MicroRNAs belong to the family of non-coding RNAs that participate in cell proliferation, cell death and development. The Müller glial cells are the inherent and specific neuroglia cells in the retinal organisation and play significant roles in retinal neuroprotection, organisational maintenance, inflammation and immunity, regeneration, and the occurrence and development of retinal diseases. However

Purpose Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease that mainly attacks the lacrimal glands causing severe aqueous-deficient dry eye. Clinical evidence indicates the DNA sensing mechanism in the pathogenesis of pSS. The purpose of the present study is to determine the pro-inflammatory effect of self-genomic DNA (gDNA) on myoepithelial cells (MECs), which along with acinar and ductal cells

Aim To identify and assess the quality of current validated questionnaires that could be used to evaluate ocular neuropathic pain and its associated aetiologies. Methods A literature search was performed on MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and The Cochrane Library. Articles evaluating questionnaires for ocular neuropathic pain and its associated aetiologies were included. Data on psychometric properties

Purpose To compare the effectiveness and safety of the MicroShunt (Santen Inc., Emeryville, CA, USA) versus trabeculectomy in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Design Prospective, randomized, multicenter trial conducted in the United States and Europe. Participants Adult patients (aged 40-85 years) with mild to severe POAG inadequately controlled on maximum tolerated medical therapy

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Purpose Retinal drusen have been described in people with IgA nephropathy. We examined the frequency of drusen in IgA nephropathy, and compared their location and composition with those for drusen in age-related macular degeneration. Design Immunohistological case series of eyes of patients with IgA nephropathy, and a comparison eye with age-related macular degeneration. Methods Donor eyes from four

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Purpose Lumican is a major extracellular matrix (ECM) component in the cornea that is upregulated after injury and promotes corneal wound healing. We have recently shown that peptides designed based on the 13 C-terminal amino acids of lumican (LumC13 and LumC13C-A) are able to recapitulate the effects of lumican on promoting corneal wound healing. Herein we used computational chemistry to develop peptide

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Purpose To develop deep learning (DL) models estimating the central visual field (VF) from optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) vessel density (VD) measurements. Design Development and validation of a Deep Learning model Methods A total of 105110-2 VF OCTA pairs from healthy, glaucoma suspects, and glaucoma eyes were included. DL models were trained on enface macula VD images from OCTA to

Purpose The purpose of this double-masked, parallel randomised controlled trial was to compare the recurrence rate and other outcomes between conjunctival–limbal autograft (CLAu) and mini-simple limbal epithelial transplantation (mini-SLET) after excision of pterygium. Methods Eligibility criteria for participants was the presence of a primary nasal pterygium extending equally to or greater than two

Graft versus host disease (GVHD) remains a major and serious complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Based on the time of onset, clinical phenotypes, progression kinetics, and pathophysiology, GVHD is stratified into acute, chronic, and overlapping types. The eyes are among the most commonly affected organs in GVHD. Mouse models have played an important role in understanding

Purpose Determine sensitivity, specificity, and cut-off of macular ganglion cell layer (GCL) volume consistent with optic atrophy in children with syndromic craniosynostosis (CS). Investigate whether obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), Chiari malformation, history of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), CS diagnosis, age, or sex independently alter GCL volume with CS. Design Retrospective cross-sectional

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Aims To determine endophthalmitis rates and risk factors following intraocular surgeries in the Medicare population. Methods Retrospective, cross-sectional study from 2016 to 2019 in Medicare fee-for-service and Medicare Advantage beneficiaries. 100% Medicare claims were used to identify eyes that underwent intraocular surgery. Exclusion criteria included eyes that had intraocular surgery 42 days before

Background Pigmentation could be a relevant prognostic factor in uveal melanoma (UM) development. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) regulates melanin synthesis by activating tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TYRP2) and silver protein (SILV) that induce the melanogenesis pathway. Although their oncogenic potential has been observed in various malignancies but has not been investigated

Background Accurate risk stratification of uveal melanoma (UM) patients is important for determining the interval and frequency of surveillance. Loss of BAP1 expression has been shown to be strongly associated with UM-related death and metastasis. Methods In this study of 164 enucleated UMs, we assessed the prognostic role of preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME) expression and Ki67

Purpose To evaluate factors influencing stabilisation of myopia in the Singapore Cohort of Risk factors for Myopia. Methods We evaluated the longitudinal natural history of 424 myopic participants from 1999 to 2022. The outcome was the change in myopia from the adolescence follow-up visit (aged 12–19 years) to the adulthood follow-up visit (aged 26–33 years). Association of predictive factors, including

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Purpose To evaluate the incidence of new retinal artery occlusion (RAO) and retinal vein occlusion (RVO) after the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) or vaccination against COVID-19 and compare the incidences with the population with neither. Design Nationwide population-based cohort study Participants We categorized 8,418,590 patients from a nationwide population-based cohort into control

