OBJECTIVE Despite that periodical monitoring of cobalamin (vitamin B12) in metformin-treated patients with diabetes is recommended, cobalamin-associated mortality benefits or risks remain unclear. We investigated the association between cobalamin intake and related biomarkers and mortality risk in adults with diabetes using metformin or not.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This study included 3,277 adults

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of a healthy lifestyle, involving seven low-risk factors mentioned in diabetes management guidelines (no current smoking, moderate alcohol consumption, regular physical activity, healthy diet, less sedentary behavior, adequate sleep duration, and appropriate social connection), with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among individuals with type 2 diabetes.RESEARCH

OBJECTIVE The role of the gut in diabetes remission after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is incompletely understood. We assessed the temporal change in insulin secretory capacity after RYGB, using oral and intravenous (IV) glucose, in individuals with type 2 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Longitudinal, prospective measures of β-cell function were assessed after oral glucose intake and graded

OBJECTIVE We assessed whether Index60, a composite measure of fasting C-peptide, 60-min C-peptide, and 60-min glucose, could improve the metabolic staging of type 1 diabetes for progression to clinical disease (stage 3) among autoantibody-positive (Ab+) individuals with normal 2-h glucose values (<140 mg/dL).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed 3,058 Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Pathway to Prevention

OBJECTIVE The ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism has been widely studied in people with diabetes, albeit not with regard to lower-limb amputation (LLA). We examined associations among this polymorphism, plasma ACE concentration, and LLA in people with type 1 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS ACE I/D genotype and plasma ACE were assessed in three prospective cohorts of participants with type

OBJECTIVE To assess prospective associations of circulating metabolites with the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) among Chinese adults.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A case-cohort study within the 8-year prospective China Kadoorie Biobank comprised 882 participants with incident T2D and 789 subcohort participants. Nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomic profiling quantified 225 metabolites in stored baseline

OBJECTIVE Preclinical research implicates hypothalamic glial cell responses in the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). In the current study we sought to translate such findings to humans by testing whether radiologic markers of gliosis in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) were greater in individuals with obesity and impaired glucose homeostasis or T2D.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using

OBJECTIVE Insulin response is related to overall health. Diet modulates insulin response. We investigated whether insulinemic potential of diet is associated with risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We prospectively followed 63,464 women from the Nurses' Health Study (1986–2016) and 42,880 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986–2016). Diet was

OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy and safety of closed-loop insulin delivery compared with sensor-augmented pump therapy among older adults with type 1 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This open-label, randomized (1:1), crossover trial compared 4 months of closed-loop versus sensor-augmented pump therapy. Eligible adults were aged ≥60 years, with type 1 diabetes (duration ≥10 years), using an insulin

OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to identify factors associated with nonattendance in a Danish nationwide screening program for diabetic retinopathy among people with type 2 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A retrospective observational study linking individual-level register data was performed. First, we compared characteristics of 156,878 people with type 2 diabetes divided into attenders and

OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of household food insecurity (HFI) and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation by youth and young adults (YYA) with diabetes overall and by type, and sociodemographic characteristics.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study included participants with youth-onset type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. HFI

OBJECTIVE Obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with serious adverse health effects, including cancer. Although bariatric surgery has been shown to reduce cancer risk in patients with obesity, the effect of bariatric surgery on cancer risk in patients with obesity and diabetes is less studied. We therefore examined the long-term incidence of cancer after bariatric surgery and usual care in patients

OBJECTIVE Achieving optimal glycemic control for many individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains challenging, even with the advent of newer management tools, including continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Modern management of T1D generates a wealth of data; however, use of these data to optimize glycemic control remains limited. We evaluated the impact of a CGM-based decision support system (DSS)

One hundred years have passed since the discovery of insulin—an achievement that transformed diabetes from a fatal illness into a manageable chronic condition. The decades since that momentous achievement have brought ever more rapid innovation and advancement in diabetes research and clinical care. To celebrate the important work of the past century and help to chart a course for its continuation

OBJECTIVE To compare glucose control with hybrid closed-loop (HCL) when challenged by high intensity exercise (HIE), moderate intensity exercise (MIE), and resistance exercise (RE) while profiling counterregulatory hormones, lactate, ketones, and kinetic data in adults with type 1 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Open-label multisite randomized crossover trial. Adults with type 1 diabetes undertook

OBJECTIVE To compare the mental health experiences associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults with and without diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Between 29 May 2020 and 30 June 2020, 2,176 U.S. adults completed an online survey including demographics, COVID-19 experiences, depression (eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire) and anxiety (seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder)

OBJECTIVE LDL cholesterol (LDLc)-lowering drugs modestly increase body weight and type 2 diabetes risk, but the extent to which the diabetogenic effect of lowering LDLc is mediated through increased BMI is unknown.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted summary-level univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses in 921,908 participants to investigate the effect of lowering LDLc

