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Minimal clinically important difference in obsessive-compulsive disorder. World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Matti Cervin,Eric A Storch,Lara Farrell,Erik Andersson,Christian Rück,Daniel A Geller,,David Mataix-Cols
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PSY-PGx: a new intervention for the implementation of pharmacogenetics in psychiatry. World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Roos van Westrhenen,Allan H Young,Urs Heilbronner,Mario Juruena,Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg,Marin Jukic,Jaakko Kaprio,Martien J H Kas,Ramona Moldovan,Markus M Nöthen,Alexandra Philipsen,Noam Shomron,Erik Van der Eycken,Eduard Vieta,Thomas G Schulze,
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Effectiveness of a stepped‐care programme of WHO psychological interventions in a population of migrants: results from the RESPOND randomized controlled trial World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Marianna Purgato, Federico Tedeschi, Giulia Turrini, Camilla Cadorin, Beatrice Compri, Giulia Muriago, Giovanni Ostuzzi, Irene Pinucci, Eleonora Prina, Riccardo Serra, Lorenzo Tarsitani, Anke B. Witteveen, Aurelia Roversi, Maria Melchior, David McDaid, A‐La Park, Papoula Petri‐Romão, Raffael Kalisch, James Underhill, Richard Bryant, Roberto Mediavilla Torres, Josè Luis Ayuso‐Mateos, Mireja Felez Nobrega
Migrant populations – including labour migrants, undocumented migrants, asylum seekers, refugees, internationally displaced persons, and other populations on the move – are exposed to a variety of stressors that affect their mental health. We designed and tested the effectiveness of a stepped‐care programme consisting of two scalable psychological interventions developed by the World Health Organization
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Excess cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents initiating antipsychotic treatment compared to young adults: results from a nationwide cohort study World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Mikkel Højlund, Rikke Wesselhoeft, Michella Heinrichsen, Anne Katrine Pagsberg, Christoph U. Correll, Hans‐Christoph Steinhausen
Antipsychotic treatment is associated with cardiometabolic risks that may be especially detrimental to children and adolescents. In this Danish population‐based cohort study, we included individuals with psychiatric diagnoses who initiated antipsychotics in 2000‐2021 at age 6‐31 years. We assessed the risk of cardiometabolic adverse events up to 10 years following incident exposure to antipsychotics
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The WHO Special Initiative for Mental Health: increasing access to mental health services for millions of people World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Dévora Kestel, Dan Chisholm, Alison Schafer
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Efficacy of psychological interventions for multiple‐event‐related PTSD in children and adolescents: a network meta‐analysis World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Thole H. Hoppen, Lena Wessarges, Marvin Jehn, Julian Mutz, Ahlke Kip, Pascal Schlechter, Richard Meiser‐Stedman, Nexhmedin Morina
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Impact of displacement on mental health in war‐exposed Ukrainian adolescents: a longitudinal study World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Ryunosuke Goto, Irina Pinchuk, Yusuke Okubo, Nataliia Pimenova, Oleksiy Kolodezhny, Yukiko Kano, Bennett L. Leventhal, Norbert Skokauskas
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No two traumas are alike, and neither are two presentations of PTSD World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Soraya Seedat
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Socioeconomic inequalities in mortality associated with mental disorders: a population‐based cohort study World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Danni Chen, Natalie C. Momen, Linda Ejlskov, Katrine Bødkergaard, Julie Werenberg Dreier, Henrik Toft Sørensen, Lisbeth Mølgaard Laustsen, Sam Harper, Christian Hakulinen, John J. McGrath, Oleguer Plana‐Ripoll
Mental disorders are associated with elevated mortality rates and reduced life expectancy. However, it is unclear whether these associations differ by socioeconomic position (SEP). The aim of this study was to explore comprehensively the role of individual‐level SEP in the associations between specific types of mental disorders and mortality (due to all causes, and to natural or external causes), presenting
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Personality in the spotlight: activities of the WPA Section on Personality Disorders World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Roger Mulder, Youl‐Ri Kim, Peter Tyrer
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The role of the WPA Collaborating Centres in promoting mental health education and policy worldwide World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Andrea Fiorillo, Muhammad W. Azeem, Debasish Basu, Santosh Chaturvedi, Linda Lam, Pratima Murthy, David Ndetei, Tarek Okasha, Dan J. Stein, Kamaldeep Bhui
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Vulnerability to addictive behaviors: the Associational Memory‐Appetitive Systems Relations Model World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Steve Sussman
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The current clinical approach to feeding and eating disorders aimed to increase personalization of management World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Ulrike H. Schmidt, Angelica Claudino, Fernando Fernández‐Aranda, Katrin E. Giel, Jess Griffiths, Phillipa J. Hay, Youl‐Ri Kim, Jane Marshall, Nadia Micali, Alessio Maria Monteleone, Michiko Nakazato, Joanna Steinglass, Tracey D. Wade, Stephen Wonderlich, Stephan Zipfel, Karina L. Allen, Helen Sharpe
