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Background Adenovirus is a known cause of hepatitis in immunocompromised children, but not in immunocompetent children. In April, 2022, following multiple reports of hepatitis of unknown aetiology and adenovirus viraemia in immunocompetent children in the USA and UK, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and jurisdictional health departments initiated national surveillance of paediatric

Background An increase in acute severe hepatitis of unknown aetiology in previously healthy children in the UK in March, 2022, triggered global case-finding. We aimed to describe UK epidemiological investigations of cases and their possible causes. Methods We actively surveilled unexplained paediatric acute hepatitis (transaminase >500 international units per litre) in children younger than 16 years

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The term concussion has permeated mainstream media and household vocabulary mainly due to awareness regarding the risks of concussion in professional contact sports, yet it occurs across a variety of settings and ages. Concussion is prevalent in infants, preschoolers, children, and adolescents, and is a common presentation or reason for referral to primary care providers, emergency departments, and

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Background China's rapid economic growth has brought opportunities for improved health and growth of children and adolescents. We sought to explore the long-term trends and urban–rural inequalities in physical growth (specifically height and BMI) among school-aged children and adolescents in China to identify policy priorities for a healthier generation. Methods We used the 1985, 1995, 2005, 2014,

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Background Adolescence is a critical period of physical and psychological development, especially for girls, because poor nutrition can affect their wellbeing as well as that of their children. We aimed to assess the feasibility and impact of a package of nutrition education interventions delivered through public primary schools on the diets of adolescent girls in Ethiopia. Methods In this non-masked

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Women represent a growing proportion of the global prison population of 11·5 million people. No reliable estimates exist of the number of pregnant women or number of children born in or living in prison with a primary caregiver. Permitting a child to stay in prison with a primary caregiver for any duration has advantages and disadvantages for both the caregiver and the child. Global consensus on the

Background Infants born to women with HIV in settings with a high tuberculosis burden are at risk of tuberculosis infection and rapid progression to active disease. Maternal isoniazid preventive therapy might mitigate this risk, but optimal timing of therapy remains unclear. The TB APPRISE trial showed that initiation of isoniazid during pregnancy resulted in more frequent adverse pregnancy outcomes

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Background Although Kawasaki disease is commonly regarded as a single disease entity, variability in clinical manifestations and disease outcome has been recognised. We aimed to use a data-driven approach to identify clinical subgroups. Methods We analysed clinical data from patients with Kawasaki disease diagnosed at Rady Children's Hospital (San Diego, CA, USA) between Jan 1, 2002, and June 30, 2022

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Background Cohort studies in adults with HIV showed that dolutegravir was associated with neuropsychiatric adverse events and sleep problems, yet data are scarce in children and adolescents. We aimed to evaluate neuropsychiatric manifestations in children and adolescents treated with dolutegravir-based treatment versus alternative antiretroviral therapy. Methods This is a secondary analysis of ODYSSEY

Background Super-selected intra-arterial chemotherapy has increasingly been used as conservative management for retinoblastoma during the past decade. However, the absence of evidence from randomised controlled trials engendered controversy in the administration route of chemotherapy. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of intra-arterial chemotherapy compared with intravenous chemotherapy. Methods

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Background Although non-communicable diseases (NCDs) remain the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide, little comprehensive or recent evidence of the burden of NCDs among adolescents and young adults in the South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions is available. We aimed to report population shifts in people aged 10–24 years and their NCD burden from 1990 to 2019 using data from the

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Background Food allergy is considered a precursor to asthma in the context of the atopic march, but the relationship between infant food allergy phenotypes and lung function and asthma in childhood is unclear. We aimed to examine the association between food sensitisation and challenge-confirmed food allergy in infancy, as well as persistent and resolved food allergy up to age 6 years, and the risk

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Acute kidney injury is common in hospitalised children and is associated with poor patient outcomes. Once acute kidney injury occurs, effective therapies to improve patient outcomes or kidney recovery are scarce. Early identification of children at risk of acute kidney injury or at an early injury stage is essential to prevent progression and mitigate complications. Paediatric acute kidney injury is

Indigenous children and adolescents across the USA and Canada experience increased emotional, physical, and sexual violence resulting from the longstanding effects of colonialism and historical trauma. There is a substantial lack of research exploring these issues and scarce efforts outside of Indigenous communities to support victims. However, the association between exposure to violence and abuse

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Background People with inflammatory or autoimmune diseases are recommended to continue immunomodulatory biologic agents throughout pregnancy. However, concerns regarding potential immunosuppression in infants exposed to biologic agents have led to recommendations to avoid live vaccines in the first 6–12 months of life. We aimed to examine whether live rotavirus vaccine could be administered safely

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Background Despite the substantial burden of lung disease throughout childhood in children who were born very preterm, there are no evidence-based interventions to improve lung health beyond the neonatal period. We tested the hypothesis that inhaled corticosteroid improves lung function in this population. Methods PICSI was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial at Perth Children's Hospital

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Septic shock is a leading cause of hospitalisation, morbidity, and mortality for children worldwide. In 2020, the paediatric Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) issued evidence-based recommendations for clinicians caring for children with septic shock and sepsis-associated organ dysfunction based on the evidence available at the time. There are now more trials from multiple settings, including low-income

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