Objective To develop a reporting guideline for overviews of reviews of healthcare interventions. Design Development of the preferred reporting items for overviews of reviews (PRIOR) statement. Participants Core team (seven individuals) led day-to-day operations, and an expert advisory group (three individuals) provided methodological advice. A panel of 100 experts (authors, editors, readers including

Objective To explore the efficacy of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination on the risk of HPV infection and recurrent diseases related to HPV infection in individuals undergoing local surgical treatment. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis Data sources PubMed (Medline), Scopus, Cochrane, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov were screened from inception to 31 March 2021. Review methods Studies

Objectives To characterize individual participant level response distributions to acute monotherapy for major depressive disorder in randomized, placebo controlled trials submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration from 1979 to 2016. Design Individual participant data analysis. Population 232 randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trials of drug monotherapy for major depressive disorder

Objective To assess the risk of covid-19 death after infection with omicron BA.1 compared with delta (B.1.617.2). Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting England, United Kingdom, from 1 December 2021 to 30 December 2021. Participants 1 035 149 people aged 18-100 years who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 under the national surveillance programme and had an infection identified as omicron BA.1 or delta

Objective To characterise the clinical features of monkeypox infection in humans. Design Descriptive case series. Setting A regional high consequences infectious disease centre with associated primary and secondary care referrals, and affiliated sexual health centres in south London between May and July 2022. Participants 197 patients with polymerase chain reaction confirmed monkeypox infection. Results

Objective To report the global, regional, and national burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its attributable risk factors between 1990 and 2019, by age, sex, and sociodemographic index. Design Systematic analysis. Data source Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Main outcome measures Data on the prevalence, deaths, and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) of COPD, and its attributable

Objective To clarify in patients with covid-19 the recovery rate of smell and taste, proportion with persistent dysfunction of smell and taste, and prognostic factors associated with recovery of smell and taste. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and medRxiv from inception to 3 October 2021. Review methods Two blinded reviewers selected

Objective To estimate waning of covid-19 vaccine effectiveness over six months after second dose. Design Cohort study, approved by NHS England. Setting Linked primary care, hospital, and covid-19 records within the OpenSAFELY-TPP database. Participants Adults without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection were eligible, excluding care home residents and healthcare professionals. Exposures People who had received

Objective To describe the incidence of, risk factors for, and impact of vaccines on primary SARS-CoV-2 infection during the second wave of the covid-19 pandemic in susceptible hospital healthcare workers in England. Design Multicentre prospective cohort study. Setting National Health Service secondary care health organisations (trusts) in England between 1 September 2020 and 30 April 2021. Participants

Objective To compare the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA (Pfizer-BioNTech) and the ChAdOx1 (Oxford-AstraZeneca) covid-19 vaccines against infection and covid-19 disease in health and social care workers. Design Cohort study, emulating a comparative effectiveness trial, on behalf of NHS England. Setting Linked primary care, hospital, and covid-19 surveillance records available within the OpenSAFELY-TPP

Objectives To synthesise evidence on incidence rates and risk factors for myocarditis and pericarditis after use of mRNA vaccination against covid-19, clinical presentation, short term and longer term outcomes of cases, and proposed mechanisms. Design Living evidence syntheses and review. Data sources Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from 6 October 2020 to 10 January 2022; reference

Objective To assess the risk of adverse events associated with heterologous primary (two dose) and booster (three dose) vaccine schedules for covid-19 with Oxford-AstraZeneca’s ChAdOx1-S priming followed by mRNA vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech’s BNT162b2 or Moderna’s mRNA-1273) as compared with homologous mRNA vaccine schedules for covid-19. Design Nationwide cohort study. Setting Denmark, 1 January 2021

Objective To externally validate various prognostic models and scoring rules for predicting short term mortality in patients admitted to hospital for covid-19. Design Two stage individual participant data meta-analysis. Setting Secondary and tertiary care. Participants 46 914 patients across 18 countries, admitted to a hospital with polymerase chain reaction confirmed covid-19 from November 2019 to

Objective To investigate the effects of fever therapy compared with no fever therapy in a wide population of febrile adults. Design Systematic review with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses of randomised clinical trials. Data sources CENTRAL, BIOSIS, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection, searched from their inception to 2 July 2021. Eligibility criteria

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of viscosupplementation for pain and function in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Data sources Searches were conducted of Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases from inception to 11 September 2021. Unpublished trials were identified

