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Principles for Ending HIV as an Epidemic in the United States: A Policy Paper of IDSA and HIVMA Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-15 Anna K Person, Wendy S Armstrong, Tyler Evans, John JW Fangman, Robert H Goldstein, Marwan Haddad, Mamta K Jain, Susana Keeshin, Hansel E Tookes, Andrea L Weddle, Judith Feinberg
The National HIV/AIDS Strategy for 2022-2025 and the federal Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE) initiative1,2 have an ambitious goal of dramatically reducing new HIV infections in the United States. by 90% by 2030. While we have the tools to achieve that, the persistent barriers to healthcare services experienced by too many individuals will need to be addressed to make significant progress and improve
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Impact of chemoprophylaxis on Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infection among civilian travellers: a nested case-control study with a counterfactual approach on 862 patients Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-13 Maëlle Le Goff, Eric Kendjo, Marc Thellier, Renaud Piarroux, Pierre Yves Boelle, Stéphane Jauréguiberry
Background The impact of chemoprophylaxis targeting Plasmodium falciparum on Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale, which may remain quiescent as hypnozoites in the liver, is debated. Methods We conducted a nested case-control analysis of the outcomes of P. vivax and P. ovale infections in imported malaria cases in France among civilian travellers from January 1st, 2006, to December 31st, 2017. Using
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Estimating the period prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the Omicron (BA.1) surge in New York City (NYC), January 1-March 16, 2022 Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-12 Saba A Qasmieh, McKaylee M Robertson, Chloe A Teasdale, Sarah G Kulkarni, Denis Nash
In a population-based survey of NYC adults, we assessed positive SARS-CoV-2 tests (including via exclusive at-home testing) and possible cases among untested respondents. An estimated 27.4% (95%CI: 22.8%-32.0%) or 1.8 million adults (95%CI: 1.6-2.1 million) had SARS-CoV-2 infection between January 1 and March 16, 2022.
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SARS-CoV-2 testing and detection during peripartum hospitalizations among a multi-center cohort of pregnant persons, March 2020–February 2021 Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-12 Miranda J Delahoy, Flor Munoz, De Kun Li, Carmen Sofia Arriola, Nanette Lee Bond, Michael Daugherty, Jeannette Ferber, Nickolas Ferguson, Louise Hadden, Jillian T Henderson, Stephanie A Irving, Mary Juergens, Venkatesh Kancharla, Mara Greenberg, Roxana Odouli, Gabriella Newes-Adeyi, Erin G Nicholson, Lawrence Reichle, Momodou Sanyang, Margaret Snead, Fatimah S Dawood, Allison L Naleway
Background Identifying SARS-CoV-2 infections during peripartum hospitalizations is important to guide care, implement prevention measures, and understand infection burden. Methods This cross-sectional analysis used electronic health record data from hospitalizations during which pregnancies ended (peripartum hospitalizations) among a cohort of pregnant persons at 3 U.S. integrated healthcare networks
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Detection of influenza in managed quarantine in Australia and the estimated risk of importation Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-12 Heidi Peck, Nithila Anbumurali, Kimberley McMahon, Kevin Freeman, Ammar Aziz, Leah Gillespie, Bingyi Yang, Jean Moselen, Yi Mo Deng, Benjamin J Cowling, Ian G Barr, Kanta Subbarao, Sheena G Sullivan
Background Influenza circulated at historically-low levels during 2020 and 2021 due to COVID-19 pandemic travel restrictions. In Australia, international arrivals to Australia were required to undertake 14 days hotel quarantine to limit new introduction of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Methods We used routine testing data for travellers arriving on repatriation flights to Darwin, Australia from 3 January to 11
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Symptom burden and immune dynamics 6 to 18 months following mild SARS-CoV-2 infection -a case-control study. Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-12 Elisabeth B Fjelltveit,Bjørn Blomberg,Kanika Kuwelker,Fan Zhou,Therese B Onyango,Karl A Brokstad,Rebecca Elyanow,Ian M Kaplan,Camilla Tøndel,Kristin G I Mohn,Türküler Özgümüş,Rebecca J Cox,Nina Langeland,
BACKGROUND The burden and duration of persistent symptoms after non-severe COVID-19 remains uncertain. This study aimed to assess post-infection symptom trajectories in home-isolated COVID-19 cases compared to age- and time-period matched seronegative controls, and investigate immunological correlates of long COVID. METHODS A prospective case-control study conducted between February 28th and April
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Optimisation of timing of Maternal Pertussis Immunisation from 6 years of post-implementation surveillance data in England Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-12 Gayatri Amirthalingam, Helen Campbell, Sonia Ribeiro, Julia Stowe, Elise Tessier, David Litt, Norman K Fry, Nick Andrews
Background England’s third trimester maternal pertussis vaccination, introduced in October 2012, was extended to the second trimester in 2016. Maternal vaccination provides high protection against infant disease but routine second trimester vaccination has not previously been assessed. Methods National laboratory-confirmed pertussis case-surveillance determined vaccination history, maternal vaccination
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Impact of Seasonal Coronavirus Antibodies on SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Responses in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-12 Andrew H Karaba, Weiqiang Zhou, Shuai Li, Tihitina Y Aytenfisu, Trevor S Johnston, Olivia Akinde, Yolanda Eby, Aura T Abedon, Jennifer L Alejo, Caroline X Qin, Elizabeth A Thompson, Jacqueline M Garonzik-Wang, Joel N Blankson, Andrea L Cox, Justin R Bailey, Sabra L Klein, Andrew Pekosz, Dorry L Segev, Aaron A R Tobian, William A Werbel
Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are reduced in solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs). We report that increased levels of pre-existing antibodies to seasonal coronaviruses are associated with decreased antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in SOTRs, supporting that antigenic imprinting modulates vaccine responses in this immunosuppressed population.
