Pulmonary haemorrhage is a potentially life-threatening condition with a variety of causes. Quality clinical trials are insufficient in children, restricting the evidence base to observational data and adult studies. The overall management strategy should address control of symptomatic bleeding, identification of the bleeding source, and treatment of the underlying cause. Flexible bronchoscopy is an

Monogenic defects in the leptin-melanocortin pathway are associated with hyperphagia and severe, early-onset obesity. Early childhood growth patterns in height, weight, and BMI, might serve as phenotypic markers for specific genetic disorders; however, reliable data are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the natural history of height, weight, and BMI in early childhood in a large European group of

Many treatments for abdominal pain-related disorders of gut–brain interaction (AP-DGBI) in children have been studied. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of all known treatment options for paediatric AP-DGBI.

Despite progress in reducing neonatal and child mortality, access to age-appropriate medicines remains inequitable, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries. The Global Accelerator for Paediatric Formulations (GAP-f), a WHO-hosted network established in 2020, addresses these gaps by uniting 33 partners to promote innovation and access to child-friendly formulations. Phase 2 (2022–24)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a particularly dangerous infection in some populations, including very young infants. This study examined the efficacy and safety of ziresovir in hospitalised infants aged 6 months or younger with RSV infection.

The first dose of measles–rubella (MR) vaccine is routinely administered to infants aged 9 months as part of a standard two-dose schedule. However, during large measles outbreaks and in other settings of increased circulation or increased risk, WHO recommends administering a supplementary dose at age 6 months to protect young infants. We aimed to assess the immunogenicity and safety of a first dose

Pneumococcal meningitis is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and the most deadly pneumococcal disease in children worldwide. There is a paucity of evidence concerning the benefit of dexamethasone to prevent death in paediatric pneumococcal meningitis. We aimed to compare the effect of early adjunctive therapy with dexamethasone versus no dexamethasone on death in children with pneumococcal meningitis

Skin conditions most frequently encountered in paediatric practice include infections, infestations, atopic dermatitis, and acne. Skin of colour refers to skin with increased melanin and darker pigmentation, and reflects global racial and ethnic diversity. Managing skin conditions in skin of colour requires health equity nuance, which is rarely explicitly taught. Awareness of the demographic factors

Generally, dose recommendations for children are expressed as fixed dosing increments related to bodyweight, known as weight bands. The weight bands recommended in WHO treatment guidelines vary between diseases, leading to complexity and potential dosing errors when treating children for multiple diseases simultaneously. The introduction of a harmonised weight banding approach for orally administered

Direct-acting antiviral treatment is associated with high rates of sustained virological response and has a favourable safety profile in children aged 3–17 years with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, but data describing the durability of sustained virological response and its effects on growth and sexual development are needed. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and long-term effects

Pooled analyses summarising long-term growth outcomes in children who are HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) compared with children who are HIV-unexposed (HU) are lacking. We aimed to summarise the existing literature on growth outcomes.

Research suggests gender inequalities in adolescent mental health are context dependent and might be preventable through social and structural change. However, variations in the size of gender inequalities in mental health across diverse cultural contexts could be due to incomparable measurement. We aimed to compare a measurement of mental health among young people in Tokyo, Japan, and London, UK,

BACKGROUND Lung function during childhood is an important predictor of subsequent health and disease. Understanding patterns of lung function and development of airflow limitation through childhood is necessary to inform lung function trajectories in relation to health and chronic airway disease. We aimed to derive trajectories of airflow limitation from childhood (age 5-8 years) into early adulthood

BACKGROUND Understanding the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy can help inform clinical guidance and tackle vaccine hesitancy. We examined relationships between SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy, COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy, and early child developmental concerns in children aged 13-15 months in Scotland. METHODS We created a large, population-level

High consequence infectious diseases (such as Ebola virus or avian influenza) require specialist management with strict isolation to avoid spread to health-care staff and the wider community. These infections present various ethical and legal issues for children and young people. Specific challenges include the impact of isolation on the child and family (potentially without a child's consent), limitations

There are few data on the treatment of children and adolescents with multidrug-resistant (MDR) or rifampicin-resistant (RR) tuberculosis, especially with more recently available drugs and regimens. We aimed to describe the clinical and treatment characteristics and their associations with treatment outcomes in this susceptible population.

International variation in childhood cancer survival might be explained by differences in stage at diagnosis, among other factors. As part of the BENCHISTA project, we aimed to assess geographical variation in tumour stage at diagnosis through the application, by population-based cancer registries working with clinicians, of the international consensus Toronto Childhood Cancer Stage Guidelines.