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We All Fall Down: The Dismantling of the Warsaw Pact and the End of the Cold War in Eastern Europe International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Simon Miles
Using new evidence from Czech, German, Hungarian, Polish, and Romanian archives, a reconstruction of Eastern European diplomacy at the end of the Cold War shows that it was not just the superpowers that shaped events during this pivotal period: the non-Soviet members of the Warsaw Pact also had agency. From 1989 to 1991, these states recognized that the world was changing and that their relationship
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A “Nuclear Umbrella” for Ukraine? Precedents and Possibilities for Postwar European Security International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Matthew Evangelista
Whatever the outcome of the Russo-Ukrainian War, in its wake Ukraine will need to choose a security policy to defend its sovereignty from future threats. Its choice holds implications for broader European security. Some observers advocate Ukraine becoming a member in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), thereby gaining protection from the U.S. “nuclear umbrella.” Others doubt the effectiveness
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Reining in Rebellion: The Decline of Political Violence in South America, 1830–1929 International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Raúl L. Madrid, Luis L. Schenoni
During the nineteenth century, South America was plagued by internal rebellions that destabilized the region's economies and political systems. At the beginning of the twentieth century, however, levels of political violence throughout the region declined dramatically. Existing scholarship has paid surprisingly little attention to this historic transformation, in part because comprehensive data on
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The Meddler's Trap: McKinley, the Philippines, and the Difficulty of Letting Go International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Aroop Mukharji
From Vietnam to Afghanistan, U.S. leaders have had great difficulty disentangling the United States from faraway military interventions. William McKinley's 1898 decision to annex the Philippines reveals why, through a phenomenon called the “meddler's trap.” The meddler's trap denotes a situation of self-entanglement, whereby a leader inadvertently creates a problem through military intervention, feels
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Reviewers for Volume 47 International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2023-07-01
From April 1, 2022, to March 31, 2023, International Security received 280 article manuscripts. International Security relies heavily on the evaluations and advice of external reviewers in making its editorial decisions. The editors thank the reviewers listed below for their invaluable assistance. As in previous years, we are recognizing outstanding reviewers for the exceptional quality, quantity,
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Bargaining with the Military: How Presidents Manage the Political Costs of Civilian Control International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2023-07-01 Andrew Payne
In an era of increased politicization of the military, there are powerful disincentives for commanders-in-chief to challenge the preferences of the senior military leadership. Even though presidents may have the constitutional “right to be wrong,” they require considerable political capital to test that proposition. Dominant normative theories of civil-military relations focus on ideal-type scenarios
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Words Matter: The Effect of Moral Language on International Bargaining International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2023-07-01 Abigail S. Post
How does moral language affect international bargaining? When countries rely on moral language to frame a disputed issue, they decrease the probability of peaceful compromise and increase the probability of the dispute escalating with military action. This language operates through two pathways. First, moral language prejudices domestic audiences against compromise over the disputed issue, thereby
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The Path to Atonement: West Germany and Israel after the Holocaust International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2023-01-04 Kathrin Bachleitner
Atonement is a state practice that comprises an official political apology and the offer of reparation payments to former victims of mass atrocities, war crimes, and human rights abuses. Despite being considered the moral and right thing to do, atonement has been enforced only once at the state level: between West Germany and Israel in 1952. Whereas existing explanations view the West German pathway
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The Belligerent Bear: Russia, Status Orders, and War International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2023-01-04 Pål Røren
