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Subnational Projections of Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Targets in Ethiopia to Support National Level Policy Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-25 Joaquin M Prada, Panayiota Touloupou, Biruck Kebede, Emanuelle Giorgi, Heven Sime, Morgan Smith, Periklis Kontoroupis, Paul Brown, Jorge Cano, Hajnal Farkas, Mike Irvine, Lisa Reimer, Rocio Caja Rivera, Sake J de Vlas, Edwin Michael, Wilma A Stolk, Rachel Pulan, Simon E F Spencer, T Déirdre Hollingsworth, Fikre Seife
Background Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a debilitating, poverty-promoting, neglected tropical disease (NTD) targeted for worldwide elimination as a public health problem (EPHP) by 2030. Evaluating progress towards this target for national programmes is challenging, due to differences in disease transmission and interventions at the subnational level. Mathematical models can help address these challenges
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How Does the Proportion of Never Treatment Influence the Success of Mass Drug Administration Programs for the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis? Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-25 Klodeta Kura, Wilma A Stolk, Maria-Gloria Basáñez, Benjamin S Collyer, Sake J de Vlas, Peter J Diggle, Katherine Gass, Matthew Graham, T Déirdre Hollingsworth, Jonathan D King, Alison Krentel, Roy M Anderson, Luc E Coffeng
Background Mass drug administration (MDA) is the cornerstone for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF). The proportion of the population that is never treated (NT) is a crucial determinant of whether this goal is achieved within reasonable time frames. Methods Using 2 individual-based stochastic LF transmission models, we assess the maximum permissible level of NT for which the 1% microfilaremia
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Using Passive Surveillance to Maintain Elimination as a Public Health Problem for Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Model-Based Exploration Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-25 Amanda Minter, Graham F Medley, T Déirdre Hollingsworth
Background Great progress is being made toward the goal of elimination as a public health problem for neglected tropical diseases such as leprosy, human African trypanosomiasis, Buruli ulcer, and visceral leishmaniasis, which relies on intensified disease management and case finding. However, strategies for maintaining this goal are still under discussion. Passive surveillance is a core pillar of a
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How Does Treatment Coverage and Proportion Never Treated Influence the Success of Schistosoma mansoni Elimination as a Public Health Problem by 2030? Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-25 Klodeta Kura, Nyamai Mutono, Maria-Gloria Basáñez, Benjamin S Collyer, Luc E Coffeng, S M Thumbi, Roy M Anderson
Background The 2030 target for schistosomiasis is elimination as a public health problem (EPHP), achieved when the prevalence of heavy-intensity infection among school-aged children (SAC) reduces to <1%. To achieve this, the new World Health Organization guidelines recommend a broader target of population to include pre-SAC and adults. However, the probability of achieving EPHP should be expected to
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New Tools and Nuanced Interventions to Accelerate Achievement of the 2030 Roadmap for Neglected Tropical Diseases Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-25 Andreia Vasconcelos, Cláudio Nunes-Alves, T Déirdre Hollingsworth
The World Health Organization roadmap for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) sets out ambitious targets for disease control and elimination by 2030, including 90% fewer people requiring interventions against NTDs and the elimination of at least 1 NTD in 100 countries. Mathematical models are an important tool for understanding NTD dynamics, optimizing interventions, assessing the efficacy of new tools
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A Comparison of Markov and Mechanistic Models for Soil-Transmitted Helminth Prevalence Projections in the Context of Survey Design Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-25 Max T Eyre, Caroline A Bulstra, Olatunji Johnson, Sake J de Vlas, Peter J Diggle, Claudio Fronterrè, Luc E Coffeng
Globally, there are over 1 billion people infected with soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), mostly living in marginalized settings with inadequate sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. The World Health Organization recommends an integrated approach to STH morbidity control through improved access to sanitation and hygiene education and the delivery of preventive chemotherapy (PC) to school-age
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An Ensemble Framework for Projecting the Impact of Lymphatic Filariasis Interventions Across Sub-Saharan Africa at a Fine Spatial Scale Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-25 Panayiota Touloupou, Claudio Fronterre, Jorge Cano, Joaquin M Prada, Morgan Smith, Periklis Kontoroupis, Paul Brown, Rocio Caja Rivera, Sake J de Vlas, Sharmini Gunawardena, Michael A Irvine, Sammy M Njenga, Lisa Reimer, Fikre Seife, Swarnali Sharma, Edwin Michael, Wilma A Stolk, Rachel Pulan, Simon E F Spencer, T Déirdre Hollingsworth
Background Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a neglected tropical disease targeted for elimination as a public health problem by 2030. Although mass treatments have led to huge reductions in LF prevalence, some countries or regions may find it difficult to achieve elimination by 2030 owing to various factors, including local differences in transmission. Subnational projections of intervention impact are
