RATIONALE Pediatric specific ventilator liberation guidelines are lacking despite the many studies exploring elements of extubation readiness testing. The lack of clinical practice guidelines has led to significant and unnecessary variation in methods used to assess pediatric patients' readiness for extubation. METHODS Twenty-six international experts comprised a multi-professional panel to establish

Background: The presence of emphysema is relatively common in patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease. This has been designated combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE). The lack of consensus over definitions and diagnostic criteria has limited CPFE research. Goals: The objectives of this task force were to review the terminology, definition, characteristics, pathophysiology, and research

RATIONALE 'Forgiveness' charts the ability of a drug or regimen to withstand non-adherence without negative clinical consequences. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the influence of regimen length, regimen drugs and dosing, and when during treatment non-adherence occurs on the forgiveness of anti-tuberculosis regimens. METHODS Using data from three randomised controlled trials comparing experimental

RATIONALE Criteria for progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF) have been proposed, but their prognostic value beyond categorical decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine whether proposed PPF criteria predict transplant-free survival (TFS) in patients with non-idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) forms of interstitial lung disease (ILD). METHODS A retrospective, multi-center

RATIONALE The individual effects of early-life tobacco smoke exposure and its interactions with genetic factors on lung cancer in adulthood remain unclear. OBJECTIVES To investigate the associations between early-life tobacco exposures as well as their interactions with polygenic risk scores (PRSs) and lung cancer incidence and mortality. METHODS A total of 432,831 participants from the UK Biobank

RATIONALE Early detection of respiratory diseases is critical to facilitate delivery of disease-modifying interventions. Extracellular vesicle-enriched microRNAs (EV-miRNAs) may represent reliable markers of early lung injury. OBJECTIVE Evaluate associations of plasma EV-miRNAs with lung function. METHODS The prospective Normative Aging Study (NAS) collected plasma EV-miRNA measurements from 1996-2015

RATIONALE While interstitial lung abnormalities (ILA), specific patterns of incidentally-detected abnormal density on computed tomography (CT), have been associated with abnormal lung function and increased mortality, it is unclear if a subset with incidental interstitial lung disease (ILD) accounts for these adverse consequences. OBJECTIVES To define the prevalence and risk factors of suspected ILD

RATIONALE Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome with fatal outcomes. Evidence suggests that dysregulated immune responses, including autoimmunity, are key pathogenic factors. OBJECTIVES To assess whether IgA autoantibodies target lung-specific proteins and contribute to disease severity. METHODS We collected 147 blood, 9 lung tissue, and 36 bronchoalveolar

RATIONALE COPD is the 5th-leading cause of admissions and third-leading cause of readmissions among US adults. Recent policies instituted financial penalties for excessive COPD readmissions. OBJECTIVES To evaluate changes in the quality of care for patients hospitalized for COPD following implementation of the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP). METHODS Retrospective cohort study of patients

RATIONALE Over 40% lung cancer cases occurred in never-smokers in China. However, high-risk never-smokers were precluded benefiting from the lung cancer screening as most screening guidelines did not consider them. OBJECTIVES We sought to develop and validate prediction models for three-year lung cancer risks for never- and ever-smokers (China NCC-LCm2021 models). METHODS 425 626 never-smokers and

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RATIONALE The identification of novel molecules associated with asthma may provide insights into mechanisms of disease and their potential clinical implications. OBJECTIVES To conduct a screening of circulating proteins in childhood asthma and to study proteins emerged from human studies in a mouse model of asthma. METHODS We included 2,264 children from eight birth cohorts from the MeDALL project

RATIONALE It remains unclear how gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) affects allograft microbial community composition in lung transplant recipients, and its impact on lung allograft inflammation and function. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to compare the allograft microbiota in lung transplant recipients with or without clinically diagnosed GERD in the first post-transplant year, and assess associations

RATIONALE When compared to VenturiMask after extubation, high-flow nasal oxygen provides physiological advantages. OBJECTIVE To establish whether high-flow oxygen prevents endotracheal re-intubation in hypoxemic patients after extubation, as compared to VenturiMask. METHODS In this multicentre randomized trial, 494 patients exhibiting PaO2:FiO2 ratio≤300 mmHg after extubation were randomly assigned

BACKGROUND Identification of cardiogenic shock severity is a critical step to adapt the management level upon admission. Peripheral tissue perfusion signs, simple and reliable markers of tissue hypoperfusion have never been extensively assessed during cardiogenic shock. METHODS All consecutive patients admitted in ICU for cardiogenic shock of two tertiary teaching hospitals were included in a prospective

RATIONALE Women have worse outcomes than men in several conditions more common in men, including cardiac surgery and burns. OBJECTIVES To describe the relationship between sex balance within each diagnostic group of ICU admissions; defined as the percentage of patients who were women; and hospital mortality of women compared to men with that same diagnosis. METHODS We studied ICU patients in the Australia