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Dissociating language and thought in large language models Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-19 Kyle Mahowald, Anna A. Ivanova, Idan A. Blank, Nancy Kanwisher, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, Evelina Fedorenko
Large language models (LLMs) have come closest among all models to date to mastering human language, yet opinions about their linguistic and cognitive capabilities remain split. Here, we evaluate LLMs using a distinction between formal linguistic competence (knowledge of linguistic rules and patterns) and functional linguistic competence (understanding and using language in the world). We ground this
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A cognitive-computational account of mood swings in adolescence Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-18 Klára Gregorová, Eran Eldar, Lorenz Deserno, Andrea M.F. Reiter
Teenagers have a reputation for being fickle, in both their choices and their moods. This variability may help adolescents as they begin to independently navigate novel environments. Recently, however, adolescent moodiness has also been linked to psychopathology. Here, we consider adolescents’ mood swings from a novel computational perspective, grounded in reinforcement learning (RL). This model proposes
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Tests for consciousness in humans and beyond Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-13 Tim Bayne, Anil K. Seth, Marcello Massimini, Joshua Shepherd, Axel Cleeremans, Stephen M. Fleming, Rafael Malach, Jason B. Mattingley, David K. Menon, Adrian M. Owen, Megan A.K. Peters, Adeel Razi, Liad Mudrik
Which systems/organisms are conscious? New tests for consciousness (‘C-tests’) are urgently needed. There is persisting uncertainty about when consciousness arises in human development, when it is lost due to neurological disorders and brain injury, and how it is distributed in nonhuman species. This need is amplified by recent and rapid developments in artificial intelligence (AI), neural organoids
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Social uncertainty in the digital world Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-05 Amanda M. Ferguson, Georgia Turner, Amy Orben
The social world is inherently uncertain. We present a computational framework for thinking about how increasingly popular online environments modulate the social uncertainty we experience, depending on the type of social inferences we make. This framework draws on Bayesian inference, which involves combining multiple informational sources to update our beliefs.
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From task structures to world models: what do LLMs know? Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-04 Ilker Yildirim, L.A. Paul
In what sense does a large language model (LLM) have knowledge? We answer by granting LLMs ‘instrumental knowledge’: knowledge gained by using next-word generation as an instrument. We then ask how instrumental knowledge is related to the ordinary, ‘worldly knowledge’ exhibited by humans, and explore this question in terms of the degree to which instrumental knowledge can be said to incorporate the
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Coupled sleep rhythms for memory consolidation Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-04 Bernhard P. Staresina
How do passing moments turn into lasting memories? Sheltered from external tasks and distractions, sleep constitutes an optimal state for the brain to reprocess and consolidate previous experiences. Recent work suggests that consolidation is governed by the intricate interaction of slow oscillations (SOs), spindles, and ripples – electrophysiological sleep rhythms that orchestrate neuronal processing
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Sedentary behavior and lifespan brain health Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Liye Zou, Fabian Herold, Boris Cheval, Michael J. Wheeler, Dominika M. Pindus, Kirk I. Erickson, David A. Raichlen, Gene E. Alexander, Notger G. Müller, David W. Dunstan, Arthur F. Kramer, Charles H. Hillman, Mats Hallgren, Ulf Ekelund, Silvio Maltagliati, Neville Owen
Higher levels of physical activity are known to benefit aspects of brain health across the lifespan. However, the role of sedentary behavior (SB) is less well understood. In this review we summarize and discuss evidence on the role of SB on brain health (including cognitive performance, structural or functional brain measures, and dementia risk) for different age groups, critically compare assessment
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The computational structure of consummatory anhedonia Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-28 Anna F. Hall, Michael Browning, Quentin J.M. Huys
Anhedonia is a reduction in enjoyment, motivation, or interest. It is common across mental health disorders and a harbinger of poor treatment outcomes. The enjoyment aspect, termed ‘consummatory anhedonia’, in particular poses fundamental questions about how the brain constructs rewards: what processes determine how intensely a reward is experienced? Here, we outline limitations of existing computational
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How is helping behavior regulated in the brain? Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-27 Meng Zhang, Guohua Chen, Rongfeng K. Hu
In humans and other animals, individuals can actively respond to the specific needs of others. However, the neural circuits supporting helping behaviors are underspecified. In recent work, identified a new role for the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in the encoding and regulation of targeted helping behavior (allolicking) in mice.