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The Hidden Hand of Asymptomatic Infection Hinders Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Modeling Analysis Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-25 Kat S Rock, Lloyd A C Chapman, Andrew P Dobson, Emily R Adams, T Déirdre Hollingsworth
Background Neglected tropical diseases are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality in low-income populations. International efforts have reduced their global burden, but transmission is persistent and case-finding-based interventions rarely target asymptomatic individuals. Methods We develop a generic mathematical modeling framework for analyzing the dynamics of visceral leishmaniasis
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Predictive Value of Microfilariae-Based Stop-MDA Thresholds After Triple Drug Therapy With IDA Against Lymphatic Filariasis in Treatment-Naive Indian Settings Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-25 Ananthu James, Luc E Coffeng, David J Blok, Jonathan D King, Sake J de Vlas, Wilma A Stolk
Mass drug administration (MDA) of antifilarial drugs is the main strategy for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF). Recent clinical trials indicated that the triple-drug therapy with ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole (IDA) is much more effective against LF than the widely used two-drug combinations (albendazole plus either ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine). For IDA-based MDA,
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Improving the Cost-efficiency of Preventive Chemotherapy: Impact of New Diagnostics on Stopping Decisions for Control of Schistosomiasis Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-25 Luc E Coffeng, Matthew Graham, Raiha Browning, Klodeta Kura, Peter J Diggle, Matthew Denwood, Graham F Medley, Roy M Anderson, Sake J de Vlas
Background Control of schistosomiasis (SCH) relies on the regular distribution of preventive chemotherapy (PC) over many years. For the sake of sustainable SCH control, a decision must be made at some stage to scale down or stop PC. These “stopping decisions” are based on population surveys that assess whether infection levels are sufficiently low. However, the limited sensitivity of the currently
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District-Level Forecast of Achieving Trachoma Elimination as a Public Health Problem By 2030: An Ensemble Modelling Approach Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-25 Ariktha Srivathsan, Amza Abdou, Tawfik Al-Khatib, Sue-Chen Apadinuwe, Mouctar D Badiane, Victor Bucumi, Tina Chisenga, George Kabona, Martin Kabore, Sarjo Kebba Kanyi, Lucienne Bella, Nekoua M’po, Michael Masika, Abdellahi Minnih, Henis Mior Sitoe, Sailesh Mishra, Nicholas Olobio, Fatma Juma Omar, Isaac Phiri, Salimato Sanha, Fikre Seife, Shekhar Sharma, Rabebe Tekeraoi, Lamine Traore, Titus Watitu
Assessing the feasibility of 2030 as a target date for global elimination of trachoma, and identification of districts that may require enhanced treatment to meet World Health Organization (WHO) elimination criteria by this date are key challenges in operational planning for trachoma programmes. Here we address these challenges by prospectively evaluating forecasting models of trachomatous inflammation–follicular
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An Updated Economic Assessment of Moxidectin Treatment Strategies for Onchocerciasis Elimination Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-25 Hugo C Turner, Klodeta Kura, Barbara Roth, Annette C Kuesel, Sally Kinrade, Maria-Gloria Basáñez
Background Concerns that annual mass administration of ivermectin, the predominant strategy for onchocerciasis control and elimination, may not lead to elimination of parasite transmission (EoT) in all endemic areas have increased interest in alternative treatment strategies. One such strategy is moxidectin. We performed an updated economic assessment of moxidectin- relative to ivermectin-based strategies
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Accelerating Progress Towards the 2030 Neglected Tropical Diseases Targets: How Can Quantitative Modeling Support Programmatic Decisions? Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-25 Andreia Vasconcelos, Jonathan D King, Cláudio Nunes-Alves, Roy Anderson, Daniel Argaw, Maria-Gloria Basáñez, Shakir Bilal, David J Blok, Seth Blumberg, Anna Borlase, Oliver J Brady, Raiha Browning, Nakul Chitnis, Luc E Coffeng, Emily H Crowley, Zulma M Cucunubá, Derek A T Cummings, Christopher Neil Davis, Emma Louise Davis, Matthew Dixon, Andrew Dobson, Louise Dyson, Michael French, Claudio Fronterre
Over the past decade, considerable progress has been made in the control, elimination, and eradication of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Despite these advances, most NTD programs have recently experienced important setbacks; for example, NTD interventions were some of the most frequently and severely impacted by service disruptions due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Mathematical
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Reducing the Antigen Prevalence Target Threshold for Stopping and Restarting Mass Drug Administration for Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination: A Model-Based Cost-effectiveness Simulation in Tanzania, India and Haiti Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-25 Mary Chriselda Antony Oliver, Matthew Graham, Katherine M Gass, Graham F Medley, Jessica Clark, Emma L Davis, Lisa J Reimer, Jonathan D King, Koen B Pouwels, T Déirdre Hollingsworth
Background The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) aims to reduce and maintain infection levels through mass drug administration (MDA), but there is evidence of ongoing transmission after MDA in areas where Culex mosquitoes are the main transmission vector, suggesting that a more stringent criterion is required for MDA decision making in these settings. Methods We use a transmission