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Management and control issues related to two mumps outbreaks in Houston: Future implications Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-12 Joann Schulte, Kirstin Short, David Persse
Background Mumps is a highly contagious disease spread by airborne droplets, making control especially difficult in congregate, crowded settings such as shelters and jails. A mumps outbreak in Honduras, starting in 2018 among adults who were unvaccinated, spread northward with Central Americans migrating to the USA. We describe two mumps outbreaks in Houston during 2019 among migrants at the Houston
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Targeted versus Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing-Based Detection of Microorganisms in Sonicate Fluid for Periprosthetic Joint Infection Diagnosis Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-09 Hyo Lim Hong, Laure Flurin, Matthew J Thoendel, Matthew J Wolf, Matthew P Abdel, Kerryl E Greenwood-Quaintance, Robin Patel
Background Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is increasingly used for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) diagnosis, but its clinical utility is poorly defined. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing (sNGS) has been reported to identify PJI pathogens undetected by culture in sonicate fluid. However, sNGS is complex and costly. Here, 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene-based targeted metagenomic sequencing (tNGS)
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Revisiting the Evidence Base for Modern Day Practice of the Treatment of Toxoplasmic Encephalitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-09 Connor Prosty, Ryan Hanula, Yossef Levin, Isaac I Bogoch, Emily G McDonald, Todd C Lee
Background Toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) is an opportunistic infection of people living with HIV or other causes of immunosuppression. For decades, the standard of care has been combination therapy with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine (P-S) or pyrimethamine and clindamycin (P-C). However, a substantial price increase has starkly limited access to pyrimethamine. Consequently, some centers have transitioned
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Initiating Intramuscular Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA-IM) Increases Frequencies of Th17-like Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Target Cells in the Genital Tract of Women in South Africa: A Randomized Trial Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-09 Rubina Bunjun, Tanko F Ramla, Shameem Z Jaumdally, Laura Noël-Romas, Hossaena Ayele, Bryan P Brown, Hoyam Gamieldien, Rushil Harryparsad, Smritee Dabee, Gonasagrie Nair, Maricianah Onono, Thesla Palanee-Phillips, Catilin W Scoville, Kate B Heller, Jared M Baeten, Steven E Bosinger, Adam Burgener, Jo-Ann S Passmore, Heather Jaspan, Renee Heffron
Background Cervicovaginal CD4+ T cells are preferential targets for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and have consequently been used as a proxy measure for HIV susceptibility. The ECHO randomized trial offered a unique opportunity to consider the association between contraceptives and Th17-like cells within a trial designed to evaluate HIV risk. In a mucosal substudy of the ECHO trial,
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Readmissions, post-discharge mortality and sustained recovery among patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-08 Kasper S Moestrup, Joanne Reekie, Adrian G Zucco, Tomas Ø Jensen, Jens Ulrik S Jensen, Lothar Wiese, Sisse R Ostrowski, Carsten U Niemann, Cameron MacPherson, Jens Lundgren, Marie Helleberg
Background Many interventional in-patient COVID-19 trials assess primary outcomes through day 28 post-randomization. Since a proportion of patients experience protracted disease or relapse, such follow-up period may not fully capture the course of the disease, even when randomization occurs a few days after hospitalization. Methods Among adults hospitalized with COVID-19 in Eastern Denmark from March
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COVID-19 burden among unaccompanied minors in United States custody Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-05 Carlo Foppiano Palacios, Elizabeth W Tucker, Mark A Travassos
Background Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, crowded and unsanitary living conditions lacking medical expertise made U.S. detention centers hotbeds for infectious disease outbreaks. There have been 30,000 COVID-19 cases, positivity rates exceeding 50%, and nine deaths in Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) custody, but the extent of disease among children under the care of the Office of Refugee
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Clinical and Molecular Analysis of Recurrent Gram-Negative Bloodstream Infections Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-05 Andrew Bock, Blake M Hanson, Felicia Ruffin, Joshua B Parsons, Lawrence P Park, Batu Sharma-Kuinkel, Michael Mohnasky, Cesar A Arias, Vance G Fowler, Joshua T Thaden
Background The causes and clinical characteristics of recurrent gram-negative bacterial bloodstream infections (GNB-BSI) are poorly understood. Methods We used a prospectively ascertained cohort of patients with GNB-BSI to identify clinical characteristics, microbiology, and risk factors associated with recurrent GNB-BSI. Bacterial genotyping (both pulsed field gel electrophoresis [PFGE] and whole
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BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination Against COVID-19 is Associated with Decreased Likelihood of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in U.S. Children Ages 5-18 Years. Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-04 Laura D Zambrano,Margaret M Newhams,Samantha M Olson,Natasha B Halasa,Ashley M Price,Amber O Orzel,Cameron C Young,Julie A Boom,Leila C Sahni,Aline B Maddux,Katherine E Bline,Satoshi Kamidani,Keiko M Tarquinio,Kathleen Chiotos,Jennifer E Schuster,Melissa L Cullimore,Sabrina M Heidemann,Charlotte V Hobbs,Ryan A Nofziger,Pia S Pannaraj,Melissa A Cameron,Tracie C Walker,Stephanie P Schwartz,Kelly N Michelson