Feeding and eating disorders (FEDs) are a heterogeneous grouping of disorders at the mind‐body interface, with typical onset from childhood into emerging adulthood. They occur along a spectrum of disordered eating and compensatory weight management behaviors, and from low to high body weight. Psychiatric comorbidities are the norm. In contrast to other major psychiatric disorders, first‐line treatments
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The 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline in the US: status of evidence on implementation World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Jonathan Purtle, Michael Lindsey
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Changing approaches to interventions for autistic adults World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Patricia Howlin
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The hypothesis of biologically based subtypes of schizophrenia: a 10‐year update World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Oliver D. Howes, Bernard R. Bukala, Sameer Jauhar, Robert A. McCutcheon
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Suicide prevention: what works, what might work, and what does not work World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Keith Hawton, Mark Sinyor
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Report from the WPA Section on Psychiatry and Sleep‐Wakefulness Disorders World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Adam Wichniak, Dimitris Dikeos, Thorsten Mikoteit, Martin Hatzinger, Thomas Pollmächer, Constantin Soldatos
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The WPA Global Study on Psychiatric Training World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Norbert Skokauskas, Gary Chaimowitz, Dina Aly El‐Gabry, Andrea Fiorillo, Anusha Lachman, Angeles Lopez Geist, Paul Robertson, Hee Jeong Yoo, Bennett Leventhal
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The paradox of the biopsychological and sociocultural levels in post‐traumatic stress disorder World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Andreas Maercker
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How common is secondary psychosis? Estimates from a systematic review and meta‐analysis World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Graham Blackman, Ronan Byrne, Neha Gill, Jack B. Fanshawe, Vaughan Bell, Cameron Watson, Nikolaos Koutsouleris, Paolo Fusar‐Poli, Thomas A. Pollak, Philip McGuire
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Reducing the burden of PTSD through digital interventions and development of sequential precision treatment rules World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Corina Benjet
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Augmenting trauma‐focused cognitive behavior therapy for post‐traumatic stress disorder with memory specificity training: a randomized controlled trial World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Richard A. Bryant, Katie S. Dawson, Srishti Yadav, Jenny Tran, Jasmine Choi‐Christou, Natasha Rawson, Julia Tockar, Eileen Stech, Benjamin Garber, Catherine Broomfield, Anthony Harrison, Dharani Keyan, Suzanna Azevedo
Although trauma‐focused cognitive behavior therapy (TF‐CBT) is the recommended treatment for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), up to one‐half of patients do not respond to this intervention. There is an urgent need to develop new strategies to improve treatment response. Training people to recall specific positive memories may augment treatment gains in TF‐CBT. We conducted a controlled trial
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The lived experience of postpartum depression and psychosis in women: a bottom‐up review co‐written by experts by experience and academics World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Paolo Fusar‐Poli, Andrés Estradé, Keshnie Mathi, Constance Mabia, Nur Yanayirah, Valentina Floris, Elisa Figazzolo, Cecilia M. Esposito, Milena Mancini, René Rosfort, Ana Catalan, Helen Baldwin, Rashmi Patel, Giovanni Stanghellini, Matthew Ratcliffe, Mario Maj
This is the first bottom‐up review of the lived experience of postpartum depression and psychosis in women. The study has been co‐designed, co‐conducted and co‐written by experts by experience and academics, drawing on first‐person accounts within and outside the medical field. The material initially identified was shared with all participants in a cloud‐based system, discussed across the research
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The promise of ICD‐11‐defined PTSD and complex PTSD to improve care for trauma‐exposed populations World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Marylene Cloitre
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The WPA Section on Preventive Psychiatry: report on 2014‐2024 activities World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Nikos Christodoulou, Olga Karpenko
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Trauma, coloniality and survivance among Indigenous peoples in the US World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Joseph P. Gone
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Navigating the landscape of trauma treatments: the need for personalized care World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Thanos Karatzias
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Promoting healthy digital device usage: recommendations for youth and parents World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Joseph Firth, Marco Solmi, Johanna Löchner, Samuele Cortese, José Francisco López‐Gil, Katarzyna Machaczek, Jeffrey Lambert, Hannah Fabian, Nicholas Fabiano, John Torous
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Dispelling “pleasing myths” about the integration of ecological momentary assessment and intervention into clinical research and practice World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Joshua M. Smyth, Ulrich Ebner‐Priemer