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A novel risk-adjusted metric to compare hospitals on their antibiotic-prescribing at hospital discharge Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-24 Daniel J Livorsi, James A Merchant, Hyunkeun Cho, Matthew Bidwell Goetz, Bruce Alexander, Brice Beck, Michihiko Goto
Background Antibiotic overuse at hospital discharge is common, but there is no metric to evaluate hospital performance at this transition of care. We built a risk-adjusted metric for comparing hospitals on their overall post-discharge antibiotic use. Methods This was a retrospective study across all acute-care admissions within the Veterans Health Administration during 2018-2021. For patients discharged
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Make modern microbiology matter more in the 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-24 Karl Oldberg, Magnus Rasmussen
The ESC 2023 guidelines for the management of endocarditis stress that a multidisciplinary approach is needed to manage patients with infective endocarditis (IE). In our view the guidelines do not include the relevant perspectives from modern microbiology. The diagnostic criteria for IE were changed in the ESC 2023 guidelines and many IE-causing pathogens are either not clearly defined or not even
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Fostering Collaborative Teamwork—A Comprehensive Approach to Vascular Graft Infection Following Arterial Reconstructive Surgery Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-24 Hussam Tabaja, Supavit Chesdachai, Aditya S Shah, Ryan W Stevens, Randall R DeMartino, Young M Erben, Walter R Wilson, Larry M Baddour, Daniel C DeSimone
Vascular graft infection (VGI) is one of the most serious complications following arterial reconstructive surgery. VGI has received increasing attention over the past decade, but many questions remain regarding its diagnosis and management. In this review, we describe our approach to VGI through multidisciplinary collaboration and discuss decision making for challenging presentations. This review will
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The growing threat of NDM-producing E. coli with penicillin-binding protein 3 mutations in the United States – is there a potential role for durlobactam? Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Samuel L Aitken, Virginia M Pierce, Jason M Pogue, Ellen G Kline, Frank P Tverdek, Ryan K Shields
We report identification of 5 patients with infections caused by NDM-5-producing E. coli harboring PBP3 mutations that showed reduced susceptibility to aztreonam-avibactam and cefiderocol. Durlobactam, a novel diazabicyclooctane β-lactamase inhibitor, demonstrated minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2 µg/mL supporting future investigations into a potential role in clinical management
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Undernourished Household Contacts Are at Increased Risk of Tuberculosis (TB) Disease, but not TB Infection— a Multicenter Prospective Cohort Analysis Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Pranay Sinha, Komala Ezhumalai, Xinyi Du, Chinnaiyan Ponnuraja, Madolyn Rose Dauphinais, Nikhil Gupte, Sonali Sarkar, Amita Gupta, Sanjay Gaikwad, Balamugesh Thangakunam, Mandar Paradkar, Devasahayam J Christopher, Vidya Mave, Vijay Viswanathan, Jerrold J Ellner, Hardy Kornfeld, C R Horsburgh, Chandrasekaran Padmapriyadarsini, Akshay Gupte
Undernutrition is the leading risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) globally and in India. This multicenter prospective cohort analysis from India suggests that undernutrition is associated with increased risk of TB disease but not TB infection among household contacts of persons with TB.
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Otitis in patients with Community-Acquired Bacterial Meningitis: A Nationwide Prospective Cohort Study Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-22 Martina Ranzenigo, Thijs M van Soest, Erik F Hensen, Paola Cinque, Antonella Castagna, Matthijs C Brouwer, Diederik van de Beek
Background Otitis is commonly associated with community-acquired bacterial meningitis but role of ear surgery as treatment is debated. In this study, we investigated the impact of otitis and ear surgery on outcome of adults with community-acquired bacterial meningitis. Methods We analyzed episodes of adults with community-acquired bacterial meningitis from a nationwide prospective cohort study in the
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An HIV-1 risk assessment tool for women aged 15-49 in African countries: A pooled analysis across 15 nationally representative surveys Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-22 Nora E Rosenberg, Bonnie E Shook-Sa, Amber M Young, Yating Zou, Lynda Stranix-Chibanda, Marcel Yotebieng, Nadia A Sam-Agudu, Sam J Phiri, Wilbroad Mutale, Linda-Gail Bekker, Manhattan E Charurat, Sizulu Moyo, Khangelani Zuma, Jessica Justman, Michael G Hudgens, Benjamin H Chi
Background Women in Africa disproportionately acquire HIV-1. Understanding which women are most likely to acquire HIV-1 can guide focused prevention with pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Our objective is to identify women at highest risk of HIV-1 and estimate PrEP efficiency at different sensitivity levels. Methods Nationally representative data were collected from 2015-2019 from 15 population-based
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Lower specificity of the ESC2023 diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis when spondylodiscitis is regarded as a vascular phenomenon Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-22 Torgny Sunnerhagen, Magnus Rasmussen
The ESC diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis (IE) added spondylodiscitis as minor diagnostic criterion. Of patients with Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcal or Enterococcus faecalis bacteremia, 11 of 1807 episodes were reclassified to definite IE of which nine were not treated as IE. Spondylodiscitis as a minor criterion decreases specificity of the criteria.
