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Why the belief in meritocracy is so pervasive Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2025-01-10 Ian R. Hadden, Céline Darnon, Lewis Doyle, Matthew J. Easterbrook, Sébastien Goudeau, Andrei Cimpian
People worldwide tend to believe that their societies are more meritocratic than they actually are. We propose the belief in meritocracy is widespread because it is rooted in simple, seemingly obvious causal–explanatory intuitions. Our proposal suggests solutions for debunking the myth of meritocracy and increasing support for equity-oriented policies.
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Processes and measurements: a framework for understanding neural oscillations in field potentials Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2025-01-02 Sander van Bree, Daniel Levenstein, Matthew R. Krause, Bradley Voytek, Richard Gao
Various neuroscientific theories maintain that brain oscillations are important for neuronal computation, but opposing views claim that these macroscale dynamics are ‘exhaust fumes’ of more relevant processes. Here, we approach the question of whether oscillations are functional or epiphenomenal by distinguishing between measurements and processes, and by reviewing whether causal or inferentially useful
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Beyond punishment: psychological foundations of restorative interventions Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-12-27 Katherine McAuliffe, Julia Marshall, Abby McLaughlin
Work on the psychology of justice has largely focused on punishment. However, punishment is not our only strategy for dealing with conflict. Rather, emerging work suggests that people often respond to transgressions by compensating victims, involving third-party mediators, and engaging in forgiveness. These responses are linked in that they are involved in more restorative than retributive justice
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Generative adversarial collaborations: a new model of scientific discourse Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-12-20 Benjamin Peters, Gunnar Blohm, Ralf Haefner, Leyla Isik, Nikolaus Kriegeskorte, Jennifer S. Lieberman, Carlos R. Ponce, Gemma Roig, Megan A.K. Peters
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Empirical approaches to determining quality space computations for consciousness: a response to Dołęga et al. and Song Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-12-19 Stephen M. Fleming, Nicholas Shea
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Aphantasia as imagery blindsight Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-12-17 Matthias Michel, Jorge Morales, Ned Block, Hakwan Lau
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Sound amongst the din: primate strategies against noise Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-12-11 Julia Löschner, Steffen R. Hage
Ambient noise disrupts vocal communication amongst animals. Recent studies show that some species, such as marmosets, can rapidly adjust the patterns of ongoing calls according to noisy environments. This substantial vocal flexibility reveals that non-human primates have more advanced cognitive control over when and what to vocalize than previously thought.
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Social structure and the evolutionary ecology of inequality Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-12-03 Daniel Redhead
From rising disparities in income to limited socio-political representation for minority groups, inequality is a topic of perennial interest for contemporary society. Research in the evolutionary sciences has started to investigate how social structure allows inequality to evolve, but is developing in silo from existing work in the social and cognitive sciences. I synthesise these literatures to present
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How can a 4-day working week increase wellbeing at no cost to performance? Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-12-02 Charlotte L. Rae, Emma Russell
The 4-day working week is gaining interest, with international trials reporting enhanced staff wellbeing and performance, despite spending less time on the job. Here, we argue that improved performance on a 4-day working week arises through two psychological mechanisms of recovery and motivation: because better rested, better motivated brains, create better work.
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Anxiety involves altered planning Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-27 Paul B. Sharp
Clinicians have suggested but not shown how anxiety involves altered planning. Here, I synthesize and extend computational models of planning in a framework that can be used to explain planning biases in anxiety. To spur its development, I spotlight two of its promising areas: task construal and meta-control.
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Global brain asymmetry Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-19 Yi Pu, Clyde Francks, Xiang-Zhen Kong
Lateralization is a defining characteristic of the human brain, often studied through localized approaches that focus on interhemispheric differences between homologous pairs of regions. It is also important to emphasize an integrative perspective of global brain asymmetry, in which hemispheric differences are understood through global patterns across the entire brain.