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What exactly is post‐traumatic stress disorder? World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Richard A. Bryant
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A new role for phenomenology in empowering patients based on quantitative evidence‐based research World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Kenneth W.M. (Bill) Fulford, Marcin Moskalewicz, Giovanni Stanghellini
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Post‐traumatic stress disorder: evolving conceptualization and evidence, and future research directions World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Chris R. Brewin, Lukoye Atwoli, Jonathan I. Bisson, Sandro Galea, Karestan Koenen, Roberto Lewis‐Fernández
The understanding of responses to traumatic events has been greatly influenced by the introduction of the diagnosis of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this paper we review the initial versions of the diagnostic criteria for this condition and the associated epidemiological findings, including sociocultural differences. We consider evidence for post‐traumatic reactions occurring in multiple
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Duration of untreated psychosis: a global perspective World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Craig Morgan, Rangaswamy Thara, Oye Gureje, Gerard Hutchinson, Alex Cohen
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Learning health systems for community‐based mental health World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Amy M. Kilbourne, Alexandra Vinson, Melvin McInnis, Celeste Leibrecht, Gail Daumit
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Past, present and future of research on brain energy metabolism in bipolar disorder World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2025-01-15 Michael Berk, Ken Walder, Jee Hyun Kim
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Artificial intelligence, consciousness and psychiatry World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Giulio Tononi, Charles Raison
In 1966, a researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology introduced ELIZA, a computer program that simulated a psychotherapist in the Rogerian tradition, rephrasing a patient's words into questions according to simple but effective scripts. This was one of the first (and few) successes of early artificial intelligence (AI). To the dismay of its creator, some people took ELIZA for a real psychotherapist
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Global launch of the ICD-11 Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Requirements (CDDR) World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Dévora Kestel, Geoffrey M. Reed
The ICD-11, the first major revision of the ICD in three decades, was approved by the 72nd World Health Assembly in May 2019, and came into effect as a basis for reporting of health statistics by World Health Organization (WHO) member states in January 2022. Countries around the world are in various stages of implementing the ICD-11 in their clinical and health information systems, a process that will
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Social connection as a critical factor for mental and physical health: evidence, trends, challenges, and future implications World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Julianne Holt-Lunstad
Rising concerns about social isolation and loneliness globally have highlighted the need for a greater understanding of their mental and physical health implications. Robust evidence documents social connection factors as independent predictors of mental and physical health, with some of the strongest evidence on mortality. Although most data are observational, evidence points to directionality of
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Where do neurodevelopmental conditions fit in transdiagnostic psychiatric frameworks? Incorporating a new neurodevelopmental spectrum World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Giorgia Michelini, Christina O. Carlisi, Nicholas R. Eaton, Jed T. Elison, John D. Haltigan, Roman Kotov, Robert F. Krueger, Robert D. Latzman, James J. Li, Holly F. Levin-Aspenson, Giovanni A. Salum, Susan C. South, Kasey Stanton, Irwin D. Waldman, Sylia Wilson
Features of autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, learning disorders, intellectual disabilities, and communication and motor disorders usually emerge early in life and are associated with atypical neurodevelopment. These “neurodevelopmental conditions” are grouped together in the DSM-5 and ICD-11 to reflect their shared characteristics. Yet, reliance on categorical diagnoses
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Scientific validation of the ICD-11 CDDR World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Mario Maj
The process of scientific validation of the ICD-11 Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Requirements (CDDR) for Mental Disorders has spanned more than 10 years, being remarkably comprehensive and inclusive as well as truly international, with the involvement of many hundreds of clinicians and researchers from all regions of the world. The field trials of the ICD-11 CDDR – contrary to those of the ICD-10
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The WHO Flexible Interview for ICD-11 (FLII-11) World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Geoffrey M. Reed, Karen T. Maré, Michael B. First, T.S. Jaisoorya, Girish N. Rao, John-Joe Dawson-Squibb, Christine Lochner, Mark van Ommeren, Dan J. Stein
The movement to a descriptive, symptom-based diagnostic system that started with the DSM-III was in part a response to widespread concerns and criticisms regarding the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses. This fueled an emphasis on increasingly precise operationalization of diagnostic constructs and criteria, based on the assumption that this would produce successive improvements in reliability.