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Changes in the Appropriateness of US Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing After the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis of 2016–2021 Data Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-22 Kao-Ping Chua, Michael A Fischer, Moshiur Rahman, Jeffrey A Linder
Background No national study has evaluated changes in the appropriateness of US outpatient antibiotic prescribing across all conditions and age groups after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in March 2020. Methods This was an interrupted time series analysis of Optum's de-identified Clinformatics Data Mart Database, a national commercial and Medicare Advantage claims database. Analyses
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Safety and Immunogenicity of Accelerated Heterologous Two-dose Ebola Vaccine Regimens in Adults With and Without HIV in Africa Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-21 Betty Mwesigwa, Fredrick Sawe, Janet Oyieko, Joel Mwakisisile, Edna Viegas, Gideon Akindiran Akintunde, Josphat Kosgei, Afoke Kokogho, Nyanda Ntinginya, Ilesh Jani, Georgi Shukarev, Jay W Hooper, Steven A Kwilas, Lucy A Ward, Janice Rusnak, Callie Bounds, Rachel Overman, Christopher S Badorrek, Leigh Anne Eller, Michael A Eller, Christina S Polyak, Amber Moodley, Chi L Tran, Margaret C Costanzo, David
Background Shorter prophylactic vaccine schedules may offer more rapid protection against Ebola in resource-limited settings. Methods This randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial conducted in five sub-Saharan African countries included people without HIV (PWOH, n = 249) and people living with HIV (PLWH, n = 250). Adult participants received one of two accelerated Ebola vaccine
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Long-term risk of serious infections and mortality among patients surviving drug use-associated infective endocarditis Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-20 Mary C Figgatt, David L Rosen, Vivian H Chu, Li-Tzy Wu, Asher J Schranz
Among a statewide cohort of 1,874 patients surviving hospitalization for drug use-associated endocarditis during 2017-2020, the 3-year risk of death or future hospitalization was 38% (16% for death prior to later infection, 14% for recurrent endocarditis, 14% for soft-tissue, 9% for bacteremia, 5% for bone/joint, and 4% for spinal infections).
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Tenofovir-Diphosphate and Emtricitabine-Triphosphate Adherence Benchmarks in Dried Blood Spots for Persons with HIV Receiving Tenofovir Alafenamide and Emtricitabine-based Antiretroviral Therapy (QUANTI-TAF) Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-18 Ryan P Coyle, Mary Morrow, Sarah C Mann, Vincent Mainella, Samuel L Ellis, Stefanie Schwab, Corwin Coppinger, Nicholas Barker, Lucas Ellison, Jia-Hua Zheng, Subhi Al Zuabi, Pamela E Alpert, Tony C Carnes, D Eric Buffkin, Peter R Chai, Lane R Bushman, Jennifer J Kiser, Samantha MaWhinney, Kristina M Brooks, Peter L Anderson, Jose R Castillo-Mancilla
Background QUANTI-TAF aimed to establish tenofovir-diphosphate/emtricitabine-triphosphate (TFV-DP/FTC-TP) adherence benchmarks in dried blood spots (DBS) for persons with HIV (PWH) receiving tenofovir alafenamide/emtricitabine (TAF/FTC)-based antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods During a 16-week pharmacokinetic study, PWH received TAF/FTC-based ART co-encapsulated with an ingestible sensor to directly
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Executive Summary: Fostering Collaborative Teamwork—A Comprehensive Approach to Vascular Graft Infection Following Arterial Reconstructive Surgery Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-18 Hussam Tabaja, Supavit Chesdachai, Aditya S Shah, Ryan W Stevens, Randall R DeMartino, Young M Erben, Walter R Wilson, Larry M Baddour, Daniel C DeSimone
Vascular graft infection (VGI) is one of the most serious complications following arterial reconstructive surgery. VGI has received increasing attention over the past decade, but many questions remain regarding its diagnosis and management. In this review, we describe our approach to VGI through multidisciplinary collaboration and discuss decision-making for challenging presentations. This document
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Association between Causative Pathogen and Occurrence of Infection-Related Glomerulonephritis in Infective Endocarditis Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-18 Nabin K Shrestha, Emese C Kanyo, Georges N Nakhoul, Leal C Herlitz, Steven M Gordon
Among patients with pathologically-proven infective endocarditis, the association of pathogen with occurrence of infection-related glomerulonephritis (IRGN) was examined in 48 cases of IRGN and 192 propensity score-matched controls. Bartonella was very strongly associated with IRGN (OR 38.2, 95% C.I. 6.7–718.8, p-value <.001); other microorganisms were not.
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Forecasting Hepatitis C Virus Status for Children in the United States: A Modeling Study Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-17 Robert B Hood, Alison H Norris, Abigail Shoben, William C Miller, Randall E Harris, Laura W Pomeroy
Background Virtually all cases of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in children in the United States occur through vertical transmission, but it is unknown how many children are infected. Cases of maternal HCV infection have increased in the United States, which may increase the number of children vertically infected with HCV. Infection has long-term consequences for a child's health, but treatment
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Successful Treatment of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Meningitis with Sulbactam-Durlobactam Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-17 Pranita D Tamma, Shanan Immel, Sara M Karaba, Caitlin L Soto, Rick Conzemius, Emily Gisriel, Tsigereda Tekle, Haley Stambaugh, Emily Johnson, Jeffrey A Tornheim, Patricia J Simner
Background The treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii/calcoaceticus complex (CRAB) presents significant treatment challenges. Methods We report the case of a 42-year-old woman with CRAB meningitis who experienced persistently positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures for 13 days despite treatment with high-dose ampicillin-sulbactam and cefiderocol. On day 13, she was transitioned
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Vaccine-Preventable Disease Outbreaks among Healthcare Workers: A Scoping Review Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-17 Tasnim Hasan, Michelle Lynch, Catherine King, Charbel Wehbe, Martin Plymoth, Md Saiful Islam, Theodore Iannuzzi, Aiken Dao, Jana Lai, Alexandra Martiniuk, Shalini Desai, Meru Sheel
Background Outbreaks of vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) in health care workers (HCWs) can result in morbidity and mortality and cause significant disruptions to health care services, patients and visitors as well as an added burden on the health system. This scoping review is aimed to describe the epidemiology of VPD outbreaks in HCW, caused by diseases which are prevented by the ten vaccines recommended
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Retrospective monkeypox virus (MPXV) surveillance among male users of I Want The Kit in Maryland, United States Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-17 Yukari C Manabe, Justin Hardick, Katherine Uhteg, Nisha Ramdeep, Gretchen Armington, Heba H Mostafa, Matthew M Hamill
Retrospective surveillance leveraging male rectal swab sample remnants from I Want The Kit from July 2021 through October 2023, identified one symptomatic and one asymptomatic mpox case at the peak of transmission in 2022. Although sporadic cases continue to be reported in Maryland, additional asymptomatic cases were not identified in this leveraged surveillance.