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Curiosity and the dynamics of optimal exploration Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-26 Francesco Poli, Jill X. O’Reilly, Rogier B. Mars, Sabine Hunnius
What drives our curiosity remains an elusive and hotly debated issue, with multiple hypotheses proposed but a cohesive account yet to be established. This review discusses traditional and emergent theories that frame curiosity as a desire to know and a drive to learn, respectively. We adopt a model-based approach that maps the temporal dynamics of various factors underlying curiosity-based exploration
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Common and distinct neural mechanisms of attention Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-22 Ruobing Xia, Xiaomo Chen, Tatiana A. Engel, Tirin Moore
Despite a constant deluge of sensory stimulation, only a fraction of it is used to guide behavior. This selective processing is generally referred to as attention, and much research has focused on the neural mechanisms controlling it. Recently, research has broadened to include more ways by which different species selectively process sensory information, whether due to the sensory input itself or to
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The neurobiology of interoception and affect Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-22 M.J. Feldman, E. Bliss-Moreau, K.A. Lindquist
Scholars have argued for centuries that affective states involve interoception, or representations of the state of the body. Yet, we lack a mechanistic understanding of how signals from the body are transduced, transmitted, compressed, and integrated by the brains of humans to produce affective states. We suggest that to understand how the body contributes to affect, we first need to understand information
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Improving intergroup relations with meta-perception correction interventions Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-19 Samantha L. Moore-Berg, Boaz Hameiri
We explore meta-perceptions (i.e., what we think others think about reality), their impact on intergroup conflict, and the interventions correcting these often-erroneous perceptions. We introduce a two (direct or indirect) by two (with or without framing) framework classifying these interventions, and we critically assess the benefits and constraints of these approaches.
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Rationality, preferences, and emotions with biological constraints: it all starts from our senses Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-09 Rafael Polanía, Denis Burdakov, Todd A. Hare
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Simplifying social learning Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-07 Leor M. Hackel, David A. Kalkstein, Peter Mende-Siedlecki
Social learning is complex, but people often seem to navigate social environments with ease. This ability creates a puzzle for traditional accounts of reinforcement learning (RL) that assume people negotiate a tradeoff between easy-but-simple behavior (model-free learning) and complex-but-difficult behavior (e.g., model-based learning). We offer a theoretical framework for resolving this puzzle: although
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Subscription and Copyright Information Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-06
Abstract not available
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The neurodevelopmental origins of seeing social interactions Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-30 Emalie McMahon, Leyla Isik
Abstract not available
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Neurodevelopmental and evolutionary origins of processing social interactions Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-30 Tobias Grossmann
Abstract not available
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Representational structures as a unifying framework for attention Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-27 Angus F. Chapman, Viola S. Störmer
Our visual system consciously processes only a subset of the incoming information. Selective attention allows us to prioritize relevant inputs, and can be allocated to features, locations, and objects. Recent advances in feature-based attention suggest that several selection principles are shared across these domains and that many differences between the effects of attention on perceptual processing
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Participant diversity is necessary to advance brain aging research Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-27 Gagan S. Wig, Sarah Klausner, Micaela Y. Chan, Cameron Sullins, Anirudh Rayanki, Maya Seale
An absence of population-representative participant samples has limited research in healthy brain aging. We highlight examples of what can be gained by enrolling more diverse participant cohorts, and propose recommendations for specific reforms, both in terms of how researchers accomplish this goal and how institutions support and benchmark these efforts.
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Studying large language models as compression algorithms for human culture Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-19 Nicholas Buttrick
Large language models (LLMs) extract and reproduce the statistical regularities in their training data. Researchers can use these models to study the conceptual relationships encoded in this training data (i.e., the open internet), providing a remarkable opportunity to understand the cultural distinctions embedded within much of recorded human communication.