Objective To provide clinicians and patients with accurate risk estimates of serious adverse events after common elective shoulder arthroscopic procedures, including reoperation within one year. Design Population based cohort study. Setting Hospital Episode Statistics for NHS England, including civil registration mortality data from the Office for National Statistics. Participants 288 250 arthroscopic

Objectives To estimate the marginal effectiveness of a fourth versus third dose and the vaccine effectiveness of mRNA covid-19 vaccines BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 against any infection, symptomatic infection, and severe outcomes (hospital admission or death) related to the omicron variant. Design Test negative design. Setting Long term care facilities in Ontario, Canada, 30 December 2021 to 27 April 2022

Objectives To evaluate measurement discrepancies by race between pulse oximetry and arterial oxygen saturation (as measured in arterial blood gas) among inpatients not in intensive care. Design Multicenter, retrospective cohort study using electronic medical records from general care medical and surgical inpatients. Setting Veteran Health Administration, a national and racially diverse integrated health

Objective To assess the benefits and harms of different types and doses of anticoagulant drugs for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients who are acutely ill and admitted to hospital. Design Systematic review and network meta-analysis. Data sources Cochrane CENTRAL, PubMed/Medline, Embase, Web of Science, clinical trial registries, and national health authority databases. The search was

Objectives To evaluate the potential for long distance airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor community settings and to investigate factors that might influence transmission. Design Rapid systematic review and narrative synthesis. Data sources Medline, Embase, medRxiv, Arxiv, and WHO COVID-19 Research Database for studies published from 27 July 2020 to 19 January 2022; existing relevant rapid

Objective To examine the association between dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and gallbladder or biliary diseases. Design Systematic review and pairwise and network meta-analysis. Data sources PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and CENTRAL from inception until 31 July 2021. Eligibility criteria Randomised controlled trials of adult patients with type 2 diabetes who received dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors

Objective To determine the effect of a user centered clinical decision support tool versus usual care on rates of initiation of buprenorphine in the routine emergency care of individuals with opioid use disorder. Design Pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial (EMBED). Setting 18 emergency department clusters across five healthcare systems in five states representing the north east, south east

Objective To examine the associations of infertility, recurrent miscarriage, and stillbirth with the risk of first non-fatal and fatal stroke, further stratified by stroke subtypes. Design Individual participant pooled analysis of eight prospective cohort studies. Setting Cohort studies across seven countries (Australia, China, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States)

Objective To assess the association between industry sponsorship (drug, medical device, and biotechnology companies) and cost effectiveness results in cost effectiveness analysis (CEA). Design Registry based analysis Data source The Tufts Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry was used to identify all CEAs published in Medline between 1976 and 2021. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies CEAs that

Objective To evaluate the evidence upon which standards for hospital accreditation by The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (the Joint Commission) are based. Design Cross sectional study. Setting United States. Participants Four Joint Commission R3 (requirement, rationale, and reference) reports released by July 2018 and intended to become effective between 1 July 2018 and

Objective To determine if guided internet based cognitive behavioural therapy with a trauma focus (CBT-TF) is non-inferior to individual face-to-face CBT-TF for mild to moderate post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to one traumatic event. Design Pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled non-inferiority trial (RAPID). Setting Primary and secondary mental health settings across the UK’s NHS. Participants

Objective To estimate the change in odds of covid-19 over time following primary series completion of the inactivated whole virus vaccine CoronaVac (Sinovac Biotech) in São Paulo State, Brazil. Design Test negative case-control study. Setting Community testing for covid-19 in São Paulo State, Brazil. Participants Adults aged ≥18 years who were residents of São Paulo state, had received two doses of

Objectives To evaluate the diagnostic performance of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) thresholds for acute heart failure and to develop and validate a decision support tool that combines NT-proBNP concentrations with clinical characteristics. Design Individual patient level data meta-analysis and modelling study. Setting Fourteen studies from 13 countries, including randomised

Objective To describe an approach for reporting master protocol research programs (MPRPs) that is consistent with existing good reporting practices and that uses structured information to convey the overall master protocol and design of each substudy. Design Qualitative analysis. Data sources ClinicalTrials.gov trial registry. Main outcome measures Established goals and related practices of the trial

Objective To assess recent trends in age adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) in the United States based on county level presidential voting patterns. Design Cross sectional study. Setting USA, 2001-19. Participants 99.8% of the US population. Main outcome measures AAMR per 100 000 population and average annual percentage change (APC). Methods The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WONDER database