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Waning Interest in Infectious Disease Among Trainees: Is Medicine Pulling the Goalie? Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-16 George Sakoulas
Relatively low salaries in ID compared to other medical specialties in a world where cost of living is skyrocketing are an easy explanation for unmet needs of ID training programs to fill their positions. However, the interest in ID falling short of expectations may reflect that some features of the ID specialty are counter to select pervasive tendencies of modern culture, including i) slow uptake
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Amoxicillin-clavulanate Breakpoints Against Enterobacterales: Rationale for Revision by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-16 Navaneeth Narayanan, Amy J Mathers, Eric Wenzler, Nicholas M Moore, Christian G Giske, Rodrigo E Mendes, Paul H Edelstein
Amoxicillin-clavulanate (AMC) is among the most frequently prescribed antibiotics globally. It has broad antibacterial activity against gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria, and has been utilized to treat infections caused by a broad range of pathogens. AMC breakpoints against Enterobacterales were initially set in the 1980s but since then increases in antibiotic resistance, advances
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Assessing the Impact of the 2020 Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists Case Definition for Pertussis on Reported Pertussis Cases Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-11 Amy B Rubis, Matthew Cole, M Lucia Tondella, Lucia C Pawloski, Erin Youngkin, Patricia Firmender, Vanessa Aden, Victor Cruz, Emma Stanislawski, Rachel Wester, Paul R Cieslak, Anna M Acosta, Tami H Skoff
Background In 2020, the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) pertussis case definition was modified; the main change was classifying PCR-positive cases as confirmed, regardless of cough duration. Pertussis data reported through Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance (EPS) in seven sites and the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) were used to evaluate the impact of
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Increased Pediatric Respiratory Syncytial Virus Case Counts Following the Emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Can Be Attributed to Changes in Testing Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-11 Brittany A Petros, Carly E Milliren, Pardis C Sabeti, Al Ozonoff
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) circulation dropped markedly early in the COVID-19 pandemic, followed by a resurgence with heightened case counts. The “immunity debt” hypothesis proposes that the RSV-naїve pediatric population increased during the period of low transmission. However, the evidence supporting this hypothesis is limited, and the role of changing testing practices in the perceived
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Antiretrovirals and Weight Change: Weighing the Evidence Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-10 David Alain Wohl, John R Koethe, Paul E Sax, Grace A McComsey, Daniel R Kuritzkes, Graeme Moyle, Lee Kaplan, Jean van Wyk, Rafael E Campo, Calvin Cohen
Body weight is influenced by an interplay of individual and environmental factors. In people with HIV (PWH), weight is also influenced by disease status with loss accompanying disease progression that is reversed with effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). Weight changes in comparative ART trials differ by regimen, with greater gains observed with the integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs)
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Executive Summary: State-of-the-Art Review: Unintended Consequences: Risk of Opportunistic Infections Associated with Long-term Glucocorticoid Therapies in Adults Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-10 Daniel B Chastain, Megan Spradlin, Hiba Ahmad, Andrés F Henao-Martínez
Glucocorticoid-induced immunosuppression is linked to the dose, duration, and intensity, but the dose-dependent model may inaccurately predict the risk of opportunistic infections. We discuss details of glucocorticoid treatments to determine their effect on immune function and risk of opportunistic infections.