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A synergetic turn in cognitive neuroscience of brain diseases Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-20 Agustin Ibanez, Morten L. Kringelbach, Gustavo Deco
Despite significant improvements in our understanding of brain diseases, many barriers remain. Cognitive neuroscience faces four major challenges: complex structure–function associations; disease phenotype heterogeneity; the lack of transdiagnostic models; and oversimplified cognitive approaches restricted to the laboratory. Here, we propose a synergetics framework that can help to perform the necessary
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Political reinforcement learners Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-08 Lion Schulz, Rahul Bhui
Politics can seem home to the most calculating and yet least rational elements of humanity. How might we systematically characterize this spectrum of political cognition? Here, we propose reinforcement learning (RL) as a unified framework to dissect the political mind. RL describes how agents algorithmically navigate complex and uncertain domains like politics. Through this computational lens, we outline
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Information decomposition and the informational architecture of the brain Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-09 Andrea I. Luppi, Fernando E. Rosas, Pedro A.M. Mediano, David K. Menon, Emmanuel A. Stamatakis
To explain how the brain orchestrates information-processing for cognition, we must understand information itself. Importantly, information is not a monolithic entity. Information decomposition techniques provide a way to split information into its constituent elements: unique, redundant, and synergistic information. We review how disentangling synergistic and redundant interactions is redefining our
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Towards an AI policy framework in scholarly publishing Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-08 Zhicheng Lin
The rapid adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) tools in academic research raises pressing ethical concerns. I examine major publishing policies in science and medicine, uncovering inconsistencies and limitations in guiding AI usage. To encourage responsible AI integration while upholding transparency, I propose an enabling framework with author and reviewer policy templates.
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Socioeconomic disparities harm social cognition Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-06 Sol Fittipaldi, Joaquín Migeot, Agustin Ibanez
Abstract not available
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Advisory Board and Contents Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-02
Abstract not available
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Subscription and Copyright Information Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-02
Abstract not available
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In praise of empathic AI Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-12-29 Michael Inzlicht, C. Daryl Cameron, Jason D’Cruz, Paul Bloom
In this article we investigate the societal implications of empathic artificial intelligence (AI), asking how its seemingly empathic expressions make people feel. We highlight AI’s unique ability to simulate empathy without the same biases that afflict humans. While acknowledging serious pitfalls, we propose that AI expressions of empathy could improve human welfare.
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An active inference perspective for the amygdala complex Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-12-15 Ronald Sladky, Dominic Kargl, Wulf Haubensak, Claus Lamm
The amygdala is a heterogeneous network of subcortical nuclei with central importance in cognitive and clinical neuroscience. Various experimental designs in human psychology and animal model research have mapped multiple conceptual frameworks (e.g., valence/salience and decision making) to ever more refined amygdala circuitry. However, these predominantly bottom up-driven accounts often rely on interpretations
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Why birds are smart Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-12-13 Onur Güntürkün, Roland Pusch, Jonas Rose
Many cognitive neuroscientists believe that both a large brain and an isocortex are crucial for complex cognition. Yet corvids and parrots possess non-cortical brains of just 1–25 g, and these birds exhibit cognitive abilities comparable with those of great apes such as chimpanzees, which have brains of about 400 g. This opinion explores how this cognitive equivalence is possible. We propose four features
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We know what attention is! Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-12-15 Wayne Wu
Attention is one of the most thoroughly investigated psychological phenomena, yet skepticism about attention is widespread: we do not know what it is, it is too many things, there is no such thing. The deficiencies highlighted are not about experimental work but the adequacy of the scientific theory of attention. Combining common scientific claims about attention into a single theory leads to internal
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Mechanisms for survival: vagal control of goal-directed behavior Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-11-29 Vanessa Teckentrup, Nils B. Kroemer
Survival is a fundamental physiological drive, and neural circuits have evolved to prioritize actions that meet the energy demands of the body. This fine-tuning of goal-directed actions based on metabolic states ('allostasis') is deeply rooted in our brain, and hindbrain nuclei orchestrate the vital communication between the brain and body through the vagus nerve. Despite mounting evidence for vagal
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Intermediate science knowledge predicts overconfidence Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-11-28 Carmen Sanchez, David Dunning
found science overconfidence peaks at intermediate levels of knowledge. Those with intermediate knowledge also hold the most negative attitudes toward scientists. In doing so, they provide a novel measure of overconfidence that measures the tendency to give incorrect answers as opposed to answering, ‘I don’t know’.
