Background Clinically acquired brain MRI scans represent a valuable but underused resource for investigating neurodevelopment due to their technical heterogeneity and lack of appropriate controls. These barriers have curtailed retrospective studies of clinical brain MRI scans compared with more costly prospectively acquired research-quality brain MRI scans. Purpose To provide a benchmark for neuroanatomic

Multiple US-based systems for risk stratification of thyroid nodules are in use worldwide. Unfortunately, the malignancy probability assigned to a nodule varies, and terms and definitions are not consistent, leading to confusion and making it challenging to compare study results and craft revisions. Consistent application of these systems is further hampered by interobserver variability in identifying

Background Active surveillance (AS) is an accepted strategy for patients with low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). While previous studies have evaluated the prognostic value of US features, results have been inconsistent. Purpose To determine if US features can help predict tumor progression in patients with low-risk PTMC undergoing AS. Materials and Methods This prospective study enrolled

A 72-year-old man sought care for a cognitive deterioration over the past 5 years. There was a documented decline in his performance on the Mini-Mental State Examination (30 of 30 in 2016, 23 of 30 in 2021), with mainly episodic memory impairment. A more detailed history revealed a gait problem, paresthesia in both feet, and nocturnal urinary frequency. Clinical examination findings were suggestive

Background The recurrence of hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) to low-osmolar iodinated contrast media (LOCM) remains challenging despite premedication and substitution of the LOCM. Purpose To determine the optimal practical preventive strategy for LOCM substitution in patients with a history of prior immediate HSR to LOCM. Materials and Methods In a retrospective study, patients with an immediate HSR

Background The value of CT in assessment of clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH) has not been well determined. Purpose To evaluate the performance of CT features that have been associated with portal hypertension for diagnosing CSPH in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). Materials and Methods This retrospective study included patients with CLD who underwent contrast-enhanced CT

Background Most artificial intelligence algorithms that interpret chest radiographs are restricted to an image from a single time point. However, in clinical practice, multiple radiographs are used for longitudinal follow-up, especially in intensive care units (ICUs). Purpose To develop and validate a deep learning algorithm using thoracic cage registration and subtraction to triage pairs of chest

Background Despite variation in performance characteristics among radiologists, the pairing of radiologists for the double reading of screening mammograms is performed randomly. It is unknown how to optimize pairing to improve screening performance. Purpose To investigate whether radiologist performance characteristics can be used to determine the optimal set of pairs of radiologists to double read

Background Gadolinium retention has been observed in organs of patients with normal renal function; however, the biodistribution and speciation of residual gadolinium is not well understood. Purpose To compare the pharmacokinetics, distribution, and speciation of four gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) in healthy rats using MRI, mass spectrometry, elemental imaging, and electron paramagnetic

Background A better understanding of the association between liver MRI proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and liver diseases might support the clinical implementation of MRI PDFF. Purpose To quantify the genetically predicted causal effect of liver MRI PDFF on liver disease risk. Materials and Methods This population-based prospective observational study used summary-level data mainly from the UK Biobank

In 1971, the first patient CT examination by Ambrose and Hounsfield paved the way for not only volumetric imaging of the brain but of the entire body. From the initial 5-minute scan for a 180° rotation to today's 0.24-second scan for a 360° rotation, CT technology continues to reinvent itself. This article describes key historical milestones in CT technology from the earliest days of CT to the present

Background The benefits of using low-field-strength fetal MRI to evaluate antenatal development include reduced image artifacts, increased comfort, larger bore size, and potentially reduced costs, but studies about fetal low-field-strength MRI are lacking. Purpose To evaluate the reliability and feasibility of low-field-strength fetal MRI to assess anatomic and functional measures in pregnant participants

Background Whether intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) prior to endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) provides additional benefits in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and a large infarct core (LIC) remains unclear. Purpose To examine whether treatment with IVT before EVT is beneficial in patients with LIC identified with CT or MRI (Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score 0-5). Materials and Methods This

Background Contrast-enhanced (CE) US has been studied for use in the detection of residual viable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after locoregional therapy, but multicenter data are lacking. Purpose To compare two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) CE US diagnostic performance with that of CE MRI or CT, the current clinical standard, in the detection of residual viable HCC after transarterial

Background Few studies have evaluated the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in prior screening mammography. Purpose To examine AI risk scores assigned to screening mammography in women who were later diagnosed with breast cancer. Materials and Methods Image data and screening information of examinations performed from January 2004 to December 2019 as part of BreastScreen Norway were used in this