Objectives To provide updated evidence about the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or higher (CIN3+) and cervical cancer after a negative human papillomavirus (HPV) test in primary cervical screening, by age group and test assay. Design Observational study. Setting Real world data from the English HPV screening pilot’s first and second rounds (2013-16, follow-up to end of 2019). Participants

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of heterologous and homologous covid-19 vaccine regimens with and without boosting in preventing covid-19 related infection, hospital admission, and death. Design Living systematic review and network meta-analysis. Data sources World Health Organization covid-19 databases, including 38 sources of published studies and preprints. Study selection Randomised controlled

This living systematic review on coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) by Allotey and colleagues ( BMJ 2020;370:m3320) has been updated. For the latest update, visit doi:10.1136/bmj.m3320. This …

Objective To examine the effectiveness of behavioural weight management interventions for adults with obesity delivered in primary care. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eligibility criteria for selection of studies Randomised controlled trials of behavioural weight management interventions for adults with a body mass index ≥25 delivered in primary care compared

Objective To investigate the association between gestational diabetes mellitus and adverse outcomes of pregnancy after adjustment for at least minimal confounding factors. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, from 1 January 1990 to 1 November 2021. Review methods Cohort studies and control arms of trials

Objective To assess whether eldecalcitol, an active vitamin D analogue2, can reduce the development of type 2 diabetes among adults with impaired glucose tolerance. Design Double blinded, multicentre, randomised, placebo controlled trial. Setting Three hospitals in Japan, between June 2013 and August 2019. Participants People aged 30 years and older who had impaired glucose tolerance defined by using

Objective To examine the relative effectiveness of a fourth dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA (BNT162b2) vaccine compared with three vaccine doses over the span of 10 weeks. Design Retrospective, test negative, case-control study, with a matched analysis and an unmatched multiple tests analysis. Setting Nationally centralised database of Maccabi Healthcare Services, an Israeli national health fund for

Objective To estimate associations between covid-19 vaccination and long covid symptoms in adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection before vaccination. Design Observational cohort study. Setting Community dwelling population, UK. Participants 28 356 participants in the Office for National Statistics COVID-19 Infection Survey aged 18-69 years who received at least one dose of an adenovirus vector or mRNA covid-19

Objective To investigate the impact on child health up to age 5 years of a policy to use antibiotic prophylaxis for caesarean section before incision compared with after cord clamping. Design Observational controlled interrupted time series study. Setting UK primary and secondary care. Participants 515 945 children born in 2006-18 with linked maternal records and registered with general practices contributing

Objective To improve communication of harm in publications of randomised controlled trials via the development of recommendations for visually presenting harm outcomes. Design Consensus study. Setting 15 clinical trials units registered with the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, an academic population health department, Roche Products, and The BMJ . Participants Experts in clinical trials: 20 academic

Objective To determine whether a multicomponent intervention based on physical activity with technological support and nutritional counselling prevents mobility disability in older adults with physical frailty and sarcopenia. Design Evaluator blinded, randomised controlled trial. Setting 16 clinical sites across 11 European countries, January 2016 to 31 October 2019. Participants 1519 community dwelling

Objective To systematically identify, match, and compare treatment effects and study demographics from individual or meta-analysed observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the same covid-19 treatments, comparators, and outcomes. Design Meta-epidemiological study. Data sources National Institutes of Health Covid-19 Treatment Guidelines, a living review and network meta-analysis

Objectives To investigate the validity of data extraction in systematic reviews of adverse events, the effect of data extraction errors on the results, and to develop a classification framework for data extraction errors to support further methodological research. Design Reproducibility study. Data sources PubMed was searched for eligible systematic reviews published between 1 January 2015 and 1 January

Objective To compare the impact of ezetimibe and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors on cardiovascular outcomes in adults taking maximally tolerated statin therapy or who are statin intolerant. Design Network meta-analysis. Data sources Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library up to 31 December 2020. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Randomised controlled trials of

Objectives To compare treatment and outcomes for patients admitted to hospital with a primary diagnosis of ST elevation or non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI or NSTEMI) in six high income countries with very different healthcare delivery systems. Design Retrospective cross sectional cohort study. Setting Patient level administrative data from the United States, Canada (Ontario and Manitoba)