OBJECTIVE The haptoglobin (Hp)2-2 phenotype (~35–40% of people) is associated with increased oxidation and dysfunctional HDL in hyperglycemia and may explain why drugs designed to pharmacologically raise HDL cholesterol and lower triglycerides have not reliably prevented cardiovascular disease in diabetes. We aimed to determine whether the effect of adding fenofibrate versus placebo to simvastatin

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between acute-to-chronic (A/C) glycemic ratio and mortality and severity outcomes for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 91 patients were included. We measured glycemia at admission and estimated the average chronic glucose levels to calculate the A/C glycemic ratio. The

OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that there is heterogeneity in long-term patterns of glycemic control with respect to cardiovascular disease (CVD) development in type 1 diabetes and that risk factors for CVD differ by glycemic control pattern. Thus, we estimated associations between data-derived latent HbA1c trajectories and 30-year CVD risk in the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC)

OBJECTIVE To describe incidence of foot ulceration and amputation-free survival associated with foot ulceration status in a national population-based cohort study of people with diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study population included 233,459 people with diabetes who were alive in Scotland on 1 January 2012 identified from the national population-based register (national prevalence 4.9%)

OBJECTIVE To evaluate associations between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and various incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) end points, considering the effects of the mediating role of type 2 diabetes and shared environmental/familial factors.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This population-based cohort study included 10,02,486 parous women in Denmark during 1978–2016. We used Cox regression to 1)

OBJECTIVE To identify circulating proteins influencing type 1 diabetes susceptibility using Mendelian randomization (MR).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used a large-scale two-sample MR study, using cis genetic determinants (protein quantitative trait loci [pQTL]) of up to 1,611 circulating proteins from five large genome-wide association studies, to screen for causal associations of these proteins

OBJECTIVE To use islet autoantibody titers to improve the estimation of future type 1 diabetes risk in children.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Prospective cohort studies in Finland, Germany, Sweden, and the U.S. followed 24,662 children at increased genetic or familial risk to develop islet autoimmunity and diabetes. For 1,604 children with confirmed positivity, titers of autoantibodies against insulin

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between PCSK9 predicted loss-of-function (pLoF) variants and glycemic traits, hepatobiliary function, and neurocognitive traits.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We identified carriers of PCSK9 pLoF variants in UK Biobank exome sequencing data. We assessed the aggregate effects of these variants on lipid and lipoprotein traits, which served as a positive control. Association

OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in the prevalence of depressive symptoms, loneliness, and insomnia among older adults with type 2 diabetes from 2016 to 2020 and to assess risk factors for these conditions including demographics, multimorbidity, BMI, treatment group, and pre-coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) measure scores.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a prospective, observational study of participants

OBJECTIVE In the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study_2 (IDES_2), behavioral counseling promoted a sustained increase in physical activity (PA) volume (+3.3 MET h ⋅ week–1), moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) (+6.4 min ⋅ day–1), and light-intensity PA (LPA) (+0.8 h ⋅ day–1) and decrease in sedentary time (SED-time) (–0.8 h ⋅ day–1). Here, we investigated the relationships of changes in PA/SED-time

OBJECTIVE To examine whether characteristics of workplace psychosocial resources are associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes among employees.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were 49,835 employees (77% women, aged 40–65 years, and diabetes free at baseline) from the Finnish Public Sector cohort study. Characteristics of horizontal (culture of collaboration and support from colleagues) and

OBJECTIVE We characterized annual trends of severe hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic crises (diabetic ketoacidosis/hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state) in patients with diabetes and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a nationwide, retrospective study of adults (≥18 years old) with diabetes/ESKD, from the United States Renal Data System registry, between 2013 and 2017. Primary

OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between body fat distribution and incident lower-extremity arterial disease (LEAD).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We included 155,925 postmenopausal women with anthropometric measures from the Women's Health Initiative who had no known LEAD at recruitment. A subset of 10,894 participants had body composition data quantified by DXA. Incident cases of symptomatic LEAD

OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate remission of type 2 diabetes following a short-term intervention with insulin glargine, sitagliptin/metformin, and lifestyle approaches.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this open multicenter trial, 102 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomized to 1) a 12-week intervention with sitagliptin/metformin, insulin glargine and lifestyle therapy, or 2) control

OBJECTIVE To estimate difference in population-level glycemic control and the emergence of diabetes complications given a theoretical scenario in which non-White youth and young adults (YYA) with type 1 diabetes (T1D) receive and follow an equivalent distribution of diabetes treatment regimens as non-Hispanic White YYA.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Longitudinal data from YYA diagnosed 2002–2005 in the

OBJECTIVE To evaluate associations between diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and urological complications in men and women with type 1 diabetes (T1D).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Measurements of DPN at Epidemiology of Diabetes Intervention and Complications (EDIC) years 1, 14, and 17 and urological complications at EDIC year 17 were examined in 635 men (mean age 51.6 years, diabetes duration 29.5