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Cognitive maps and schizophrenia Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-19 Matthew M. Nour, Yunzhe Liu, Mohamady El-Gaby, Robert A. McCutcheon, Raymond J. Dolan
Structured internal representations (‘cognitive maps’) shape cognition, from imagining the future and counterfactual past, to transferring knowledge to new settings. Our understanding of how such representations are formed and maintained in biological and artificial neural networks has grown enormously. The cognitive mapping hypothesis of schizophrenia extends this enquiry to psychiatry, proposing
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Understanding the qualitative nature of human consciousness Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-15 Chen Song
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How does the quality space come to be? Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-15 Krzysztof Dołęga, Inès Mentec, Axel Cleeremans
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Embracing variability in the search for biological mechanisms of psychiatric illness Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-06 Ashlea Segal, Jeggan Tiego, Linden Parkes, Avram J. Holmes, Andre F. Marquand, Alex Fornito
Despite decades of research, we lack objective diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers of mental health problems. A key reason for this limited progress is a reliance on the traditional case–control paradigm, which assumes that each disorder has a single cause that can be uncovered by comparing average phenotypic values of patient and control samples. Here, we discuss the problematic assumptions on which
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Dynamic brain plasticity during the transition to motherhood Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-06 Sara Halmans, Milou Straathof, Elseline A. Hoekzema
Earlier research has established strong evidence for structural brain changes across pregnancy. Pritschet et al. now enhanced our understanding of pregnancy-induced brain plasticity by following one woman throughout her pregnancy and the postpartum period, revealing insights into the dynamics of grey and white matter alterations across the transition to motherhood.
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New strategies for the cognitive science of dreaming Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-04 Remington Mallett, Karen R. Konkoly, Tore Nielsen, Michelle Carr, Ken A. Paller
Dreams have long captivated human curiosity, but empirical research in this area has faced significant methodological challenges. Recent interdisciplinary advances have now opened up new opportunities for studying dreams. This review synthesizes these advances into three methodological frameworks and describes how they overcome historical barriers in dream research. First, with observable dreaming
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Leveraging cognitive neuroscience for making and breaking real-world habits Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-04 Eike K. Buabang, Kelly R. Donegan, Parnian Rafei, Claire M. Gillan
Habits are the behavioral output of two brain systems. A stimulus–response (S–R) system that encourages us to efficiently repeat well-practiced actions in familiar settings, and a goal-directed system concerned with flexibility, prospection, and planning. Getting the balance between these systems right is crucial: an imbalance may leave people vulnerable to action slips, impulsive behaviors, and even
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Classroom-based learning dynamics: the role of interbrain synchrony Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-03 Vanessa Reindl, Kerstin Konrad, Kenneth K. Poon, Victoria Leong
Classroom learning occurs within a multidimensional context of inter-related neurocognitive, motivational, and socioemotional processes. Multisubject approaches in neuroscience are poised to capture these dynamics using multimodal, time-resolved, and nonlinear methodologies and may help us identify the factors that facilitate or impede learning in such highly complex and social environments.
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High-level visual cognition deep down in the brain Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Baiwei Liu, Freek van Ede
A recent study by Peysakhovich and colleagues reveals how the superior colliculus (SC), a deep brain structure commonly associated with spatial orienting and motor control, causally contributes to the abstraction of visual categories. This highlights how subcortical areas with motor-control labels may have central roles in high-level visual cognition and opens avenues for investigation.
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The process of gendering: gender as a verb Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-30 Ashley E. Martin, Michael L. Slepian
Gender is important to the social and cognitive sciences, as evidenced by hundreds of meta-analyses, thousands of studies, and millions of datapoints that examine how gender (as an independent variable) shapes cognition and behavior. In this expansive literature, gender is often understood as a noun – a social category that separates ‘men’ from ‘women’. However, gender can also be studied and understood
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Whole-to-part development in language creation Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-28 Susan Goldin-Meadow, Inbal Arnon
Children approach language by learning parts and constructing wholes. But they can also first learn wholes and then discover parts. We demonstrate this understudied yet impactful process in children creating language without input. Whole-to-part learning thus need not be driven by hard-to-segment input and is a bias that children bring to language.
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How control modulates pain Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-28 Marie Habermann, Andreas Strube, Christian Büchel
Pain, an indicator of potential tissue damage, ideally falls under individual control. Although previous work shows a trend towards reduced pain in contexts where pain is controllable, there is a large variability across studies that is probably related to different aspects of control. We therefore outline a taxonomy of different aspects of control relevant to pain, sketch how control over pain can
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How sharp is the compassion–sympathy distinction? Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-25 Amrisha Vaish, Tobias Grossmann
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Compassion and prosocial behavior: response to Vaish and Grossmann Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-25 Shaun Gallagher, Antonino Raffone, Salvatore M. Aglioti
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Can individual differences explain brain plasticity in blindness? Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-23 Ella Striem-Amit
Explaining brain plasticity in blindness is challenging because the early visual cortex (EVC) responds to many different tasks, each type supporting a different explanation. Can individual differences help unify the experimental findings into a coherent theory and clarify the nature of brain plasticity?