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Prolonged grief disorder: detection, diagnosis, and approaches to intervention World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Holly G. Prigerson, Paul K. Maciejewski
The recent addition of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) to the ICD-11 and the DSM-5-TR has brought changes in what many mental health experts consider to be best practice in bereavement care. Because PGD is newly recognized as an official mental disorder, clinicians may be unfamiliar with current approaches to its detection, diagnosis and treatment. Here we provide answers to common questions that have
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Suicide crisis syndrome: a specific diagnosis to aid suicide prevention World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Igor Galynker, Sarah Bloch-Elkouby, Lisa J. Cohen
Suicide is a global public health issue, claiming over 700,000 lives annually worldwide. Opportunities for intervention are ample, as half of suicide decedents contacted a health care provider within a month of their deaths. In these encounters, suicide risk assessments are based on patients' self-report of suicidal intent and chronic risk factors, such as past attempts and prior psychiatric diagnoses
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Ethical challenges in contemporary psychiatry: an overview and an appraisal of possible strategies and research needs World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Silvana Galderisi, Paul S. Appelbaum, Neeraj Gill, Piers Gooding, Helen Herrman, Antonio Melillo, Keris Myrick, Soumitra Pathare, Martha Savage, George Szmukler, John Torous
Psychiatry shares most ethical issues with other branches of medicine, but also faces special challenges. The Code of Ethics of the World Psychiatric Association offers guidance, but many mental health care professionals are unaware of it and the principles it supports. Furthermore, following codes of ethics is not always sufficient to address ethical dilemmas arising from possible clashes among their
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Ethical challenges in mental health care: moving beyond aspirations World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Peter Bartlett
The paper by Galderisi et al1 raises an array of ethical challenges, each of which would warrant an extended response. Here I will focus on a few overarching issues. First, it is extremely heartening to see the paper's engagement with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). This has not always been the case: engagement from psychiatrists has in the past been frosty at best
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Aligning the “single law” proposal to the CRPD standard of “will and preferences” World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Jakov Gather, Matthé Scholten
Galderisi et al1 provide an excellent overview of the complex ethical challenges in psychiatry. We subscribe to the authors’ criticism of mental health laws employing a “disorder + risk” schema for involuntary intervention, and their conclusion that these laws discriminate against people with a mental health condition. The authors put forward instead a “single law” proposal in which “involuntary treatment
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Advance care planning: a multifaceted contributor to human rights-based care World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Heather Zelle
Galderisi et al1 address advance directives in the section on non-discriminatory mental health law, illustrating the need for better operationalization of concepts such as “will and preferences”, if we are to honor persons’ autonomy consistently and meaningfully. Advance directives provide useful fodder for debating autonomy and decision-making capacity in the midst of health crises. However, I would
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Human rights and early intervention: ethics as a positive force World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Patrick D. McGorry
As a medical student in the 1970s, my deep concern about the civil rights of the mentally ill was one of the main reasons for my interest in psychiatry and which ultimately inspired me to enter the field. These were “negative rights” which needed to be addressed and still do. Galderisi et al1 devote most of their paper to the protection of these civil rights. Less extensively addressed are the “positive
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A broader approach to ethical challenges in digital mental health World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Nicole Martinez-Martin
Galderisi et al1 provide an insightful overview of current ethical challenges in psychiatry, including those presented by digital psychiatry, as well as recommendations for addressing these challenges. As they discuss, “digital psychiatry” encompasses an array of different digital tools, including mental health apps, chatbots, telehealth platforms, and artificial intelligence (AI). These tools hold
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Physician-assisted dying in people with mental health conditions – whose choice? World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 M.E. Jan Wise
Galderisi et al1 quite rightly draw our attention to the ethical dilemmas that emerge when one considers ending life. An area fraught with complexity takes a quantum leap when mental ill-health is added. The need to rethink a position is nothing new. Whilst we may perceive change as gradual, over a decade it may become seismic, and constant re-evaluation of values may be necessary. The ground-shaking