Objective To estimate the effect of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional mechanical ventilation on outcomes of patients with covid-19 associated respiratory failure. Design Observational study. Setting 30 countries across five continents, 3 January 2020 to 29 August 2021. Participants 7345 adults admitted to the intensive care unit with clinically suspected or laboratory

Objective To provide considerations for reporting and interpretation that can improve assessment of the credibility of exploratory analyses in aetiologic research. Design Mini-review of the literature and account of exploratory research principles. Setting This study focuses on a particular type of causal research, namely aetiologic studies, which investigate the causal effect of one or multiple risk

Objective To evaluate the impact of vaccine scale-up on population level covid-19 mortality and incidence in the United States. Design Observational study. Setting US county level case surveillance and vaccine administration data reported from 14 December 2020 to 18 December 2021. Participants Residents of 2558 counties from 48 US states. Main outcome measures The primary outcome was county covid-19

Objective To describe the development and validation of a novel patient reported outcome measure for symptom burden from long covid, the symptom burden questionnaire for long covid (SBQ-LC). Design Multiphase, prospective mixed methods study. Setting Remote data collection and social media channels in the United Kingdom, 14 April to 1 August 2021. Participants 13 adults (aged ≥18 years) with self-reported

Objective To evaluate sintilimab versus placebo in combination with chemotherapy (cisplatin plus paclitaxel or cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil) as first line treatment of unresectable locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Design Multicentre, randomised, double blind, phase 3 trial. Setting 66 sites in China and 13 sites outside of China between 14 December 2018

Objective To determine the impact of lifestyle factors on life expectancy lived with and without Alzheimer’s dementia. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting The Chicago Health and Aging Project, a population based cohort study in the United States. Participants 2449 men and women aged 65 years and older. Main exposure A healthy lifestyle score was developed based on five modifiable lifestyle factors:

Objective To identify whether multifaceted interventions, or care bundles, reduce catheter related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) from central venous catheters used for haemodialysis. Design Stepped wedge, cluster randomised design. Setting 37 renal services across Australia. Participants All adults (age ≥18 years) under the care of a renal service who required insertion of a new haemodialysis catheter

Objectives To assess the risk of acute and post-acute adverse events after SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents in Denmark and to evaluate the real world effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech) among adolescents. Design Cohort study. Setting Nationwide Danish healthcare registers. Participants All Danish people younger than 18 years who were either tested for SARS-CoV-2

The self-controlled case series method is one of two approaches used to estimate the association between covid-19 and venous thromboembolism or bleeding. This article briefly describes the method, its assumptions, and how it was implemented in the linked study, and offers some pointers to guide the interpretation of the results. The self-controlled case series method is an epidemiological design for

Objective To compare the clinical effectiveness of adding a single ultrasound guided intra-articular hip injection of corticosteroid and local anaesthetic to advice and education in adults with hip osteoarthritis. Design Pragmatic, three arm, parallel group, single blind, randomised controlled trial. Setting Two community musculoskeletal services in England. Participants 199 adults aged ≥40 years with

Objective To quantify the risk of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and bleeding after covid-19. Design Self-controlled case series and matched cohort study. Setting National registries in Sweden. Participants 1 057 174 people who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 between 1 February 2020 and 25 May 2021 in Sweden, matched on age, sex, and county of residence to 4 076 342 control participants.

Objective To review interventions to reduce long term opioid treatment in people with chronic non-cancer pain, considering efficacy on dose reduction and discontinuation, pain, function, quality of life, withdrawal symptoms, substance use, and adverse events. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies of interventions. Data sources Medline

Objective To review the first two years of the primary human papillomavirus (HPV) cervical screening programme in an HPV vaccinated population. Design Observational study. Setting Australia. Participants 3 745 318 women with a primary HPV test between 1 December 2017 and 31 December 2019; most women aged <40 years had previously been offered vaccination against HPV16 and HPV18. Interventions Primary

Objective To determine the effect of the introduction of low dose computed tomography screening in 2013 on lung cancer stage shift, survival, and disparities in the stage of lung cancer diagnosed in the United States. Design Quasi-experimental study using Joinpoint modeling, multivariable ordinal logistic regression, and multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling. Setting US National Cancer Database

Objective To determine the comparative effectiveness and safety of psychological interventions for chronic low back pain. Design Systematic review with network meta-analysis. Data sources Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and CINAHL from database inception to 31 January 2021. Eligibility criteria for study selection Randomised controlled