Background There is a need for reliable noninvasive methods for diagnosing and monitoring nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Thus, the multidisciplinary Non-invasive Biomarkers of Metabolic Liver disease (NIMBLE) consortium was formed to identify and advance the regulatory qualification of NAFLD imaging biomarkers. Purpose To determine the different-day same-scanner repeatability coefficient

Background High variability in prostate MRI quality might reduce accuracy in prostate cancer detection. Purpose To prospectively evaluate the quality of MRI scanners taking part in the quality control phase of the global PRIME (Prostate Imaging Using MRI ± Contrast Enhancement) trial using the Prostate Imaging Quality (PI-QUAL) standardized scoring system, give recommendations on how to improve the

The implementation of low-dose chest CT for lung screening presents a crucial opportunity to advance lung cancer care through early detection and interception. In addition, millions of pulmonary nodules are incidentally detected annually in the United States, increasing the opportunity for early lung cancer diagnosis. Yet, realization of the full potential of these opportunities is dependent on the

Background PET can be used for amyloid-tau-neurodegeneration (ATN) classification in Alzheimer disease, but incurs considerable cost and exposure to ionizing radiation. MRI currently has limited use in characterizing ATN status. Deep learning techniques can detect complex patterns in MRI data and have potential for noninvasive characterization of ATN status. Purpose To use deep learning to predict

Background Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, though proficient in many text-based tasks, are not suitable for use with radiology reports due to patient privacy constraints. Purpose To test the feasibility of using an alternative LLM (Vicuna-13B) that can be run locally for labeling radiography reports. Materials and Methods Chest radiography reports from the MIMIC-CXR and National Institutes

Background Screening for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is suboptimal due to the subjective interpretation of US images. Purpose To evaluate the agreement and diagnostic performance of radiologists and a deep learning model in grading hepatic steatosis in NAFLD at US, with biopsy as the reference standard. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included patients with NAFLD and control

Background Because of the global increase in the incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, the development of noninvasive, widely available, and highly accurate methods for assessing hepatic steatosis is necessary. Purpose To evaluate the performance of models with different combinations of quantitative US parameters for their ability to predict at least 5% steatosis in patients with chronic liver

Background The health economic benefit of endovascular treatment (EVT) in addition to best medical management for acute ischemic stroke with large ischemic core is uncertain. Purpose To assess the cost-effectiveness of EVT plus best medical management versus best medical management alone in treating acute ischemic stroke with large vessel occlusion and a baseline Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score

Background Clinicians consider both imaging and nonimaging data when diagnosing diseases; however, current machine learning approaches primarily consider data from a single modality. Purpose To develop a neural network architecture capable of integrating multimodal patient data and compare its performance to models incorporating a single modality for diagnosing up to 25 pathologic conditions. Materials

Background Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms have shown high accuracy for detection of pulmonary embolism (PE) on CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) studies in academic studies. Purpose To determine whether use of an AI triage system to detect PE on CTPA studies improves radiologist performance or examination and report turnaround times in a clinical setting. Materials and Methods This prospective

CT systems equipped with photon-counting detectors (PCDs), referred to as photon-counting CT (PCCT), are beginning to change imaging in several subspecialties, such as cardiac, vascular, thoracic, and musculoskeletal radiology. Evidence has been building in the literature underpinning the many advantages of PCCT for different clinical applications. These benefits derive from the distinct features of

Background Commercially available artificial intelligence (AI) tools can assist radiologists in interpreting chest radiographs, but their real-life diagnostic accuracy remains unclear. Purpose To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of four commercially available AI tools for detection of airspace disease, pneumothorax, and pleural effusion on chest radiographs. Materials and Methods This retrospective

Background Percutaneous transhepatic portal vein (PV) embolization (PVE) is a standard preoperative procedure for advanced biliary cancer when the future liver remnant (FLR) is insufficient, yet the effect of this procedure on portal hemodynamics is still unclear. Purpose To assess whether four-dimensional (4D) MRI flowmetry can be used to estimate FLR volume and to identify the optimal time for this

Background Deep learning (DL) reconstructions can enhance image quality while decreasing MRI acquisition time. However, DL reconstruction methods combined with compressed sensing for prostate MRI have not been well studied. Purpose To use an industry-developed DL algorithm to reconstruct low-resolution T2-weighted turbo spin-echo (TSE) prostate MRI scans and compare these with standard sequences. Materials

Literacy in research studies of artificial intelligence (AI) has become an important skill for radiologists. It is required to make a proper assessment of the validity, reproducibility, and clinical applicability of AI studies. However, AI studies are generally perceived to be more difficult for clinician readers to evaluate than traditional clinical research studies. This special report-as an effective