Background The American College of Chest Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline on the Perioperative Management of Antithrombotic Therapy addresses 43 patients-interventions-comparators-outcomes (PICO) questions related to the perioperative management of patients who are receiving long-term oral anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy and require an elective surgery/procedure. This guideline is separated

Background The American College of Chest Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline on the Perioperative Management of Antithrombotic Therapy addresses 43 patients-interventions-comparators-outcomes (PICO) questions related to the perioperative management of patients who are receiving long-term oral anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy and require an elective surgery/procedure. This guideline is separated

Background Diaphragmatic atrophy associated with mechanical ventilation (MV) is reported in pediatric and adult patients, but a similar association has not been described in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Research Question Does BPD impact the diaphragm thickness and excursion in infants born before 32 weeks’ gestation compared to healthy late preterm or term infants? Study Design

Background The majority of patients with COPD fail to maintain exercise training after pulmonary rehabilitation (PR). Research Question Does a 12-months home-based, minimal equipment strength training program following PR has an effect on dyspnea, exercise capacity, and patient-reported outcomes in patients with COPD? Study Design and Methods Parallel arm, multicenter study across four Swiss PR clinics

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Background Inhaled vasodilators nitric oxide and epoprostenol may be initiated to improve oxygenation in mechanically ventilated patients with severe acute respiratory failure; however, practice patterns and head-to-head comparisons of effectiveness are unclear. Research Question What are the practice patterns and comparative effectiveness for inhaled nitric oxide and epoprostenol in severe acute respiratory

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Although bilateral lung volume reduction surgery has been shown to be safe and effective in carefully selected patients with upper lobe-predominant emphysema and hyperinflation, bronchoscopic lung volume reduction via placement of endobronchial valves is conventionally performed only unilaterally. Furthermore, it is not offered to patients with interlobar collateral ventilation because of the lack

Background Ambient air pollution may affect the severity of untreated obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), but it is unknown whether air pollution adversely impacts the effectiveness of positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy. Research Question Do short term changes in outdoor air pollution adversely impact adults with OSA using PAP therapy? Study Design and Methods We conducted a retrospective community-based

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Case Presentation In July 2020, a previously healthy 6-year-old boy was evaluated in a pulmonary clinic in New York after two episodes of pneumonia in the previous 3 months. For each episode, the patient presented with cough, fever, and hemoptysis, all of which resolved with antibiotic therapy and supportive care. The patient never experienced dyspnea during these episodes of pneumonia. He was asymptomatic

Case Presentation A 60-year-old woman, a care worker with no known comorbidities, presented to the pulmonary clinic for assessment of a left hilar tumor detected on chest radiography. She had a history of oophorocystectomy and was a 0.5-pack/day smoker. She was asymptomatic but desired a confirmative diagnosis.

Case Presentation A 54-year-old man with chronic hepatitis B was admitted to the hospital with progressive dyspnea on exertion. He reported experiencing intermittent fever, dyspnea on exertion, and relapsing pleuritic chest pain starting 6 months prior, after his first dose of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. In the past 2 months, he had been admitted to the hospital twice and diagnosed with recurrent

Case Presentation An 18-year-old patient with a history of COVID-19 (1 month previously) was admitted with malaise and complaints of a stiff neck, a left-sided cervical mass, headache, and difficulty in swallowing and breathing, which had been present for 4 days. Two days after the onset of the first symptoms, a painless skin rash on the legs, arms, palms of both hands, and soles of both feet developed

Case Presentation A 67-year-old man with a history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and COPD requiring supplemental oxygen at baseline (4 L by nasal cannula) was admitted to the hospital for progressive dyspnea and dysphagia in the context of a newly diagnosed supraglottic mass.

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Background Lung cancer screening programs provide an opportunity to support people who smoke to quit, but the most appropriate model for delivery remains to be determined. Immediate face to face smoking cessation support for people undergoing screening can increase quit rates, but it is not known whether remote delivery of immediate smoking cessation counselling and pharmacotherapy in this context

Background The sex differences in utilization, safety outcomes, and healthcare resource utilization of patients with PE undergoing percutaneous pulmonary artery thrombectomy are not well characterized. Research Question What are the sex differences in outcomes for patients diagnosed with pulmonary embolism (PE) undergoing percutaneous pulmonary artery thrombectomy? Study Design and Methods This retrospective

BACKGROUND Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) have been widely used in the maintenance therapy of COPD. However, whether inhaled therapy containing ICSs can reduce the all-cause death risk and the possible benefited patient subgroups are unclear. RESEARCH QUESTION Does inhaled therapy containing ICSs reduce the all-cause death risk in COPD patients compared with other inhaled therapy not containing ICSs

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Background Lung ultrasound (LUS) is useful to diagnose and assess the severity of pulmonary lesions during CoViD-19 related acute respiratory distress syndrome (CoARDS). A conventional LUS score is proposed to measure the loss of aeration during CoARDS. However, this score was validated during the pre-COVID-19 era in ARDS patients in intensive care and does not consider the differences with CoARDS

BACKGROUND There is a growing consensus that the perspective of the patient should be considered in the evaluation of novel interventions. RESEARCH QUESTION What treatment outcomes matter to people with cystic fibrosis (CF), and what trade-offs would they make to realise these outcomes? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Adults attending a specialist CF centre were invited to complete an online discrete choice

BACKGROUND Few large-scale studies demonstrated the efficacy of tobramycin nebulization in bronchiectasis. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of nebulized tobramycin inhalation solution (TIS) in adults with bronchiectasis with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. RESEARCH QUESTION Can TIS effectively reduce sputum Pseudomonas aeruginosa density and improve the bronchiectasis-specific quality-of-life

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease, in which mutations in the gene encoding for the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein result in a multisystem disease dominated by digestive and respiratory manifestations. In the mid-twentieth century, CF used to cause death within the first years of life. Over the past decades, advances in disease management, including systematic neonatal

Background Artificial intelligence tools and techniques such as machine learning (ML) are increasingly seen as a suitable manner to increase the prediction capacity of currently available clinical tools, including prognostic scores. However, studies evaluating the efficacy of ML methods in enhancing the predictive capacity of existing scores for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) are limited. We aimed

Background In the last few decades, the incidence of multidrug-resistant and extended spectrum beta-lactamase (MDR/ESBL) Gram-negative (GN) bacteria has progressively increased among lung transplant (LT) recipients. A prompt diagnosis, prevention and management of these pathogens remain the cornerstone for successful organ transplant. Research question What are the incidence of MDR/ESBL GN bacteria

The management of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has become more complex in recent years due to increased pharmacotherapy options and longer patient survival with increasing numbers of comorbidities. As such, there are more opportunities for drug-drug interactions between PAH-targeted medications and medications potentially used to treat comorbid conditions. In this review, we provide an overview

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BACKGROUND Atelectasis negatively influences peripheral bronchoscopy increasing CT-body divergence, obscuring targets, and creating false positive radial-probe endobronchial ultrasound (RP-EBUS) images. RESEARCH QUESTION Can a ventilatory strategy reduce the incidence of atelectasis during bronchoscopy under general anesthesia? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Randomized controlled study (1:1) where patients

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