Purpose Deep learning (DL) models have achieved state-of-the-art medical diagnosis classification accuracy. Current models are limited by discrete diagnosis labels but could yield more information with diagnosis in a continuous scale. We developed a novel continuous severity scaling system for Macular Telangiectasia Type II (MacTel) by combining a DL classification model with Uniform Manifold Approximation

Purpose To assess the demographic characteristics and geographic distribution of neuro-ophthalmologists practicing in the US. Design A cross-sectional study. Subjects Neuro-ophthalmologists across the US. Methods In this cross-sectional study, public databases from the American Academy of Ophthalmology, North American Neuro-ophthalmology Society, American Neurological Association, and American Academy

Objective To analyze ophthalmology workforce supply and demand projections from 2020 to 2035 Design Observational cohort studying using data from the National Center for Health Workforce Analysis (NCHWA) Methods Data accessed from the Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) website were compiled to analyze the workforce supply and demand projections

Purpose To assess factors that impact the risk of relapse in patients with non-infectious uveitis (NIU) who undergo adalimumab tapering after achieving remission. Design Retrospective study. Methods − Setting: Multicenter study. − Study Population: Patients with NIU treated with adalimumab and subsequently tapered. − Observation Procedure: Patient demographics, type of NIU, onset and duration of disease

Glycerol cryopreservation can safely extend the utility of donor anterior corneal grafts for up to two years. This method not only reduced the wastage of scarce donor corneal tissue but also was cost effective. Archipelago keratitis is a Herpesviridae stromal keratitis subtype associated with a high recurrence rate, requiring antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs over a long-term period. In eleven

Combined vision and hearing loss, also known as dual sensory impairment, can occur in several genetic conditions, including ciliopathies such as Usher and Bardet-Biedl syndrome, mitochondrial DNA disorders and systemic diseases, such as CHARGE, Stickler, Waardenburg, Alport and Alstrom syndrome. The retinal phenotype may point to the diagnosis of such disorders. Herein, we aim to provide a comprehensive

Background/aims To evaluate the utility rate, indication, outcome, and cost of refrigeration and glycerol cryopreservation for storing anterior corneal buttons during endothelial keratoplasty for subsequent use in tectonic lamellar patch grafting. Method Anterior corneal buttons collected after precutting or prestripping during endothelial keratoplasty from January 2014 to December 2019 were preserved

Purpose Archipelago keratitis (ApK) is a subtype of Herpesviridae stromal keratitis that consists of subepithelial nummular inflammatory infiltrates arranged in a radial centripetal pattern. This rare and poorly described form is not often recognised early. We report the first large series of ApK, with an analysis of clinical settings at presentation, evolution of the disease with time and a description

Background Patients with glaucoma on topical glaucoma medication are often affected by dry eye symptoms and thus likely to rub or squeeze their eyelids. Here, we telemetrically measure peak intraocular pressure (IOP) during eyelid manoeuvres and eyelid rubbing. Methods Eleven patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) previously implanted with a telemetric IOP sensor (Eyemate-IO) were instructed

Background/Aims Neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels in cerebrospinal fluid and serum are reliable indicators for neuroaxonal damage in a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we investigate NfL levels in serum and anterior chamber fluid of patients with glaucoma. Methods Patients scheduled for routine glaucoma or cataract surgery were recruited for this study. Retinal nerve fibre

Back ground/aims To determine whether parapapillary choroidal microvasculature (PPCMv) density, measured by optical coherence tomography angiography, differed between acute primary angle-closure (APAC), primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and controls. Methods This is a prospective, cross-sectional, observational study. Data from 149 eyes from two academic referral centres were analysed. Automated PPCMv

Background/aims To investigate the factors associated with choroidal microvasculature drop-out (MvD) enlargement detected by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) in glaucomatous eyes. Methods Ninety-one eyes of 68 primary open-angle glaucoma patients were enrolled. Only eyes with a minimum of four good quality OCT-A and OCT scans of the optic nerve head acquired at least and with a minimum

Synopsis Advanced glaucoma is associated with sight loss. This within-trial economic evaluation compares medical and surgical management strategies. At 2 years, medication appears more cost-effective though longitudinal outcomes are an important subject in future research. Background/aims Open angle glaucoma (OAG) is a progressive optic neuropathy. Approximately 25% of newly diagnosed patients with

Objective This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of glaucoma with associated factors in the rural populations of 10 provinces in China. Design A population-based cross-sectional study. Methods All participants aged 6 years or older from 10 provinces completed visual acuity testing, slit-lamp examination, ophthalmoscopy and non-contact tonometry. Glaucoma suspects underwent fundus photography

Aims To investigate the effect of subfoveal fluid height (SFFH) on visual outcome after macula-off retinal detachment (RD) repair. Methods Prospective interventional case series of consecutive patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy with gas tamponade (PPV) for primary macula-off RD with duration of symptomatic loss of central vision (LCV) of ≤1 week. Preoperative SFFH was measured on two occasions