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Effectiveness and safety of measures to prevent infections and other complications associated with peripheral intravenous catheters: A systematic review and meta-analysis Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-09 Andreea Dobrescu, Alexandru Marian Constantin, Larisa Pinte, Andrea Chapman, Piotr Ratajczak, Irma Klerings, Robert Emprechtinger, Benedetta Allegranzi, Walter Zingg, M Lindsay Grayson, Joao Toledo, Gerald Gartlehner, Barbara Nussbaumer-Streit
Background Peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) contribute substantially to the global burden of infections. This systematic review assessed 24 infection prevention and control (IPC) interventions to prevent PIVC-associated infections and other complications. Methods We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, WHO Global Index Medicus, CINAHL and reference lists for controlled studies,
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COVID-19 vaccine efficacy in participants with weakened immune systems from four randomized-controlled trials Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-08 Amy Sherman, Jessica Tuan, Valeria D Cantos, Oladunni Adeyiga, Scott Mahoney, Ana M Ortega-Villa, Amy Tillman, Jennifer Whitaker, Amanda S Woodward Davis, Brett Leav, Ian Hirsch, Jerald Sadoff, Lisa M Dunkle, Peter B Gilbert, Holly E Janes, James G Kublin, Paul A Goepfert, Karen Kotloff, Nadine Rouphael, Ann R Falsey, Hana M El Sahly, Magdalena E Sobieszczyk, Yunda Huang, Kathleen M Neuzil, Lawrence
Background Although the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are highly efficacious at preventing severe disease in the general population, current data are lacking regarding vaccine efficacy (VE) for individuals with mild immunocompromising conditions. Methods A post-hoc, cross-protocol analysis of participant-level data from the blinded phase of four randomized, placebo-controlled, COVID-19 vaccine phase 3 trials
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Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus Among Women with a History of Injection Opioid Use Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-05 John M Cafardi, Hong T Lin, Lana Lange, Lacey Kelley, Kelly Lemon, Elizabeth A Odegard, Heidi L Meeds, Jason T Blackard, Judith Feinberg
We evaluated vertical transmission and linkage to care in women with HCV and history of injection drug use employing co-localized testing and treatment. Transmission occurred in 1 of 23 infants, with mother-infant genetic distance of 1.26%. Rates for infant testing, maternal linkage and cure were 77%, 52%, and 100%, respectively.
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Low-risk Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia patients do not require routine diagnostic imaging: A multicenter retrospective cohort study Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-05 M M C Hendriks, K S A Schweren, A Kleij, M A H Berrevoets, E de Jong, P van Wijngaarden, H S M Ammerlaan, A N Vos, S van Assen, K Slieker, E H Gisolf, M G Netea, J ten Oever, I J E Kouijzer
Background Risk stratification to categorize patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) as low- or high-risk for metastatic infection may direct diagnostic evaluation and enable personalized management. We investigated the frequency of metastatic infections in low-risk SAB patients, their clinical relevance, and whether omission of routine imaging is associated with worse outcomes. Methods
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Development of Predictive Models to Inform a Novel Risk Categorization Framework for Antibiotic Resistance in E. coli-Causing Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-04 Ryan K Shields, Wendy Y Cheng, Kalé Kponee-Shovein, Daniel Indacochea, Chi Gao, Fernando Kuwer, Ashish V Joshi, Fanny S Mitrani-Gold, Patrick Schwab, Diogo Ferrinho, Malena Mahendran, Lisa Pinheiro, Jimmy Royer, Madison T Preib, Jennifer Han, Richard Colgan
Background In clinical practice, challenges in identifying patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infections (uUTIs) at risk of antibiotic non-susceptibility may lead to inappropriate prescribing and contribute to antibiotic resistance. We developed predictive models to quantify risk of non-susceptibility to four commonly prescribed antibiotic classes for uUTI, identify predictors of non-susceptibility
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How New Regulation of Laboratory-Developed Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests Will Affect Infectious Diseases Clinical Practice Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-04 Kaleb H Wolfe, Virginia M Pierce, Romney M Humphries
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) affects 2.8 million Americans annually. AMR is identified through antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), but current and proposed regulatory policies from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) jeopardize the future availability of AST for many microorganisms. Devices that perform AST must be cleared by the FDA using their susceptibility test interpretive
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Clinical Predictors and Outcomes of Invasive Anal Cancer for People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in an Inception Cohort Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-04 Edward R Cachay, Tari Gilbert, Huifang Qin, Wm Christopher Mathews
Background Due to the heterogeneity of risk for invasive anal cancer (IAC) among people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH), we investigated predictors of IAC and described outcomes among those with a cancer diagnosis. Methods Using a longitudinal inception cohort of anal cancer screening, we evaluated risk factors and outcome probabilities for incident IAC in Cox models. Screening included anal
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Twice-Daily Dolutegravir Based Antiretroviral Therapy with One Month of Daily Rifapentine and Isoniazid (1HP) for TB Prevention Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-03 Anthony T Podany, Yoninah Cramer, Marjorie Imperial, Susan L Rosenkranz, Anchalee Avihingsanon, Roberto Arduino, Wadzanai Samaneka, Irina Gelmanova, Rada Savic, Susan Swindells, Rodney Dawson, Anne F Luetkemeyer