BACKGROUND Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), linked to antecedent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, is associated with considerable morbidity. Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by vaccination might also decrease MIS-C likelihood. METHODS In a multicenter case-control public health investigation of children
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Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from adult index cases living with and without HIV in South Africa, 2020-2021: a case-ascertained, prospective observational household transmission study Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-04 Jackie Kleynhans, Sibongile Walaza, Neil A Martinson, Mzimasi Neti, Anne von Gottberg, Jinal N Bhiman, Dylan Toi, Daniel G Amoako, Amelia Buys, Kedibone Ndlangisa, Nicole Wolter, Leisha Genade, Lucia Maloma, Juanita Chewparsad, Limakatso Lebina, Linda de Gouveia, Retshidisitswe Kotane, Stefano Tempia, Cheryl Cohen
Background In South Africa, 19% of the adult population are living with HIV (LWH). Few data on the influence of HIV on SARS-CoV-2 household transmission are available. Methods We performed a case-ascertained, prospective household transmission study of symptomatic index SARS-CoV-2 cases LWH and HIV-uninfected adults and their contacts in South Africa, October 2020 to September 2021. Households were
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SARS-CoV-2 hyperimmune intravenous human immunoglobulins neutralizes Omicron subvariants BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.3 and BA.4/BA.5 for treatment of COVID-19 Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-04 Mayanka Awasthi, Hana Golding, Surender Khurana
Our study demonstrates that neither 2020-convalescent plasma (CP) nor 2019/2020-immunoglobulin (IVIG) neutralize Omicron subvariants BA.1 to BA.5. In contrast, hyperimmune 2020-hCoV-2IG lots neutralized Omicron VOCs, similar to 2022-CP from BA.1 breakthrough infections. Therefore, high-titer hCoV-2IG and CP could be evaluated for treatment of high-risk individuals infected with circulating Omicron
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A phase-2, randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept trial of oral fexinidazole in adults with chronic indeterminate Chagas disease Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-04 Faustino Torrico, Joaquim Gascón, Lourdes Ortiz, Jimy Pinto, Gimena Rojas, Alejandro Palacios, Fabiana Barreira, Bethania Blum, Alejandro Gabriel Schijman, Michel Vaillant, Nathalie Strub-Wourgaft, Maria Jesus Pinazo, Graeme Bilbe, Isabela Ribeiro
Background Chagas disease (CD) has significant global health impact, but safe and effective treatments remain elusive. The nitroimidazole fexinidazole is a potential treatment. Methods This double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-finding, proof-of-concept study was conducted in Bolivia. Adults with serologically-confirmed chronic indeterminate CD and positive PCR were randomly assigned to
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Measuring work-related risk of COVID-19: comparison of COVID-19 incidence by occupation and industry – Wisconsin, September 2020-May 2021 Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-04 Ian W Pray, Barbara Grajewski, Collin Morris, Komi Modji, Peter DeJonge, Katherine McCoy, Carrie Tomasallo, Traci DeSalvo, Ryan P Westergaard, Jonathan Meiman
Background Work-related exposures play an important role in SARS-CoV-2 transmission, yet few studies have measured the risk of COVID-19 across occupations and industries. Methods During September 2020 – May 2021, the Wisconsin Department of Health Services collected occupation and industry data as part of routine COVID-19 case investigations. Adults aged 18-64 years with confirmed or probable COVID-19
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COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection during Delta-dominant and Omicron-dominant periods in Japan: a multi-center prospective case-control study (FASCINATE study) Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-03 Takeshi Arashiro, Yuzo Arima, Hirokazu Muraoka, Akihiro Sato, Kunihiro Oba, Yuki Uehara, Hiroko Arioka, Hideki Yanai, Jin Kuramochi, Genei Ihara, Kumi Chubachi, Naoki Yanagisawa, Yoshito Nagura, Yasuyuki Kato, Akihiro Ueda, Akira Numata, Hideaki Kato, Koji Ishii, Takao Ooki, Hideaki Oka, Yusuke Nishida, Ashley Stucky, Chris Smith, Martin Hibberd, Koya Ariyoshi, Motoi Suzuki
Background Although several COVID-19 vaccines initially showed high efficacy, there have been concerns due to waning immunity and the emergence of variants with immune escape capacity. Methods A test-negative design case-control study was conducted in 16 healthcare facilities in Japan during the Delta-dominant period (August-September 2021) and the Omicron-dominant period (January-March 2022). Vaccine
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The association of antibody immunity with cryptococcal antigenemia and mortality in a South African cohort with advanced HIV disease Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-02 Hyunah Yoon, Rachel M Wake, Antonio S Nakouzi, Tao Wang, Ilir Agalliu, Caroline T Tiemessen, Nelesh P Govender, Joseph N Jarvis, Thomas S Harrison, Liise anne Pirofski
Background Asymptomatic cryptococcal antigenemia (positive blood cryptococcal antigen [CrAg]) is associated with increased mortality in HIV-positive individuals even after adjusting for CD4 count and despite receiving antifungal treatment. The association of antibody immunity with mortality in HIV-positive adults with cryptococcal antigenemia is unknown. Methods Cryptococcus spp. capsular glucuronoxylomannan
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A Case of Necrotizing Finger Lesions in a Patient With AIDS. Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-01 Jorge L Verdecia,Shobha R Vootukuri,Michael L Sands,Carmen L Isache
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Reduced incidence of Long COVID referrals to the Cambridge University Teaching Hospital Long COVID clinic Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-01 Benjamin A Krishna, Marina Metaxaki, Mark R Wills, Nyaradzai Sithole
Long COVID (LC) constitutes a potential health emergency as millions of SARS-CoV-2 infections lead to chronic symptoms. We must understand whether vaccines reduce LC as this has major implications for health policy. We report a 79% reduction in LC referrals correlating with reinfections and vaccination in the UK.
