnosis,

Background Widespread outbreaks of person-to-person transmission of hepatitis A virus (HAV), particularly among people who inject drugs (PWID), continue across the United States and globally. However, the herd immunity threshold and vaccination coverage required to prevent outbreaks is unknown. We aimed to use surveillance data and dynamic modeling to estimate herd immunity thresholds among PWID in

The recently updated SHEA/IDSA/APIC practice recommendations for MRSA prevention in acute care facilities list contact precautions (CP) for patients known to be infected or colonized with MRSA as an “essential practice”, meaning that it should be adopted in all acute care facilities. We argue that existing evidence on benefits and harms associated with CP do not justify this recommendation. There are

Background High resolution metabolomics (HRM) is an innovative tool to study challenging infectious diseases like leprosy, where the pathogen cannot be grown with standard methods. Here, we use HRM to better understand associations between disease manifestations, nutrition, and host metabolism. Methods From 2018-2019, adults with leprosy and controls were recruited in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Plasma metabolites

Background Linezolid is evaluated in novel treatment regimens for tuberculous meningitis (TBM). Linezolid pharmacokinetics have not been characterized in this population, particularly in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) where exposures may be affected by changes in protein concentration. Linezolid co-administration with high-dose rifampicin, has also not been studied. We aimed to characterize linezolid plasma

Background The pharmacokinetics of oral favipiravir and the relationships of plasma concentrations to antiviral effects are incompletely studied in influenza. Methods Serial plasma samples were collected from adults with uncomplicated influenza who were randomized to favipiravir (1800 mg BID on day 1, 800 mg BID on days 2 to 5)(N = 827) or placebo (N = 419) in two phase 3 trials. Post hoc analyses

Background The 2022 outbreak of the Clade IIb MPX virus and subsequent global spread lead to an urgent need for the development of high throughput, sensitive, and reproducible diagnostic tests. Methods We developed 3 assays to detect MPX virus, two (MPXV + and MPXV) for m2000 RealTime and one (MPXV) for Alinity m platforms. Dual-targets in E9L and B6R (MPXV+) and J2L and B7R (MPXV) genes were selected

Background The value of the widely applied maternal cytomegalovirus (CMV) serological testing approach in predicting intrauterine transmission in highly seroprevalent regions remains unknown. Methods A nested case‒control study was conducted based on a maternal–child cohort study. Newborns with congenital CMV (cCMV) infection were included, and each of them was matched to 3 newborns without cCMV infection

Coxsackievirus (CV) A6 is currently considered as a predominant pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), and is occasionally linked to myocardial injury. We first established a mouse model of CVA6-induced myocardial injury. Next, we analyzed the immune cell phenotypes CVA6-infected mice hearts by FACS, and found that CVA6 led to massive neutrophils infiltration, suggesting their potential

We detected Borrelia bavariensis in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected near 2 towns in the United Kingdom. Human B. bavariensis infections have not been reported previously in the country, underscoring the value of tick surveillance to warn of emerging human disease. B. bavariensis should be considered in patients with suspected neuroborreliosis.

A 55-year-old man sought treatment for an uncomplicated febrile illness after returning to Canada from the Philippines. A suspected diagnosis of Plasmodium knowlesi infection was confirmed by PCR, and treatment with atovaquone/proguanil brought successful recovery. We review the evolving epidemiology of P. knowlesi malaria in the Philippines, specifically within Palawan Island.

An outbreak of human mpox infection in nonendemic countries appears to have been driven largely by transmission through body fluids or skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity. We evaluated the stability of monkeypox virus (MPXV) in different environments and specific body fluids and tested the effectiveness of decontamination methodologies. MPXV decayed faster at higher temperatures, and rates

Background Even moderate differences in rotavirus vaccine effectiveness against non-vaccine genotypes may exert selective pressures on circulating rotaviruses. Whether this vaccine effect or natural temporal fluctuations underlie observed changes in genotype distributions is unclear. Methods We systematically reviewed studies reporting rotavirus genotypes from children <5 years of age globally between

To gain insight into interactions among respiratory viruses, we modeled influenza A virus (IAV) - SARS-CoV-2 coinfections using differentiated human airway epithelial cultures. Replicating IAV induced a more robust interferon response than SARS-CoV-2 and suppressed SARS-CoV-2 replication in both sequential and simultaneous infections, whereas SARS-CoV-2 did not enhance host cell defense during influenza