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Advisory Board and Contents Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-11-14
Abstract not available
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Subscription and Copyright Information Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-11-14
Abstract not available
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Ethical reasoning versus empathic bias: a false dichotomy? Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-11-15 Kyle Fiore Law, Paige Amormino, Abigail A. Marsh, Brendan Bo O’Connor
Does empathy necessarily impede equity in altruism? Emerging findings from cognitive and affective science suggest that rationality and empathy are mutually compatible, contradicting some earlier, prominent arguments that empathy impedes equitable giving. We propose alternative conceptualizations of relationships among empathy, rationality, and equity, drawing on interdisciplinary advances in altruism
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Generating meaning: active inference and the scope and limits of passive AI Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-11-15 Giovanni Pezzulo, Thomas Parr, Paul Cisek, Andy Clark, Karl Friston
Prominent accounts of sentient behavior depict brains as generative models of organismic interaction with the world, evincing intriguing similarities with current advances in generative artificial intelligence (AI). However, because they contend with the control of purposive, life-sustaining sensorimotor interactions, the generative models of living organisms are inextricably anchored to the body and
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When expert predictions fail Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 Igor Grossmann, Michael E.W. Varnum, Cendri A. Hutcherson, David R. Mandel
We examine the opportunities and challenges of expert judgment in the social sciences, scrutinizing the way social scientists make predictions. While social scientists show above-chance accuracy in predicting laboratory-based phenomena, they often struggle to predict real-world societal changes. We argue that most causal models used in social sciences are oversimplified, confuse levels of analysis
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Cognitive fossils: using cultural artifacts to reconstruct psychological changes throughout history Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 Nicolas Baumard, Lou Safra, Mauricio Martins, Coralie Chevallier
Psychology is crucial for understanding human history. When aggregated, changes in the psychology of individuals – in the intensity of social trust, parental care, or intellectual curiosity – can lead to important changes in institutions, social norms, and cultures. However, studying the role of psychology in shaping human history has been hindered by the difficulty of documenting the psychological
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When Are Social Protests Effective? Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-31 Eric Shuman, Amit Goldenberg, Tamar Saguy, Eran Halperin, Martijn van Zomeren
Around the world, people engage in social protests aimed at addressing major societal problems. Certain protests have led to significant progress, yet other protests have resulted in little demonstrable change. We introduce a framework for evaluating the effectiveness of social protest made up of three components: (i) what types of action are being considered; (ii) what target audience is being affected;
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Intergroup conflict as contest and disease Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-28 Nir Halevy, Alexander P. Landry
Intergroup conflict has been conceptualized as a strategic interaction (conflict-as-contest) and separately as a pathological condition (conflict-as-disease). We highlight how insights and tools from the former perspective can potentially inform the latter. Harnessing the science of strategic decision-making can facilitate the development of novel approaches for mitigating intergroup conflict.
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Neural mechanisms of domain-general inhibitory control Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-26 Jan R. Wessel, Michael C. Anderson
Inhibitory control is a fundamental mechanism underlying flexible behavior and features in theories across many areas of cognitive and psychological science. However, whereas many theories implicitly or explicitly assume that inhibitory control is a domain-general process, the vast majority of neuroscientific work has hitherto focused on individual domains, such as motor, mnemonic, or attentional inhibition
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Plasticity–stability dynamics during post-training processing of learning Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-17 Takashi Yamada, Takeo Watanabe, Yuka Sasaki
Learning continues beyond the end of training. Post-training learning is supported by changes in plasticity and stability in the brain during both wakefulness and sleep. However, the lack of a unified measure for assessing plasticity and stability dynamics during training and post-training periods has limited our understanding of how these dynamics shape learning. Focusing primarily on procedural learning
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Rethinking cortical recycling in ventral temporal cortex Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-17 Emily Kubota, Kalanit Grill-Spector, Marisa Nordt
High-level visual areas in ventral temporal cortex (VTC) support recognition of important categories, such as faces and words. Word-selective regions are left lateralized and emerge at the onset of reading instruction. Face-selective regions are right lateralized and have been documented in infancy. Prevailing theories suggest that face-selective regions become right lateralized due to competition
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Interactive repair and the foundations of language Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-16 Mark Dingemanse, N.J. Enfield
The robustness and flexibility of human language is underpinned by a machinery of interactive repair. Repair is deeply intertwined with two core properties of human language: reflexivity (it can communicate about itself) and accountability (it is used to publicly enforce social norms). We review empirical and theoretical advances from across the cognitive sciences that mark interactive repair as a
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The ebb and flow of cognitive fatigue Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-14 Erik Bijleveld
If you are currently feeling tired, you are not alone: feelings of fatigue are incredibly common. In a recent study, Matthews et al. investigated moment-to-moment fluctuations in fatigue using behavioral experiments and computational modeling. The study offers a precise account of how fatigue waxes (during physical and cognitive effort) and wanes (during rest).