Do states get higher social status from fighting? The prestige of war depends on the type of “status order” that it is interpreted in. Status orders condition and enable the pursuit and recognition of status within social clubs of world politics. Depending on the status order, social clubs may either value or stigmatize belligerence. An analysis comparing the status recognition that Russia received
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Dealers and Brokers in Civil Wars: Why States Delegate Rebel Support to Conduit Countries International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2023-01-04 Niklas Karlén, Vladimir Rauta
External state support to non-state armed groups is commonly seen as a direct relationship between a state sponsor and a rebel group. But powerful states often use third-party states as conduits of military aid. These intermediary states are secondary, subordinate principals that are part of extended chains of “dual delegation.” Because intermediaries are likely to have their own separate agendas,
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The Psychology of Nuclear Brinkmanship International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Reid B. C. Pauly, Rose McDermott
Conventional wisdom sees nuclear brinkmanship and Thomas Schelling's pathbreaking “threat that leaves something to chance” as a solution to the problem of agency in coercion. If leaders cannot credibly threaten to start a nuclear war, perhaps they can at least introduce uncertainty by signaling that the decision is out of their hands. It is not so easy to remove humans from crisis decision-making,
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Correspondence: Debating China's Use of Overseas Ports International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2023-01-01 David C. Logan, Robert C. Watts, Isaac B. Kardon, Wendy Leutert
To the Editors (David C. Logan and Robert C. Watts IV write):
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The Cult of the Persuasive: Why U.S. Security Assistance Fails International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Rachel Tecott Metz
Security assistance is a pillar of U.S. foreign policy and a ubiquitous feature of international relations. The record, however, is mixed at best. Security assistance is hard because recipient leaders are often motivated to implement policies that keep their militaries weak. The central challenge of security assistance, then, is influence. How does the United States aim to influence recipient leaders
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Push and Pull on the Periphery: Inadvertent Expansion in World Politics International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Nicholas D. Anderson
Why do great powers engage in territorial expansion? Much of the existing literature views expansion as a largely intentional activity directed by the leaders of powerful states. Yet nearly 25 percent of important historical instances of great power expansion are initiated by actors on the periphery of the state or empire without authorization from their superiors at the center. Periphery-driven “inadvertent
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Social Cohesion and Community Displacement in Armed Conflict International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Daniel Arnon, Richard J. McAlexander, Michael A. Rubin
What are the origins of conflict-related population displacement? Why do some communities in conflict zones suffer mass casualties while others evade conflict violence? Whether civilians migrate before or after belligerent operations in their vicinity influences the scale of casualties and population displacement in war. “Preemptive evacuation” is a specific manifestation of forced displacement, in
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A Farewell to Arms? Election Results and Lasting Peace after Civil War International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2022-02-25 Sarah Zukerman Daly
Abstract Why does fighting recur after some civil conflicts, whereas peace consolidates following others? The untested conventional wisdom is that—absent safeguards—postwar elections are dangerous for peace because electoral losers will reject the election results and remilitarize. New cross-national data on postwar election results and belligerent-level data on remilitarization contest this view.
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Prediction and Judgment: Why Artificial Intelligence Increases the Importance of Humans in War International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2022-02-25 Avi Goldfarb,Jon R. Lindsay
Abstract Recent scholarship on artificial intelligence (AI) and international security focuses on the political and ethical consequences of replacing human warriors with machines. Yet AI is not a simple substitute for human decision-making. The advances in commercial machine learning that are reducing the costs of statistical prediction are simultaneously increasing the value of data (which enable
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Insurgent Armies: Military Obedience and State Formation after Rebel Victory International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2022-02-25 Philip A. Martin