Background One month of daily rifapentine + isoniazid (1HP) is an effective, ultrashort option for TB prevention in people with HIV (PWH). However, rifapentine may decrease antiretroviral drug concentrations and increase the risk of virologic failure. ACTG A5372 evaluated the effect of 1HP on the pharmacokinetics of twice daily dolutegravir. Methods A5372 was a multicenter, pharmacokinetic study in
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Investigation of an mpox outbreak affecting many vaccinated persons in Chicago, IL—March 2023–June 2023 Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-03 Emily A G Faherty, Taylor Holly, Yasmin P Ogale, Hillary Spencer, Ashley M Becht, Gordon Crisler, Michael Wasz, Patrick Stonehouse, Hannah J Barbian, Christy Zelinski, Alyse Kittner, Dorothy Foulkes, Kendall W Anderson, Tiffany Evans, Lavinia Nicolae, Amber Staton, Carla Hardnett, Michael B Townsend, William C Carson, S Satheshkumar Panayampalli, Christina L Hutson, Crystal M Gigante, Laura A S Quilter
Background After months of few mpox cases, an increased number of cases were reported in Chicago during May 2023; predominantly among fully vaccinated patients. We investigated the outbreak scope, differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated patients, and hypotheses for monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection after vaccination. Methods We interviewed patients and reviewed medical records to assess demographic
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Incidence of Influenza-Related Medical Encounters and the Associated Healthcare Resource Use and Complications Across Adult Age Groups in The United States During the 2015-2020 Influenza Seasons Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-03 Ian McGovern, Katherine Cappell, Alina N Bogdanov, Mendel D M Haag
Background Research on influenza burden in adults has focused on crude subgroups with cut-points at 65-years, limiting insight into how burden varies with increasing age. This study describes the incidence of influenza-related outpatient visits, emergency room (ER) visits, and hospitalizations, along with healthcare resource use and complications in the aging adult population. Methods Individuals ≥18
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Tuberculosis disease in immunocompromised children and adolescents: a pTBnet multi-centre case-control study Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-03 Paula Rodríguez-Molino, Marc Tebruegge, Antoni Noguera-Julian, Olaf Neth, Katy Fidler, Folke Brinkmann, Talia Sainz, Inga Ivaskeviciene, Nicole Ritz, Maria Joao Brito, Tiago Milheiro Silva, Vira Chechenieva, Maryna Serdiuk, Laura Lancella, Cristina Russo, Aleix Soler-García, Maria Luisa Navarro, Renate Krueger, Cornelia Feiterna-Sperling, Anna Starshinova, Antonina Hiteva, Anna Hoffmann, Paulius Kalibatas
Background In high-resource settings the survival of immunocompromised (IC) children has increased and immunosuppressive therapies are increasingly being used. This study aimed to determine the clinical characteristics, performance of diagnostic tools and outcome of IC children with TB in Europe. Methods Multicentre, matched case-control study within the Paediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials
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Emergence of acquired dolutegravir resistance in treatment-experienced people with HIV in Lesotho Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-03 Nadine Tschumi, Blaise Lukau, Katleho Tlali, Lipontso Motaboli, Mpho Kao, Mathebe Kopo, Kathrin Hänggi, Moleboheng Mokebe, Klaudia Naegele, Irene Ayakaka, Karoline Leuzinger, Jennifer A Brown, Niklaus D Labhardt
Background Since 2019, the World Health Organization has recommended dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) as the preferred regimen for HIV management. Large-scale programmatic transitioning to dolutegravir-based ART was subsequently implemented across Africa, often in the absence of recent viral load testing and without access to genotypic resistance testing (GRT) in case of viremia. Methods
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Improvement in Health-Related Quality of Life Following Antibiotic Treatment in Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease: Initial Analysis of the NTM-KOREA Cohort Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-02 Nakwon Kwak, Emily Henkle, Hyeontaek Hwang, Doosoo Jeon, Byung Woo Jhun, Kyung-Wook Jo, Young Ae Kang, Hyung-Jun Kim, Joong-Yub Kim, Young Ran Kim, Yong-Soo Kwon, Jae Ho Lee, Jeongha Mok, Youngmok Park, Tae Sun Shim, Hojoon Sohn, Jake Whang, Jae-Joon Yim
Background Improving health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has emerged as a priority in the management of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD). We aimed to evaluate HRQOL and its changes after 6 months’ treatment in patients with NTM-PD. Methods The NTM-KOREA is a nationwide prospective cohort enrolling patients initiating treatment for NTM-PD in 8 institutions across South Korea
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Optimization of Mother-to-Child Hepatitis B Virus Prevention Program: Integration of Maternal Screening and Infant Post-vaccination Serologic Testing Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-30 Wei-Ju Su, Huey-Ling Chen, Shu-Fong Chen, Yu-Lun Liu, Ting-Ann Wang, Yee-Chuan Ho, Mei-Hwei Chang
Background Evaluation of the impact on mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of a HBV-prevention program that incorporates maternal antiviral prophylaxis is hindered by the limited availability of real-world data. Methods This study analyzed data on maternal HBV screening, neonatal immunization, and post-vaccination serologic testing (PVST) for HBsAg among at-risk infants born to HBV carrier mothers
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A Phase 2 Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity of Different Prime-Boost Vaccination Schedules of 2013 and 2017 A(H7N9) Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccines Administered with and without AS03 Adjuvant in Healthy US Adults Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-27 Christina A Rostad, Robert L Atmar, Emmanuel B Walter, Sharon Frey, Jeffery L Meier, Amy C Sherman, Lilin Lai, Rachel Tsong, Carol M Kao, Vanessa Raabe, Hana M El Sahly, Wendy A Keitel, Jennifer A Whitaker, Michael J Smith, Kenneth E Schmader, Geeta K Swamy, Getahun Abate, Patricia Winokur, Wendy Buchanan, Kaitlyn Cross, Ashley Wegel, Yongxian Xu, Inci Yildirim, Satoshi Kamidani, Nadine Rouphael, Paul