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Spatiotemporal trends in norovirus outbreaks in the United States, 2009–2019 Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-01 Anita K Kambhampati, Laura Calderwood, Mary E Wikswo, Leslie Barclay, Claire P Mattison, Neha Balachandran, Jan Vinjé, Aron J Hall, Sara A Mirza
Background Globally, noroviruses cause infections year-round but have recognized winter seasonality in the northern hemisphere and yearly variations in incidence. With candidate norovirus vaccines in development, understanding temporal and geographic trends in norovirus disease is important to inform potential vaccination strategies and evaluate vaccine impact. Methods We analyzed data from the National
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First Demonstration Project of Long-Acting Injectable Antiretroviral Therapy for Persons With and Without Detectable HIV Viremia in an Urban HIV Clinic Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-01 Katerina A Christopoulos, Janet Grochowski, Francis Mayorga-Munoz, Matthew D Hickey, Elizabeth Imbert, John D Szumowski, Samantha Dilworth, Jon Oskarsson, Mary Shiels, Diane Havlir, Monica Gandhi
Background Long-acting injectable antiretroviral therapy (LAI-ART) is approved for treatment-naïve or experienced people living with HIV (PLWH) based on trials that only included participants with viral suppression. We performed the first LAI-ART demonstration project to include PLWH unable to achieve or maintain viral suppression due to challenges adhering to oral ART. Methods Ward 86 is a large HIV
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Validity of self-testing at home with rapid SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection by lateral flow immunoassay Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-08-01 Christina J Atchison, Maya Moshe, Jonathan C Brown, Matthew Whitaker, Nathan C K Wong, Anil A Bharath, Rachel A McKendry, Ara Darzi, Deborah Ashby, Christl A Donnelly, Steven Riley, Paul Elliott, Wendy S Barclay, Graham S Cooke, Helen Ward
Background We explore SARS-CoV-2 antibody lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) performance under field conditions compared to laboratory-based electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) and live virus neutralisation. Methods In July 2021, 3758 participants performed, at home, a self-administered Fortress LFIA on finger-prick blood, reported and submitted a photograph of the result, and provided a self-collected
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Empiric versus pre-emptive antifungal strategy in high-risk neutropenic patients on fluconazole prophylaxis: a randomized trial of the European organization for Research and Treatment of cancer (EORTC 65091). Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-30 Johan Maertens,Tom Lodewyck,J Peter Donnelly,Sylvain Chantepie,Christine Robin,Nicole Blijlevens,Pascal Turlure,Dominik Selleslag,Frédéric Baron,Mickael Aoun,Werner J Heinz,Hartmut Bertz,Zdeněk Ráčil,Bernard Vandercam,Lubos Drgona,Valerie Coiteux,Cristina Castilla Llorente,Cornelia Schaefer-Prokop,Marianne Paesmans,Lieveke Ameye,Liv Meert,Kin Jip Cheung,Deborah A Hepler,Jürgen Loeffler,Rosemary Barnes
BACKGROUND Empiric antifungal therapy is considered the standard-of-care for high-risk neutropenic patients with persistent fever. The impact of a pre-emptive, diagnostic-driven approach based on galactomannan (GM) screening and chest CT-scan on demand on survival and on the risk of invasive fungal disease (IFD) during the first weeks of high-risk neutropenia is unknown. METHODS Patients with acute
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Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Emtricitabine and Baricitinib for Patients at High Risk of Severe COVID-19: The PANCOVID Randomized Clinical Trial Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-30 Rocío Montejano, Fernando de la Calle-Prieto, María Velasco, Carlos Guijarro, Javier Queiruga-Parada, María Jiménez-González, Patricia González-Ruano, Patricia Martínez, Ane Josune Goikoetxea, Marta Ibarrola, Marianela Ciudad, Ángela Gutiérrez, Miguel Torralba, Ana Díaz-Brasero, Pablo Ryan, Cristina Marcelo, Cristina Díez, Sofía Ibarra, Esperanza Merino, Vicente Estrada, Javier Marcos, María Novella
Background This study was designed to evaluate if patients with high risk for severe COVID-19 would benefit from treatment with TDF/FTC followed by baricitinib in case of hypoxemia and systemic inflammation. Methods PANCOVID is an open-label, double-randomized, phase 3 pragmatic clinical trial including adults with symptomatic COVID-19 with ≥ 2 comorbidities or older than 60 years conducted between
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Antimicrobial Prescribing in the Telehealth Setting: Framework for stewardship during a period of rapid acceleration within primary care Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-30 Kathryn Sine, Haley Appaneal, David Dosa, Kerry L LaPlante
Antibiotic resistance is a global public health threat. The use of telehealth in primary care presents unique barriers to antimicrobial stewardship, including limited physical examination and changes to the patient-provider relationship. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need to identify novel antimicrobial stewardship strategies with an explosion in the use of telehealth within primary care