Abstract Why do some winning rebel groups build obedient and effective state militaries after civil war, while others suffer military defections? When winning rebels face intense security threats during civil wars, rebel field commanders are more likely to remain obedient during war-to-peace transitions. Intense security threats incentivize militants to create more inclusive leadership structures,
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The Nuclear Balance Is What States Make of It International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 David C. Logan
Abstract Does nuclear superiority offer states political or military benefits? And do those benefits accrue beyond acquiring a secure second-strike capability? International relations theory has long held that nuclear superiority does not confer significant advantages, a conclusion supported by much of the qualitative literature on bargaining and crisis interactions between nuclear-armed states. New
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Decline and Disintegration: National Status Loss and Domestic Conflict in Post-Disaster Spain International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Steven Ward
Abstract Decline has long been a central concern of international relations scholarship, but analysts have only recently begun to investigate whether a change in international status influences a state's domestic politics. A new theoretical framework for understanding the domestic political consequences of relative national decline posits that eroding national status activates two sets of social psychological
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Why Drones Have Not Revolutionized War: The Enduring Hider-Finder Competition in Air Warfare International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Antonio Calcara,Andrea Gilli,Mauro Gilli,Raffaele Marchetti,Ivan Zaccagnini
Abstract According to the accepted wisdom in security studies, unmanned aerial vehicles, also known as drones, have revolutionizing effects on war and world politics. Drones allegedly tilt the military balance in favor of the offense, reduce existing asymmetries in military power between major and minor actors, and eliminate close combat from modern battlefields. A new theory about the hider-finder
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White Supremacy, Terrorism, and the Failure of Reconstruction in the United States International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Daniel Byman
Abstract Reconstruction failed in the United States because white Southerners who were opposed to it effectively used violence to undermine Black political power and force uncommitted white Southerners to their side. Although structural factors made it harder to suppress this violence, a series of policy failures proved most important. The Radical Republican-led U.S. government did not deploy enough
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Illusions of Autonomy: Why Europe Cannot Provide for Its Security If the United States Pulls Back International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Hugo Meijer,Stephen G. Brooks
Abstract Europe's security landscape has changed dramatically in the past decade amid Russia's resurgence, mounting doubts about the long-term reliability of the U.S. security commitment, and Europe's growing aspiration for strategic autonomy. This changed security landscape raises an important counterfactual question: Could Europeans develop an autonomous defense capacity if the United States withdrew
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Opportunistic Repression: Civilian Targeting by the State in Response to COVID-19 International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Donald Grasse,Melissa Pavlik,Hilary Matfess,Travis B. Curtice
Abstract Across the globe, states have attempted to contain COVID-19 by restricting movement, closing schools and businesses, and banning large gatherings. Such measures have expanded the degree of sanctioned state intervention into civilians' lives. But existing theories of preventive and responsive repression cannot explain why some countries experienced surges in repression after states in Africa
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The Subversive Trilemma: Why Cyber Operations Fall Short of Expectations International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Lennart Maschmeyer
Abstract Although cyber conflict has existed for thirty years, the strategic utility of cyber operations remains unclear. Many expect cyber operations to provide independent utility in both warfare and low-intensity competition. Underlying these expectations are broadly shared assumptions that information technology increases operational effectiveness. But a growing body of research shows how cyber
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Wartime Commercial Policy and Trade between Enemies International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Mariya Grinberg
Abstract Why do states trade with their enemies during war? States make deliberate choices when setting their wartime commercial policies, and tailoring policies to match the type of war the states are expecting to fight. Specifically, states seek to balance two goals–maximizing revenue from continued trade during the war and minimizing the ability of the opponent to benefit militarily from trade.