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How generic language shapes the development of social thought Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-21 Marjorie Rhodes, Susan A. Gelman, Sarah-Jane Leslie
Generic language, that is, language that refers to a category as an abstract whole (e.g., ‘Girls like pink’) rather than specific individuals (e.g., ‘This girl likes pink’), is a common means by which children learn about social kinds. Here, we propose that children interpret generics as signaling that their referenced categories are natural, objective, and have distinctive features, and, thus, in
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Large-scale interactions in predictive processing: oscillatory versus transient dynamics Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-17 Martin Vinck, Cem Uran, Jarrod R. Dowdall, Brian Rummell, Andres Canales-Johnson
How do the two main types of neural dynamics, aperiodic transients and oscillations, contribute to the interactions between feedforward (FF) and feedback (FB) pathways in sensory inference and predictive processing? We discuss three theoretical perspectives. First, we critically evaluate the theory that gamma and alpha/beta rhythms play a role in classic hierarchical predictive coding (HPC) by mediating
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Using precision approaches to improve brain-behavior prediction Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-16 Hyejin J. Lee, Ally Dworetsky, Nathan Labora, Caterina Gratton
Predicting individual behavioral traits from brain idiosyncrasies has broad practical implications, yet predictions vary widely. This constraint may be driven by a combination of signal and noise in both brain and behavioral variables. Here, we expand on this idea, highlighting the potential of extended sampling ‘precision’ studies. First, we discuss their relevance to improving the reliability of
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Large language models (LLMs) and the institutionalization of misinformation Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-10 Maryanne Garry, Way Ming Chan, Jeffrey Foster, Linda A. Henkel
Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, flood the Internet with true and false information, crafted and delivered with techniques that psychological science suggests will encourage people to think that information is true. What’s more, as people feed this misinformation back into the Internet, emerging LLMs will adopt it and feed it back in other models. Such a scenario means we could lose access
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Moving fast conveys confidence to others during decision-making Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-09 Atsushi Takagi
The ability to read others’ intentions is crucial when pooling knowledge to form a collective decision. Decision-making improves when communication is allowed through words or touch. Coucke et al. show that visual information communicated through actions can convey not only a decision but also decision confidence, improving collective decision-making.
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Magic for the blind: are auditory tricks impossible? Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-04 Gustav Kuhn, Tyler Gibgot, Cyril Thomas, Vebjørn Ekroll
Many magic tricks rely solely on vision, but there are few, if any, that rely on auditory perception alone. Here, we question why this is so and argue that research focusing on this issue could provide deeper theoretical insights into the similarities and differences between our senses.
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Toward an understanding of collective intellectual humility Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-02 Elizabeth J. Krumrei-Mancuso, Philip Pärnamets, Steven Bland, Mandi Astola, Aleksandra Cichocka, Jeroen de Ridder, Hugo Mercier, Marco Meyer, Cailin O’Connor, Tenelle Porter, Alessandra Tanesini, Mark Alfano, Jay J. Van Bavel
The study of intellectual humility (IH), which is gaining increasing interest among cognitive scientists, has been dominated by a focus on individuals. We propose that IH operates at the collective level as the tendency of a collective’s members to attend to each other’s intellectual limitations and the limitations of their collective cognitive efforts. Given people’s propensity to better recognize
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When visual metacognition fails: widespread anosognosia for visual deficits Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Matthias Michel, Yi Gao, Matan Mazor, Isaiah Kletenik, Dobromir Rahnev
Anosognosia for visual deficits – cases where significant visual deficits go unnoticed – challenges the view that our own conscious experiences are what we know best. We review these widespread and striking failures of awareness. Anosognosia can occur with total blindness, visual abnormalities induced by brain lesions, and eye diseases. We show that anosognosia for visual deficits is surprisingly widespread
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Cellular psychology: relating cognition to context-sensitive pyramidal cells Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-10-01 William A. Phillips, Talis Bachmann, Michael W. Spratling, Lars Muckli, Lucy S. Petro, Timothy Zolnik
‘Cellular psychology’ is a new field of inquiry that studies dendritic mechanisms for adapting mental events to the current context, thus increasing their coherence, flexibility, effectiveness, and comprehensibility. Apical dendrites of neocortical pyramidal cells have a crucial role in cognition – those dendrites receive input from diverse sources, including feedback, and can amplify the cell’s feedforward
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Demystifying unsupervised learning: how it helps and hurts Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-09-30 Franziska Bröker, Lori L. Holt, Brett D. Roads, Peter Dayan, Bradley C. Love
Humans and machines rarely have access to explicit external feedback or supervision, yet manage to learn. Most modern machine learning systems succeed because they benefit from unsupervised data. Humans are also expected to benefit and yet, mysteriously, empirical results are mixed. Does unsupervised learning help humans or not? Here, we argue that the mixed results are not conflicting answers to this
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Testing the unit of working memory manipulation Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-09-28 Liqiang Huang
Ji et al. investigated the unit of working memory manipulation. Participants were asked to update either the color or location of memorized information. Task difficulty depended on the number of Boolean maps involved, rather than the number of objects, suggesting that Boolean maps, not objects, are the units of manipulation.