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Stool interleukin-1β differentiates Clostridioides difficile infection from asymptomatic carriage and non-C.difficile infection diarrhea Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-30 Javier A Villafuerte Gálvez, Nira R Pollock, Carolyn D Alonso, Xinhua Chen, Hua Xu, Lamei Wang, Nicole White, Alice Banz, Mark Miller, Kaitlyn Daugherty, Anne J Gonzalez-Luna, Caitlin Barrett, Rebecca Sprague, Kevin W Garey, Ciaran P Kelly
Background Despite advances in the understanding and diagnosis of Clostridioides difficile Infection (CDI), clinical distinction within the colonization-infection continuum remains an unmet need. Methods By measuring stool cytokines and anti-toxin antibodies in well-characterized cohorts of CDI (diarrhea, Nucleic Acid Amplification Test [NAAT]+), Non-CDI diarrhea (NCD; diarrhea, NAAT-), asymptomatic
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A Papuloulcerative Rash in an Immunocompetent Child. Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-29 Christopher P Ouellette
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Efficacy of Doxycycline for Mild-to-moderate Community-acquired Pneumonia in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-29 Sang Ho Choi, Antoni Cesar, Timothy Arthur Chandos Snow, Naveed Saleem, Nishkantha Arulkumaran, Mervyn Singer
Background Doxycycline has been recommended as a treatment option for non-severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults. We sought to review the evidence for the efficacy of doxycycline in adult patients with mild-to-moderate CAP. Methods We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of doxycycline versus comparator to assess the clinical efficacy.
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Association between AZD7442 (tixagevimab-cilgavimab) administration and SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalization and mortality Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-29 Jennifer Kertes, Shirley Shapiro Ben David, Noya Engel-Zohar, Keren Rosen, Beatriz Hemo, Avner Kantor, Limor Adler, Naama Shamir Stein, Miri Mizrahi Reuveni, Arnon Shahar
Background Intramuscular AZD7442 (Tixagevimab–Cilgavimab, (Evusheld)) has been found effective among immunocompromised individuals (ICI) in reducing Sars-Cov-2 infection and severe disease in ICIs. We evaluated the association between AZD7442 administration and SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe disease (COVID-19 hospitalization and all-cause mortality) among selected ICIs, during a fifth Omicron-dominated
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Menopausal hormone therapy and subclinical cardiovascular disease in women with and without HIV Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-29 Brandilyn A Peters, David B Hanna, Anjali Sharma, Kathryn Anastos, Donald R Hoover, Qiuhu Shi, Caitlin A Moran, Elizabeth A Jackson, Maria L Alcaide, Igho Ofotokun, Adaora A Adimora, Sabina A Haberlen, Mardge Cohen, Phyllis C Tien, Katherine G Michel, Steven R Levine, Howard N Hodis, Robert C Kaplan, Michael T Yin
Background Estrogen-based hormone therapy (HT) may have beneficial cardiovascular effects when initiated in early menopause. This has not been examined in women with HIV who have heightened immune activation and cardiovascular risks. Methods Among 609 post-menopausal women (1,234 person-visits) in the Women’s Interagency HIV Study, we examined the relationship of ever HT use (oral, patch, or vaginal)
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Pneumonia, meningitis, and septicaemia in adults and older children in rural Gambia: eight years of population-based surveillance Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-29 Edward W Green, Malick Ndiaye, Ilias M Hossain, Yekini A Olatunji, Shah M Sahito, Rasheed Salaudeen, Henry Badji, Ahmed Manjang, Lamin Ceesay, Philip C Hill, Brian Greenwood, Grant A Mackenzie
Background Representative data describing serious infections in over five-year-old children and adults in Africa are limited. Methods We conducted population-based surveillance for pneumonia, meningitis, and septicaemia in a demographic surveillance area in The Gambia between May 12, 2008 and December 31, 2015. We used standardised criteria to identify, diagnose, and investigate patients aged ≥5 years
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Hepatitis C virus infection preceding an outbreak of HIV among persons who inject drugs— Kanawha County, West Virginia, 2019–2021 Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-29 Alana G Hudson, Robert A Bonacci, Anne C Moorman, McKenna Penley, Suzanne M Wilson, Jessica L Hoffman, Erica R Thomasson, R Paul McClung, Danae Bixler
Of 65 cases during an HIV outbreak among persons who inject drugs (PWID) in Kanawha County, West Virginia during 2019-2021, 61 (94%) had hepatitis C diagnosed at a median of 46 months prior to HIV diagnosis. Hepatitis C diagnosis among PWID should trigger improved access to prevention and treatment services.