OBJECTIVE Phenotypic heterogeneity among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is ill defined. We used cluster analysis machine-learning algorithms to identify phenotypes among trial participants with T2DM and ASCVD.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used data from the Trial Evaluating Cardiovascular Outcomes with Sitagliptin (TECOS) study (n =

OBJECTIVE Data related to diabetic neuropathy in youth with type 2 diabetes are limited. We examined the relationship of glycemic control, sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, and other type 2 diabetes-associated factors with the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in youth with type 2 diabetes enrolled in the Treatment Options for type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) study.RESEARCH

OBJECTIVE For people with type 1 diabetes, there are limited evidence-based resources to support self-management when traveling across multiple time zones. Here, we compared glycemic control on insulin degludec versus glargine U100 as the basal insulin for adults using multiple daily injections (MDI) while traveling across multiple time zones.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This randomized crossover pilot

OBJECTIVE To investigate the nature of the relationship between HbA1c and sepsis among individuals with type 2 diabetes, and to assess the association between sepsis and all-cause mortality in such patients.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We included 502,871 individuals with type 2 diabetes recorded in the Swedish National Diabetes Register and used multivariable Cox regression and restricted cubic spline

OBJECTIVE Insulin action in the human brain reduces food intake, improves whole-body insulin sensitivity, and modulates body fat mass and its distribution. Obesity and type 2 diabetes are often associated with brain insulin resistance, resulting in impaired brain-derived modulation of peripheral metabolism. So far, no pharmacological treatment for brain insulin resistance has been established. Since

BACKGROUND This review was commissioned by the World Health Organization and presents a summary of the latest research evidence on the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on people with diabetes (PWD).PURPOSE To review the evidence regarding the extent to which PWD are at increased risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and/or of suffering its complications

OBJECTIVE To investigate the risk of incident dementia according to fasting glucose levels and presence of comorbidities.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using a health insurance claims database and the results of biennial health examinations in South Korea, we selected 8,400,950 subjects aged ≥40 years who underwent health examinations in 2009–2010. We followed them until 2016. Subjects’ baseline characteristics

OBJECTIVE Despite technological advances, results from various clinical trials have repeatedly shown that many individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) do not achieve their glycemic goals. One of the major challenges in disease management is the administration of an accurate amount of insulin for each meal that will match the expected postprandial glycemic response (PPGR). The objective of this study

OBJECTIVE To study the prospective association between dietary protein intake and renal function deterioration in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Prospective analyses were performed in data of 382 patients of the Diabetes and Lifestyle Cohort Twente (DIALECT) study. Dietary protein intake was determined by the Maroni equation from 24-h urinary urea excretion. Renal function

OBJECTIVE Comprehensive assessment of alterations in lipid species preceding type 2 diabetes (T2D) is largely unknown. We aimed to identify plasma molecular lipids associated with risk of T2D in American Indians.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using untargeted liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, we repeatedly measured 3,907 fasting plasma samples from 1,958 participants who attended two examinations

OBJECTIVE To investigate the occupational and financial consequences for parents following the onset of type 1 diabetes in their child.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A questionnaire assessing occupational and financial situations before and in the first year after the onset of diabetes was distributed to all families with a child ≤14 years of age at diagnosis with a diabetes duration of at least 12 months

OBJECTIVE To determine whether metformin or lifestyle modification can lower rates of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the Diabetes Prevention Program and Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS From 1996 to 1999, 3,234 adults at high risk for type 2 diabetes were randomized to an intensive lifestyle intervention, masked metformin, or placebo. Placebo and lifestyle

OBJECTIVE Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are associated with gut dysbiosis. However, the relationship between the gut microbiota and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), sharing clinical and metabolic features with classic type 1 and type 2 diabetes, remains unclear. Here, we used a multiomics approach to identify the characteristics of the gut microbiota and metabolic profiles in patients with

OBJECTIVE This study examined the incidence of diabetes-related hospital admissions and described the characteristics among youth and emerging adults with type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in California.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A retrospective study was conducted using the statewide inpatient database during the years 2014–2018. Individuals aged 13–24 years hospitalized with diabetic ketoacidosis

OBJECTIVE Diabetes increases the risk of premature mortality and considerably impacts on work productivity. We sought to examine the impact of diabetes in India, in terms of excess premature mortality, years of life lost (YLL), productivity-adjusted life years (PALYs) lost, and its associated economic impact.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A life table model was constructed to examine the productivity

OBJECTIVE To assess the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), all-cause mortality, and initiation of medical treatment in subjects with prediabetes according to first-time measured HbA1c.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Through registry databases, we identified 326,305 Danish patients with a first HbA1c between 40 and 51 mmol/mol (5.8–6.8%) from 2011 to 2017. After exclusion of patients with

BACKGROUND Remission of type 2 diabetes following bariatric surgery is well established, but identifying patients who will go into remission is challenging. PURPOSE To perform a systematic review of currently available diabetes remission prediction models, compare their performance, and evaluate their applicability in clinical settings. DATA SOURCES A comprehensive systematic literature search of MEDLINE