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Unlocking the brain secrets of social media through neuroscience Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-13 Christian Montag, Laura Marciano, Peter J. Schulz, Benjamin Becker
Neuroscientific buzzwords, such as ‘brain hacks’, have become commonplace when discussing social media (SM)-platform engineering. Despite societal debates, few studies have used neuroscientific approaches to validate the claims empirically. We call here for a transformative shift engaging scientists and other stakeholders to address this critical knowledge gap.
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Consciousness in the cradle: on the emergence of infant experience Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-12 Tim Bayne, Joel Frohlich, Rhodri Cusack, Julia Moser, Lorina Naci
Although each of us was once a baby, infant consciousness remains mysterious and there is no received view about when, and in what form, consciousness first emerges. Some theorists defend a ‘late-onset’ view, suggesting that consciousness requires cognitive capacities which are unlikely to be in place before the child’s first birthday at the very earliest. Other theorists defend an ‘early-onset’ account
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Advisory Board and Contents Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-10
Abstract not available
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Subscription and Copyright Information Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-10
Abstract not available
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Seeing social interactions Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-05 Emalie McMahon, Leyla Isik
Seeing the interactions between other people is a critical part of our everyday visual experience, but recognizing the social interactions of others is often considered outside the scope of vision and grouped with higher-level social cognition like theory of mind. Recent work, however, has revealed that recognition of social interactions is efficient and automatic, is well modeled by bottom-up computational
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Wayfinding across ocean and tundra: what traditional cultures teach us about navigation Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-03 Pablo Fernandez-Velasco, Hugo J. Spiers
Research on human navigation by psychologists and neuroscientists has come mainly from a limited range of environments and participants inhabiting western countries. By contrast, numerous anthropological accounts illustrate the diverse ways in which cultures adapt to their surrounding environment to navigate. Here, we provide an overview of these studies and relate them to cognitive science research
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Naturalistic reinforcement learning Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-29 Toby Wise, Kara Emery, Angela Radulescu
Humans possess a remarkable ability to make decisions within real-world environments that are expansive, complex, and multidimensional. Human cognitive computational neuroscience has sought to exploit reinforcement learning (RL) as a framework within which to explain human decision-making, often focusing on constrained, artificial experimental tasks. In this article, we review recent efforts that use
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Inner speech as language process and cognitive tool Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-26 Charles Fernyhough, Anna M. Borghi
Many people report a form of internal language known as inner speech (IS). This review examines recent growth of research interest in the phenomenon, which has broadly supported a theoretical model in which IS is a functional language process that can confer benefits for cognition in a range of domains. A key insight to have emerged in recent years is that IS is an embodied experience characterized
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The cognitive (lateral) hypothalamus Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-25 Melissa J. Sharpe
Despite the physiological complexity of the hypothalamus, its role is typically restricted to initiation or cessation of innate behaviors. For example, theories of lateral hypothalamus argue that it is a switch to turn feeding ‘on’ and ‘off’ as dictated by higher-order structures that render when feeding is appropriate. However, recent data demonstrate that the lateral hypothalamus is critical for
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Musical synchrony, dynamical systems and information processing: Merger or redundancy? Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-20 Alexander P. Demos, Caroline Palmer
Abstract not available
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Environmental statistics and experience shape risk-taking across adolescence Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-20 Simon Ciranka, Ralph Hertwig
Adolescents are often portrayed as reckless risk-takers because of their immature brains. Recent research has cast doubt on this portrayal, identifying the environment as a moderator of risk-taking. However, the key features of environments that drive risk-taking behaviors are often underspecified. We call for greater attention to the environment by drawing on research showing that its statistical
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Integrating theory and models of musical group interaction Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 19.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-20 Peter E. Keller
Abstract not available