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Metabolic-related outcomes after switching from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to tenofovir alafenamide in adults with HIV: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-29 Javier Martínez-Sanz, Sergio Serrano-Villar, Alfonso Muriel, Lucio J García Fraile, Eva Orviz, Álvaro Mena de Cea, Antoni A Campins, Santiago Moreno
Background Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) has replaced tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in many clinical settings. However, concerns remain about potential metabolic complications of TAF. We aimed to evaluate changes in weight, laboratory markers, and metabolic-related clinical events after replacing TDF with TAF. Methods Multicenter prospective cohort study in the Spanish CoRIS cohort. We included
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Antivirals with Activity Against Monkeypox: A Clinically Oriented Review Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-29 Emily A Siegrist, Joseph Sassine
Monkeypox virus is an emergent human pathogen. While it is less lethal than smallpox, it can still cause significant morbidity and mortality. In this review, we explore three antiviral agents with activity against monkeypox and other orthopoxviruses: cidofovir, brincidofovir, and tecovirimat. Cidofovir, and its prodrug brincidofovir, are inhibitors of DNA replication with a broad spectrum of activity
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High human T cell leukaemia virus type 1c proviral loads are associated with diabetes and chronic kidney disease: results of a cross-sectional community survey in central Australia Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-29 Mohammad Radwanur Talukder, Richard Woodman, Hai Pham, Kim Wilson, Antoine Gessain, John Kaldor, Lloyd Einsiedel
Background A link between chronic inflammation and several non-communicable diseases (NCD) has been established. Although chronic infection with the human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the recognised cause of several inflammatory diseases and these are associated with a high number of HTLV-1 infected cells in peripheral blood (proviral load, PVL), possible interactions between PVL and NCDs
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Longitudinal Immune Response to 3 Doses of Messenger RNA Vaccine Against Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Pediatric Patients Receiving Chemotherapy for Cancer Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-28 Thomas Lehrnbecher, Ulrich Sack, Carsten Speckmann, Andreas H Groll, Andreas Boldt, Benjamin Siebald, Simone Hettmer, Eva Maria Demmerath, Barbara Schenk, Sandra Ciesek, Jan Henning Klusmann, Christian Jassoy, Sebastian Hoehl
Our study in 21 pediatric cancer patients demonstrates that 3 doses of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) messenger RNA vaccine (BioNTech/Pfizer) elicited both humoral and cellular immunity in most patients during chemotherapy. Immunity was stronger in children with solid tumors and during maintenance therapy compared to those with hematological malignancies or during intensive
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Statin Use May Be Associated With a Lower Risk of Invasive Aspergillosis in Lung Transplant Recipients Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-28 Armelle Pérez Cortés Villalobos, Farid Foroutan, Setareh Davoudi, Sagar Kothari, Tereza Martinu, Lianne G Singer, Shaf Keshavjee, Shahid Husain
Background Statins are competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) that catalyses HMG-CoA conversion to mevalonate, a process involved in synthesizing cholesterol in humans and ergosterol in fungi. The effect of statin use on the risk of development of invasive aspergillosis (IA) in lung transplant recipients (LTRs) is not well documented. Methods This
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Pharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis in Men Who Have Sex With Men in an HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Program in Hanoi, Vietnam. Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-27 Hao T M Bui,Paul C Adamson,Giang M Le,Jeffrey D Klausner
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Ultrashort course antibiotics for suspected pneumonia with preserved oxygenation. Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-27 Michael Klompas,Caroline McKenna,Aileen Ochoa,Wenjing Ji,Tom Chen,Jessica Young,Chanu Rhee,
BACKGROUND Suspected pneumonia is the most common indication for antibiotics in hospitalized patients but frequently overdiagnosed. We explored whether normal oxygenation could be used as an indicator to support early discontinuation of antibiotics. METHODS We retrospectively identified all patients started on antibiotics for pneumonia in 4 hospitals with oxygen saturations ≥95% on ambient air, May
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Transfusion-Transmitted Cache Valley Virus Infection in a Kidney Transplant Recipient with Meningoencephalitis Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-27 Omar Al-Heeti, En Ling Wu, Michael G Ison, Rasleen K Saluja, Glenn Ramsey, Eduard Matkovic, Kevin Ha, Scott Hall, Bridget Banach, Michael R Wilson, Steve Miller, Charles Y Chiu, Muniba McCabe, Chowdhury Bari, Rebecca A Zimler, Hani Babiker, Debbie Freeman, Jonathan Popovitch, Pallavi Annambhotla, Jennifer A Lehman, Kelly Fitzpatrick, Jason O Velez, Emily H Davis, Holly R Hughes, Amanda Panella, Aaron
Background Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a mosquito-borne virus that is a rare cause of disease in humans. In the Fall of 2020, a patient developed encephalitis six weeks following kidney transplantation and receipt of multiple blood transfusions. Methods After ruling out more common etiologies, metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was performed. We reviewed the