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The affective gradient hypothesis: an affect-centered account of motivated behavior Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-09-24 Amitai Shenhav
Everyone agrees that feelings and actions are intertwined, but cannot agree how. According to dominant models, actions are directed by estimates of value and these values shape or are shaped by affect. I propose instead that affect is the only form of value that drives actions. Our mind constantly represents potential future states and how they would make us feel. These states collectively form a gradient
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Statistical power in network neuroscience: (Trends in Cognitive Sciences 27:3 p:282–301, 2023) Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-09-21 Koen Helwegen, Ilan Libedinsky, Martijn P. van den Heuvel
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LLMs don’t know anything: reply to Yildirim and Paul Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-09-19 Mariel K. Goddu, Alva Noë, Evan Thompson
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Response to Goddu et al.: new ways of characterizing and acquiring knowledge Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-09-19 Ilker Yildirim, L.A. Paul
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Learning by thinking in natural and artificial minds Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-09-18 Tania Lombrozo
Canonical cases of learning involve novel observations external to the mind, but learning can also occur through mental processes such as explaining to oneself, mental simulation, analogical comparison, and reasoning. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) reveal that such learning is not restricted to human minds: artificial minds can also self-correct and arrive at new conclusions by engaging
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Tracking dynamic social impressions from multidimensional voice representation Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-09-09 Xiaoming Jiang, Marc D. Pell
Recent research by Lavan et al. explores how individuals form complex impressions from voices. Using electroencephalography and behavioral measures, the study identifies distinct time courses for discerning traits, with early acoustic processing preceding higher-order perception. These findings shed light on the temporal dynamics of voice-based person perception and its neural underpinnings.
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Thought for food: the endothermic brain hypothesis Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-09-05 Mathias Osvath, Pavel Němec, Stephen L. Brusatte, Lawrence M. Witmer
The evolution of whole-body endothermy occurred independently in dinosaurs and mammals and was associated with some of the most significant neurocognitive shifts in life's history. These included a 20-fold increase in neurons and the evolution of new brain structures, supporting similar functions in both lineages. We propose the endothermic brain hypothesis, which holds that elaborations in endotherm
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The forgotten body: the emergence of conscious experiences in early life Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-09-05 Anna Ciaunica
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Developing language in a digital world Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-24 Sarah C. Kucker
Young children’s screen time is increasing, raising concerns about its negative impact on language development, particularly vocabulary. However, digital media is used in a variety of ways, which likely differentially impact language development. Instead of asking ‘how much’ screen time, the focus should be on how digital media is used.
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To test the boundaries of consciousness, study animals Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-22 Simon A.B. Brown, Elizabeth S. Paul, Jonathan Birch
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Animals and the iterative natural kind strategy Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-22 Tim Bayne, Anil Seth, Marcello Massimini, Joshua Shepherd, Axel Cleeremans, Stephen M. Fleming, Rafael Malach, Jason B. Mattingley, David K. Menon, Adrian M. Owen, Megan A.K. Peters, Adeel Razi, Liad Mudrik
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Re-evaluating human MTL in working memory: insights from intracranial recordings Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-21 Jin Li, Dan Cao, Wenlu Li, Johannes Sarnthein, Tianzi Jiang
The study of human working memory (WM) holds significant importance in neuroscience; yet, exploring the role of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) in WM has been limited by the technological constraints of noninvasive methods. Recent advancements in human intracranial neural recordings have indicated the involvement of the MTL in WM processes. These recordings show that different regions of the MTL are
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Forgetting unwanted memories in sleep Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-20 Scott A. Cairney, Aidan J. Horner
Memories are sometimes best forgotten, but how do our brains weaken unwanted details of the past? We propose a theoretical framework in which memory reactivation during sleep supports adaptive forgetting. This mnemonic rebalancing underpins the affective benefits of sleep by ensuring that our memories remain aligned with our emotional goals.