Background/aims To determine the incidence and causative pathogens of endophthalmitis after vitrectomy during strict face mask wearing in the COVID-19 period. Methods This was a retrospective multicentre study including 31 ophthalmological institutions of the Japanese Retina and Vitreous Society or Japan-Clinical Retina Study group. Patients who had undergone vitrectomy during 2019, the pre-COVID-19

Background/aims Late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 2 (CLN2) is a neurodegenerative, blinding lysosomal storage disorder. The purpose of the current study was to characterise the progression of CLN2-associated retinal degeneration in patients under intraventricular enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with cerliponase alfa. Methods We analysed visual function, retinal morphology and neuropaediatric

Background The efficiency of clinical trials for retinitis pigmentosa (RP) treatment is limited by the screening burden and lack of reliable surrogate markers for functional end points. Automated methods to determine visual acuity (VA) may help address these challenges. We aimed to determine if VA could be estimated using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) imaging and deep learning (DL)

Background Guidelines recommend urgent evaluation for transient monocular vision loss (TMVL) and retinal artery occlusion (RAO), but emergency department (ED) utilisation for these conditions is unknown. Methods We performed a retrospective longitudinal cross-sectional analysis of the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (2011–2018), a database of all ED visits from a representative 20% sample of

Objectives To explore the possible role of peripheral lesions (PLs) detected by ultrawide field (UWF) imaging system on central neurovascular structure and retinal function. Methods Ninety-seven diabetic patients were included in this cross-sectional study using UWF pseudocolour colour imaging with Optos Daytona (Optos, PLC). UWF images were graded as with predominantly peripheral lesions (PPLs) and

Background The ILUVIEN Registry Safety Study was a multicentre, open-label, non-randomised, observational, phase 4 study designed to assess the safety and effectiveness of the fluocinolone acetonide (FAc) implant in all indications in real-world practices in Europe. Methods The study included data collected prospectively and retrospectively. Patients receiving FAc implants between 2013 and 2017 were

Aim To determine the incidence, progression and regression of diabetic retinopathy (DR), with corresponding risk factors, in a northeastern Chinese population of patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods Among 2006 patients who completed baseline examinations in 2012–2013 and underwent re-examination after a mean interval of 21.2 months, 1392 patients with gradable fundus photographs for both baseline

Background Homonymous visual field (VF) defects are usually an indicator of serious intracranial pathology but may be subtle and difficult to detect. Artificial intelligence (AI) models could play a key role in simplifying the detection of these defects. This study aimed to develop an automated deep learning AI model to accurately identify homonymous VF defects from automated perimetry. Methods VFs

Background/aims Perioperative pain in children is often inadequately treated, and emergence agitation is common. The purpose of this analysis was to determine whether nalbuphine is suitable for perioperative eye pain and to analyse if it influences the occurrence of emergence delirium/agitation (EDA) in children undergoing ophthalmic surgery in general anaesthesia. Methods Retrospective cohort analysis

Background Overminus lens is an effective non-surgical treatment of intermittent exotropia (IXT). Whether this treatment causes development of myopia is recently debated. This study evaluated ocular biometric changes in IXT children treated with and without overminus lens. Methods Children with IXT were randomly assigned to control and overminus groups. Cycloplegic refraction, axial length and other

Aim To assess the role of the corneal radius of curvature (CR) in the identification of fundus tessellation in children with low myopia. Methods In the cross-sectional study, students aged 9–12 years from 24 primary schools in Shanghai were enrolled by cluster sampling. Participants underwent measurements including cycloplegic refraction and axial length. Fundus images and choroidal thickness were

Purpose Myopia is associated with an increased risk of permanent vision loss. The caffeine metabolite 7-methylxanthine (7-MX), licensed in Denmark since 2009 as a treatment to reduce the rate of childhood myopia progression, is the only orally administered therapy available. The purpose of the current study was to assess the rate of myopia progression in children taking 7-MX. Methods Longitudinal cycloplegic

Aims To elucidate genetic background of early-onset high myopia (eoHM) and characteristics of ARR3 -associated MYP26. Methods Variants in 14 genes reported to contribute to eoHM, including ARR3 , were selected from exome sequencing data set and classified into different categories following American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines based on in silico prediction, associated phenotypes

Background/Aims To characterise the ocular manifestations of Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) and compare these to patients with isolated elastin mediated supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS). Methods Fifty-seven patients with a diagnosis of WBS and five with SVAS underwent comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation at the National Institutes of Health from 2017 to 2020, including best-corrected visual acuity

Background/aims Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of ocular adnexa (OA-EMZL) is the most frequent type of ocular adnexal lymphomas, with a high rate of disease recurrence. Precise patient stratification based on disease recurrence is understudied. This study aims to identify risk factors of distant recurrence (DR) and local recurrence (LR) to construct a prognostic model optimising rapid decision of