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Pharmacokinetics of ribavirin in the treatment of Lassa fever: An observational clinical study at the Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Edo State, Nigeria Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-26 Mirjam Groger, Peter Akhideno, Christine J Kleist, Femi O Babatunde, Osahogie Edeawe, Julia Hinzmann, ThankGod Akhigbe, Joy Nwatuzor, Gloria Eifediyi, Jonas Müller, Mette Hinrichs, Meike Pahlmann, Francisca Naana Sarpong, Christine Wagner, Anke Thielebein, Louis Aihonwalan, Till Koch, Maria Riedner, Ephraim Ogbaini-Emovon, Sylvanus Okogbenin, Stephan Günther, Sebastian G Wicha, Michael Ramharter, Lisa
Background Lassa fever is endemic in large parts of West Africa. The recommended antiviral treatment is ribavirin. Two treatment regimens are currently endorsed in Nigeria: the “McCormick regimen” based on a study published in 1986 and the “Irrua regimen” constituting a simplified schedule developed at the Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital (ISTH), Nigeria. Evidence for the safety and efficacy of ribavirin
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Risk factors for Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infections in Solid Organ Transplant recipients: a multinational case-control study Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-26 Carlos Mejia-Chew, Peggy L Carver, Sasinuch Rutjanawech, Luis F Aranha Camargo, Ruan Fernandes, Sara Belga, Shay Anne Daniels, Nicolas J Mueller, Sara Burkhard, Nicole M Theodoropoulos, Douwe F Postma, Pleun J van Duijn, Maria Carmen Fariñas, Claudia González-Rico, Jonathan Hand, Adam Lowe, Marta Bodro, Elisa Vanino, Ana Fernández Cruz, Antonio Ramos, Mateja Jankovic Makek, Ribal Bou Mjahed, Oriol
Background Risk factors for nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections after solid organ transplant (SOT) are not well characterized. Here we aimed to describe these factors. Methods Retrospective, multinational, 1:2 matched case-control study that included SOT recipients ≥12 years old diagnosed with NTM infection from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2018. Controls were matched on transplanted organ
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Antibiotic treatment duration for community-acquired pneumonia in children in high-income countries - GRADE issues. Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-25 Zhifan Li,Ya Gao,Junqiang Lei
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The Timeliness of Point of Care Viral Load Results Improves HIV Monitoring in Nigeria Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-25 Beth Chaplin, Oche Agbaji, Harry Reyes Nieva, Bola Olatunde, Charlotte Chang, Kiren Mitruka, Halima Sule, Titus Dajel, Aaron Zee, Mukhtar L Ahmed, Isah Ahmed, Prosper Okonkwo, Holly Rawizza, Phyllis Kanki
Background HIV viral load (VL) monitoring is critical for antiretroviral therapy (ART) management. Point-of-care (POC) VL testing has been reported to be feasible and preferred over standard of care (SOC) testing in many low- and middle-income country (LMIC) settings, where rapid results could improve patient outcomes. Methods The timeliness of receipt of VL results was evaluated as part of an open
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Safety, and Tolerability of Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir) in High Risk Patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-23 Bryan Pesko,Alexandra Deng,Jeannie D Chan,Santiago Neme,Shireesha Dhanireddy,Rupali Jain
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Distribution of Macrolide Resistant Mycoplasma genitalium in Urogenital Tract Specimens from Women Enrolled in a US Clinical Study Cohort Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-23 Damon Getman, Seth Cohen, Alice Jiang
Background This study evaluated the distribution of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium in multiple urogenital specimens collected from women enrolled in a prospective multi-center US clinical study. Methods Four female urogenital specimens (vaginal swab, urine, endocervical swab, ectocervical brush/spatula) collected from each subject were tested using a transcription-mediated amplification
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Association of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment on upper respiratory SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR negative conversion rates among high-risk patients with COVID-19 Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-23 Hongyan Li, Menghan Gao, Hailong You, Peng Zhang, Yuchen Pan, Nan Li, Ling Qin, Heyuan Wang, Dan Li, Yang Li, Hongmei Qiao, Lina Gu, Songbai Xu, Weiying Guo, Nanya Wang, Chaoying Liu, Pujun Gao, Junqi Niu, Jie Cao, Yang Zheng
Background Acceleration of negative respiratory conversion of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) might reduce viral transmission. Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir is a new antiviral agent recently approved for treatment of COVID-19 that has the potential to facilitate negative conversion. Methods A cohort of hospitalized adult patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 who had a high-risk
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Incidence and clearance of anal human papillomavirus infection in 16 164 individuals, according to HIV status, gender, and male sexuality: an international pooled analysis of 34 longitudinal studies Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-23 Feixue Wei, Marc T Goodman, Ningshao Xia, Jun Zhang, Anna R Giuliano, Gypsyamber D’Souza, Nancy A Hessol, Maarten F Schim van der Loeff, Jianghong Dai, Karin Neukam, Alexandra de Pokomandy, I Mary Poynten, Ronald B Geskus, Joaquin Burgos, Isabelle Etienney, Anna Barbara Moscicki, Maria Gabriella Donà, Maura L Gillison, Alan G Nyitray, Rebecca G Nowak, Evy Yunihastuti, Huachun Zou, Carmen Hidalgo-Tenorio
Background Understanding the natural history of anal high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection is key for designing anal cancer prevention programmes but has not been systematically characterised. Methods We reanalysed data from 34 studies with 16 164 individuals in six risk groups defined by HIV status, gender, and male sexuality: men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV (LWH) [MSMLWH]