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Bilingualism modifies cognition through adaptation, not transfer Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-19 Ellen Bialystok
The standard explanation for bilingual effects on cognition is that an aspect of language processing transfers to nonverbal cognitive performance, leading to improvements in executive functioning. However, much evidence is incompatible with that view, and transfer across those domains seems unlikely. The present argument is that bilingual experience modifies cognition through an adaptation to the underlying
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The Dimensions of dimensionality Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-16 Brett D. Roads, Bradley C. Love
Cognitive scientists often infer multidimensional representations from data. Whether the data involve text, neuroimaging, neural networks, or human judgments, researchers frequently infer and analyze latent representational spaces (i.e., embeddings). However, the properties of a latent representation (e.g., prediction performance, interpretability, compactness) depend on the inference procedure, which
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Unraveling the interplay between math anxiety and math achievement Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-14 Nathan T.T. Lau, Daniel Ansari, H. Moriah Sokolowski
A robust association exists between math anxiety and math achievement, with higher levels of anxiety correlating with lower achievement. Understanding this relationship is crucial due to the importance of math proficiency at individual and societal levels. In this review, we explore two prominent theories: Reduced Competency Theory, which suggests that initial low math achievement leads to math anxiety
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Level of decision confidence shapes motor memory Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-14 Daichi Nozaki
Decision making is often necessary before performing an action. Traditionally, it has been assumed that decision making and motor control are independent, sequential processes. challenge this view, and demonstrate that the decision-making process significantly impacts on the formation and retrieval of motor memory by tagging it with the level of confidence.
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Beyond discrete-choice options Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-12 Amir Hosein Hadian Rasanan, Nathan J. Evans, Laura Fontanesi, Catherine Manning, Cynthia Huang-Pollock, Dora Matzke, Andrew Heathcote, Jörg Rieskamp, Maarten Speekenbrink, Michael J. Frank, Stefano Palminteri, Christopher G. Lucas, Jerome R. Busemeyer, Roger Ratcliff, Jamal Amani Rad
While decision theories have evolved over the past five decades, their focus has largely been on choices among a limited number of discrete options, even though many real-world situations have a continuous-option space. Recently, theories have attempted to address decisions with continuous-option spaces, and several computational models have been proposed within the sequential sampling framework to
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Minds and markets as complex systems: an emerging approach to cognitive economics Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-09 Samuel G.B. Johnson, Patrick R. Schotanus, J.A. Scott Kelso
Cognitive economics is an emerging interdisciplinary field that uses the tools of cognitive science to study economic and social decision-making. Although most strains of cognitive economics share commitments to bridging levels of analysis (cognitive, behavioral, and systems) and embracing interdisciplinary approaches, we review a newer strand of cognitive economic thinking with a further commitment:
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Why concepts are (probably) vectors Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-07 Steven T. Piantadosi, Dyana C.Y. Muller, Joshua S. Rule, Karthikeya Kaushik, Mark Gorenstein, Elena R. Leib, Emily Sanford
For decades, cognitive scientists have debated what kind of representation might characterize human concepts. Whatever the format of the representation, it must allow for the computation of varied properties, including similarities, features, categories, definitions, and relations. It must also support the development of theories, categories, and knowledge of procedures. Here, we discuss why vector-based
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An integrative framework of conflict and control Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-06 Daniela Becker, Erik Bijleveld, Senne Braem, Kerstin Fröber, Felix J. Götz, Tali Kleiman, Anita Körner, Roland Pfister, Andrea M.F. Reiter, Blair Saunders, Iris K. Schneider, Alexander Soutschek, Henk van Steenbergen, David Dignath
People regularly encounter various types of conflict. Here, we ask if, and, if so, how, different types of conflict, from lab-based Stroop conflicts to everyday-life self-control or moral conflicts, are related to one other. We present a framework that assumes that action–goal representations are hierarchically organized, ranging from concrete actions to abstract goals. The framework’s key assumption
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Analogies for modeling belief dynamics Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-07-27 Henrik Olsson, Mirta Galesic
Belief dynamics has an important role in shaping our responses to natural and societal phenomena, ranging from climate change and pandemics to immigration and conflicts. Researchers often base their models of belief dynamics on analogies to other systems and processes, such as epidemics or ferromagnetism. Similar to other analogies, analogies for belief dynamics can help scientists notice and study
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Neuroimaging and behavioral evidence of sex-specific effects of oxytocin on human sociality Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-07-24 Tanya L. Procyshyn, Juliette Dupertuys, Jennifer A. Bartz
Although the social role of oxytocin came to light due to sex-specific interactions such as mother–offspring bonding, current understanding of sex differences in the effects of oxytocin on human sociality is limited because of the predominance of all-male samples. With the increasing inclusion of females in intranasal oxytocin research, it is now possible to explore such patterns. Neuroimaging studies