Introduction A surge of human influenza A(H7N9) cases began in 2016 in China due to an antigenically distinct lineage. Data are needed about the safety and immunogenicity of 2013 and 2017 A(H7N9) inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) and the effects of AS03 adjuvant, prime-boost interval, and priming effects of 2013 and 2017 A(H7N9) IIVs. Methods Healthy adults (n=180), ages 19–50 years, were enrolled
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Lower Insulin Sensitivity Through 36 Months of Life With in Utero HIV and Antiretroviral Exposure in Botswana: Results From the Tshilo Dikotla Study Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-26 Jennifer Jao, Lauren B Bonner, Katrina Dobinda, Kathleen M Powis, Shan Sun, Justine Legbedze, Keolebogile N Mmasa, Joseph Makhema, Mompati Mmalane, Samuel Kgole, Gosego Masasa, Sikhulile Moyo, Mariana Gerschenson, Terence Mohammed, Elaine J Abrams, Irwin J Kurland, Mitchell E Geffner
Background There are little data on changes in insulin sensitivity during the first few years of life following in utero human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and antiretroviral (ARV) exposure. Methods The Tshilo Dikotla study enrolled pregnant persons with HIV (PWH) (receiving tenofovir/emtricitabine or lamivudine plus dolutegravir or efavirenz) and pregnant individuals without HIV, as well as their
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Household Transmission Dynamics of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2–Infected Children: A Multinational, Controlled Case-Ascertained Prospective Study Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-26 Anna Funk, Todd A Florin, Nathan Kuppermann, Yaron Finkelstein, Alissa Kazakoff, Michael Baldovsky, Daniel J Tancredi, Kristen Breslin, Kelly R Bergmann, Michael Gardiner, Christopher M Pruitt, Deborah R Liu, Mark I Neuman, Matthew Wilkinson, Lilliam Ambroggio, Xiao-Li Pang, Simon Cauchemez, Richard Malley, Terry P Klassen, Bonita E Lee, Daniel C Payne, Salaheddin M Mahmud, Stephen B Freedman
Background Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is highly prevalent but its acute and chronic implications have been minimally described. Methods In this controlled case-ascertained household transmission study, we recruited asymptomatic children <18 years with SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid testing performed at 12 tertiary care pediatric institutions in Canada and the United States. We attempted
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Treatment of multidrug-resistant or rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis with an all-oral 9-month regimen containing linezolid or ethionamide in South Africa: A retrospective cohort study Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-25 Hannah Morgan, Norbert Ndjeka, Tasnim Hasan, Medea Gegia, Fuad Mirzayev, Linh Nguyen, Samuel Schumacher, Timothy E Schlub, Kogieleum Naidoo, Greg J Fox
Background In 2019, the South African tuberculosis program replaced ethionamide with linezolid as a part of an all-oral 9-month regimen. We evaluated treatment outcomes for patients assigned to regimens including linezolid in 2019 and ethionamide in 2017. Method This retrospective cohort study included patients treated for multi-drug resistant/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis throughout South Africa
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Predictors of mortality of streptococcal bacteremia and the role of infectious diseases consultation; a retrospective cohort study Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-25 Nicolas Fourre, Virgile Zimmermann, Laurence Senn, Marion Aruanno, Benoit Guery, Matthaios Papadimitriou-Olivgeris
Background Streptococcal bacteremia is associated with high mortality. The study aims to identify predictors of mortality among patients with streptococcal bacteremia. Methods This retrospective study was conducted at the Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland and included episodes of streptococcal bacteremia among adult patients from 2015 to 2023. Results During the study period, 861 episodes of
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Point of care testing for hepatitis C in the priority settings of mental health, prisons and drug & alcohol facilities – the PROMPt Study Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-21 Erin M McCartney, Lucy Ralton, Joshua Dawe, Jacqui Richmond, Joshua Zobel, Alan Wigg, Victoria Cock, Edmund Y Tse, Tom Rees, David Shaw, Catherine Ferguson
Background A barrier to hepatitis C virus (HCV) cure is conventional testing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of HCV antibody and RNA point-of-care-testing (POCT) on testing rates, linkage to care, treatment and acceptability of testing in three priority settings in Australia. Methods Participants were enrolled in an interventional cohort study at a reception prison, inpatient mental
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A Human Immunodeficiency Virus Superinfection Diagnosed in a Patient on Intramuscular Long-acting Combination of Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-21 Nadia Valin, Sidonie Lambert-Niclot, Emma Torres, Jean Luc Meynard, Claire Périllaud-Dubois, Laurence Morand-Joubert, Karine Lacombe
A case of a male with human immunodeficiency virus with plasma genotyping detecting no resistance and a CRF02_AG subtype had a controlled HIV RNA on antiretroviral therapy since 2010. We introduced intramuscular therapy with cabotegravir and rilpivirine. One month later, his HIV RNA was 1500 copies/mL; genotyping found a subtype B with many mutations.
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Drivers of Geographic Patterns in Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing in the United States Clin. Infect. Dis. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-21 Stephen M Kissler, Kirstin I Oliveira Roster, Rachel Petherbridge, Ateev Mehrotra, Michael L Barnett, Yonatan H Grad
In a retrospective, ecological analysis of US medical claims, visit rates explained more of the geographic variation in outpatient antibiotic prescribing rates than per-visit prescribing. Efforts to reduce antibiotic use may benefit from addressing the factors that drive higher rates of outpatient visits, in addition to continued focus on stewardship.