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Background Several clinical trials of tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) for household contacts of patients with multidrug- or rifampin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) are nearing completion. The potential benefits of delivering TPT to MDR/RR-TB contacts extend beyond the outcomes that clinical trials can measure. Methods We developed an agent-based, household-structured TB and MDR/RR-TB transmission

There have been significant advances in the prevention and management of Ebola virus disease (EVD) caused by Zaire Ebola virus (ZEBOV), including the development of two effective vaccines, rVSV-ZEBOV and Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN-Filo. In addition, ZEBOV monoclonal antibodies have become first-line therapy for EVD. However, the 2022–23 outbreak of Sudan Ebola virus (SUDV) in Uganda has highlighted the gap

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We performed phylogenetic analysis on dengue virus serotype 2 Cosmopolitan genotype in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. We document virus emergence, probable routes of introduction, and timeline of events. Our findings highlight the need for continuous, systematic genomic surveillance to manage outbreaks and forecast future epidemics.

Several occurrences of human-to-human transmission of Andes virus, an etiological agent of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, are documented. Syrian hamsters consistently model human hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, yet neither transmission nor shedding has been investigated. We demonstrate horizontal virus transmission and show that Andes virus is shed efficiently from both inoculated and contact-infected

Vibrio mimicus caused a seafood-associated outbreak in Florida, USA, in which 4 of 6 case-patients were hospitalized; 1 required intensive care for severe diarrhea. Strains were ctx-negative but carried genes for other virulence determinants (hemolysin, proteases, and types I–IV and VI secretion systems). Cholera toxin–negative bacterial strains can cause cholera-like disease.

Wholly Eurasian highly pathogemic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus was isolated from 2 free-ranging black bears with meningoencephalitis in Quebec, Canada. We found that isolates from both animals had the D701N mutation in the polymerase basic 2 gene, previously known to promote adaptation of H5N1 viruses to mammal hosts.

We report the clonal spread and evolution of high-risk Pseudomonas aeruginosa sequence type 463 co-producing KPC-2 and AFM-1 carbapenemases isolated from hospital patients in China during 2020–2022. Those strains pose a substantial public health threat and surveillance and stricter infection-control measures are essential to prevent further infections.

The 2010 cholera epidemic in Haiti was thought to have ended in 2019, and the Prime Minister of Haiti declared the country cholera-free in February 2022. On September 25, 2022, cholera cases were again identified in Port-au-Prince. We compared genomic data from 42 clinical Vibrio cholerae strains from 2022 with data from 327 other strains from Haiti and 1,824 strains collected worldwide. The 2022 isolates

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HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) is a major challenge to the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy. Global efforts in addressing HIVDR require clear, transparent, and replicable reporting in HIVDR studies. We describe the rationale and recommended use of a checklist that should be included in reports of HIVDR incidence and prevalence. After preliminary consultations with experts on HIVDR and establishing

Background Native vertebral osteomyelitis (NVO) caused by Staphylococcus aureus is associated with high risk of treatment failure and increased morbidity. The role of rifampin-based therapy for the treatment of this condition is controversial. The goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to explore the efficacy and safety of rifampin-based therapy for the treatment of S. aureus NVO. Methods

We detected African swine fever virus (ASFV) from a wild boar in Singapore. In <72 hours, we confirmed and reported ASFV p72 genotype II, CD2v serogroup 8, and IGR-II variant by using a combination of real-time PCR and whole-genome sequencing. Continued biosurveillance will be needed to monitor ASFV in Singapore.

We report a newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant FY.4 that has mutations Y451H in spike and P42L in open reading frame 3a proteins. FY.4 emergence coincided with increased SARS-CoV-2 cases in coastal Kenya during April–May 2023. Continued SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance is needed to identify new lineages to inform COVID-19 outbreak prevention.

Ongoing surveillance after pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV) deployment is essential to inform policy decisions and monitor serotype replacement. We report serotype and disease severity trends in 3,719 adults hospitalized for pneumococcal disease in Bristol and Bath, United Kingdom, during 2006–2022. Of those cases, 1,686 were invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD); 1,501 (89.0%) had a known serotype

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