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Development of an effective immune response in adults with Down Syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-23 Laura Esparcia-Pinedo, Ayla Yarci-Carrión, Gloria Mateo-Jiménez, Noelia Ropero, Laura Gómez-Cabañas, Ángel Lancho-Sánchez, Patricia Almendro-Vázquez, Enrique Martín-Gayo, Estela Paz-Artal, Francisco Sanchez-Madrid, Fernando Moldenhauer, Ainhoa Gutiérrez-Cobos, Diego Real de Asúa, Arantzazu Alfranca
Background Immune dysregulation in individuals with Down syndrome (DS) leads to an increased risk for hospitalization and death due to COVID-19 and may impair the generation of protective immunity after vaccine administration. Methods The cellular and humoral responses of 55 DS patients who received a complete SARS-CoV-2 vaccination regime at one to three (V1) and six (V2) months were characterized
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Clinical characteristics and outcome of immunocompromised patients with COVID-19 caused by the Omicron variant: a prospective observational study Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-23 S Reshwan K Malahe, Rogier A S Hoek, Virgil A S H Dalm, Annoek E C Broers, Caroline M den Hoed, Olivier C Manintveld, Carla C Baan, Charlotte M van Deuzen, Grigorios Papageorgiou, Hannelore I Bax, Jeroen J Van Kampen, Merel E Hellemons, Marcia M L Kho, Rory D de Vries, Richard Molenkamp, Marlies E J Reinders, Bart J A Rijnders
Background In the general population, illness after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is less severe compared with previous variants. Data on the disease burden of Omicron in immunocompromised patients are lacking. We investigated the clinical characteristics and outcome of a cohort of immunocompromised patients with COVID-19 caused by Omicron. Methods Solid organ transplant recipients
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Clinical Outcomes in a Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Point-of-Care Versus Standard HIV Viral Load Monitoring in Nigeria Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-22 Charlotte Chang, Oche Agbaji, Kiren Mitruka, Bola Olatunde, Halima Sule, Titus Dajel, Aaron Zee, Mukhtar L Ahmed, Isah Ahmed, Prosper Okonkwo, Beth Chaplin, Phyllis Kanki
Background Point-of-care (POC) viral load (VL) tests provide results within hours, enabling same-day treatment interventions. We assessed treatment outcomes with POC versus standard-of-care (SOC) VL monitoring. Methods We implemented a randomized controlled trial at an urban and rural hospital in Nigeria. Participants initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) were randomized 1:1 for monitoring via the
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Sotrovimab resistance and viral persistence after treatment of immunocompromised patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-22 Sammy Huygens, Bas Oude Munnink, Arvind Gharbharan, Marion Koopmans, Bart Rijnders
Viral evolution was evaluated in 47 immunocompromised patients treated with sotrovimab. Sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 following therapy was successful in 16. Mutations associated with sotrovimab resistance were documented in 6, viral replication continued after 30 days in 5. Combination antibody therapy may be required to avoid acquired resistance in immunocompromised patients.
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Guideline Concordant Antiviral Treatment in Children at High-risk for Influenza Complications Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-22 James W Antoon, Matt Hall, James A Feinstein, Kathryn E Kyler, Samir S Shah, Sonya Tang Girdwood, Jennifer L Goldman, Carlos G Grijalva, Derek J Williams
BACKGROUND National guidelines recommend antiviral treatment for children with influenza at high-risk for complications regardless of symptom duration. Little is known about concordance of clinical practice with this recommendation. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study of outpatient children (1-18 years) at high-risk for complications who were diagnosed with influenza during the 2016-2019 influenza
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Sustained within-season vaccine effectiveness against influenza-associated hospitalization in children: Evidence from the New Vaccine Surveillance Network, 2015-2016 through 2019-2020 Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-22 Leila C Sahni, Eric A Naioti, Samantha M Olson, Angela P Campbell, Marian G Michaels, John V Williams, Mary Allen Staat, Elizabeth P Schlaudecker, Monica M McNeal, Natasha B Halasa, Laura S Stewart, James D Chappell, Janet A Englund, Eileen J Klein, Peter G Szilagyi, Geoffrey A Weinberg, Christopher J Harrison, Rangaraj Selvarangan, Jennifer E. Schuster, Parvin H Azimi, Monica N Singer, Vasanthi Avadhanula
Background Adult studies have demonstrated within-season declines in influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE); data in children are limited. Methods We conducted a prospective, test-negative study of children 6 months–17 years hospitalized with acute respiratory illness at 7 pediatric medical centers during the 2015-2016 through 2019-2020 influenza seasons. Case-patients were children with an influenza-positive
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Protection Against the Omicron Variant Offered by Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Retrospective Cohort Study Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 20.999) Pub Date : 2022-07-22 Michael B Rothberg, Priscilla Kim, Nabin K Shrestha, Lisa Kojima, Larisa G Tereshchenko
Background Previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 provides strong protection against future infection. There is limited evidence on whether such protection extends to the Omicron variant. Methods This retrospective cohort study included 635,341 patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from 09 March 2020 to 01 March 2022. Patients were analyzed according to the wave in which they