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Ethics from the lens of the social dimension of psychiatry World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Sam Tyano
From a historical perspective, Engel1 conceptualized psychopathology as resulting from an interaction of three orders of factors: biological, psychological and social. The first half of the 20th century has been mostly devoted to conceptualizing the psychological component of mental disorders, the second half to the understanding of the biological component. We are now, in the 21st century, busy at
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Improving mechanisms of involvement of people with lived experience in decision-making processes World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Raluca Nica
The involvement of people with lived experience (PWLE) in the mental health field has been and still is very debated from several points of view1. One of the most discussed areas refers to their involvement in decision-making processes2. These processes occur at the individual level, where PWLE need to be involved in decisions concerning treatment and care; at the social level, where PWLE have to be
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Development and temporal validation of a clinical prediction model of transition to psychosis in individuals at ultra-high risk in the UHR 1000+ cohort World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Simon Hartmann, Dominic Dwyer, Blake Cavve, Enda M. Byrne, Isabelle Scott, Caroline Gao, Cassandra Wannan, Hok Pan Yuen, Jessica Hartmann, Ashleigh Lin, Stephen J. Wood, Johanna T.W. Wigman, Christel M. Middeldorp, Andrew Thompson, Paul Amminger, Monika Schlögelhofer, Anita Riecher-Rössler, Eric Y.H. Chen, Ian B. Hickie, Lisa J. Phillips, Miriam R. Schäfer, Nilufar Mossaheb, Stefan Smesny, Gregor Berger
The concept of ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR) has been at the forefront of psychiatric research for several decades, with the ultimate goal of preventing the onset of psychotic disorder in high-risk individuals. Orygen (Melbourne, Australia) has led a range of observational and intervention studies in this clinical population. These datasets have now been integrated into the UHR 1000+ cohort,
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Associations between physical diseases and subsequent mental disorders: a longitudinal study in a population-based cohort World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Natalie C. Momen, Søren Dinesen Østergaard, Uffe Heide-Jorgensen, Henrik Toft Sørensen, John J. McGrath, Oleguer Plana-Ripoll
People with physical diseases are reported to be at elevated risk of subsequent mental disorders. However, previous studies have considered only a few pairs of conditions, or have reported only relative risks. This study aimed to systematically explore the associations between physical diseases and subsequent mental disorders. It examined a population-based cohort of 7,673,978 people living in Denmark
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Sensitivity of the familial high-risk approach for the prediction of future psychosis: a total population study World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Colm Healy, Ulla Lång, Kirstie O’Hare, Juha Veijola, Karen O'Connor, Marius Lahti-Pulkkinen, Eero Kajantie, Ian Kelleher
Children who have a parent with a psychotic disorder present an increased risk of developing psychosis. It is unclear to date, however, what proportion of all psychosis cases in the population are captured by a familial high-risk for psychosis (FHR-P) approach. This is essential information for prevention research and health service planning, as it tells us the total proportion of psychosis cases that
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Emotion regulation and mental health: current evidence and beyond World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Matthias Berking
The concept of emotion regulation (ER) is receiving considerable attention in research on psychiatric disorders and their treatment. The popularity of the concept is largely rooted in its premise that deficits in adaptive responses toward undesired affective states contribute to the development and maintenance of most forms of psychopathology. This appears obvious when considering psychiatric disorders
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Adolescent mental health and supportive relationships: 21st century challenges World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Susan Branje
It is firmly established that personal relationships play a pivotal role in adolescent mental health and well-being. During adolescence, individuals become aware of their distinctiveness and uniqueness from others, initiating the development of a personal identity. Developing a coherent sense of identity is crucial for adolescent mental health, and relationships serve as a vital source of support that
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Trends, advances and directions in cognitive-behavioral therapy for adolescent anxiety World Psychiatry (IF 60.5) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Philip C. Kendall, Marisa Meyer, Julia S. Ney
Adolescence is a time of dramatic change in physical, behavioral, emotional, cognitive and social domains, and the context in which one matures plays a crucial role. The early 2020s provided a unique context for adolescent development, filled with unprecedented events across multiple levels of life. These contextual forces potentially impacted what we know from previously studied developmental trajectories