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When Do Ideological Enemies Ally? International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Mark L. Haas
Abstract Why is it that international ideological enemies—states governed by leaders engaged in deep disputes about preferred domestic institutions and values—are sometimes able to overcome their ideological differences and ally to counter shared threats, and sometimes they are not? Alliances among ideological enemies confronting a common foe are unlike coalitions among ideologically similar states
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The Rule of Law and the Role of Strategy in U.S. Nuclear Doctrine International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Scott D. Sagan,Allen S. Weiner
Abstract In 2013, the U.S. government announced that its nuclear war plans would be “consistent with the fundamental principles of the Law of Armed Conflict” and would “apply the principles of distinction and proportionality and seek to minimize collateral damage to civilian populations and civilian objects.” If properly applied, these legal principles can have a profound impact on U.S. nuclear doctrine
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To Disclose or Deceive? Sharing Secret Information between Aligned States International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Melinda Haas,Keren Yarhi-Milo
Why do aligned states sometimes disclose secret information about their miitary plans to use force, whereas other times they choose to deceive their partners? The state initiating these plans may choose among four information-sharing strategies: collusion, compartmentalization, concealment, and lying. Three main considerations shape its decision: the state's assessment of whether it needs its partner's
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Are Belligerent Reprisals against Civilians Legal? International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Christopher A. Ford,John R. Harvey,Franklin C. Miller,Keith B. Payne,Bradley H. Roberts,Scott D. Sagan,Allen S. Weiner
I enjoyed reading the thoughtful article by Scott Sagan and Allen Weiner.1 Yet, I write to point out some oaws in Sagan and Weiner’s assertion that the prohibition on civilian reprisals in the 1977 Additional Protocol I to the 1949 Geneva Conventions (Protocol I) applies to the United States.2 In 1987, the United States objected to the reprisal ban in Protocol I3 because it would “remove a signiacant
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The Power of Putin in Russian Foreign Policy International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Elias Götz,Michael McFaul
Michael McFaul’s article “Putin, Putinism, and the Domestic Determinants of Russian Foreign Policy” is well timed and likely to play a big role in shaping the debate about contemporary Russian foreign policy.1 The core argument is straightforward: President Vladimir Putin’s illiberal worldviews are a major driver of Russia’s international behavior. To be clear, McFaul acknowledges that other factors
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Leaning on Legionnaires: Why Modern States Recruit Foreign Soldiers International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Elizabeth M.F. Grasmeder
Abstract Why do modern states recruit legionnaires—foreigners who are neither citizens nor subjects of the country whose military they serve? Rather than exclusively enlist citizens for soldiers, for the past two centuries states have mobilized legionnaires to help wage offensives, project power abroad, and suppress dissent. A supply-and-demand argument explains why states recruit these troops, framing
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Why Rebels Stop Fighting: Organizational Decline and Desertion in Colombia's Insurgency International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Enzo Nussio,Juan E. Ugarriza
Abstract Desertion, or the unauthorized exit from an armed group, has major implications for counterinsurgency, war termination, and recruitment dynamics. While existing research stresses the importance of individual motivations for desertion, organizational decline, in the form of military and financial adversity, can also condition desertion. Organizational decline undermines a group's instruments
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Water and Warfare: The Evolution and Operation of the Water Taboo International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Charlotte Grech-Madin
Abstract For much of human history, water was a standard weapon of war. In the post–World War II period, however, nation-states in international conflict have made concerted efforts to restrain the weaponization of water. Distinct from realist and rationalist explanations, the historical record reveals that water has come to be governed by a set of intersubjective standards of behavior that denounce
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The United States and the NATO Non-extension Assurances of 1990: New Light on an Old Problem? International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Marc Trachtenberg
The Russian government has claimed that the Western powers promised at the end of the Cold War not to expand NATO, but later reneged on that promise. Most former officials in the West, and many scholars as well, have denied that this was the case; but other scholars, along with a handful of former officials, believe that promises to that effect were, in fact, made in 1990. So who is right? The question
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Conventional Counterforce Dilemmas: South Korea's Deterrence Strategy and Stability on the Korean Peninsula International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Ian Bowers, Henrik Stålhane Hiim
In response to North Korea's nuclear weapons program, South Korea is quietly pursuing an independent conventional counterforce and countervalue strategy. This strategy is unique. Few, if any, nonnuclear states have sought to rely on advanced conventional capabilities to deter a nuclear-armed adversary. Why is South Korea pursuing a conventional counterforce and countervalue strategy, and what could
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Elite Competition, Social Movements, and Election Violence in Nigeria International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Megan Turnbull
Election violence varies significantly within countries, yet how and why are undertheorized. Although existing scholarship has shown how national-level economic, institutional, and contextual factors increase a country's risk for violence during elections, these studies cannot explain why elites organize election violence in some localities but not others. An analysis of gubernatorial elections in
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The Stopping Power of Norms: Saturation Bombing, Civilian Immunity, and U.S. Attitudes toward the Laws of War International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2020-10-01 Charli Carpenter, Alexander H. Montgomery
In “Hiroshima in Iran: What Americans Really Think about Using Nuclear Weapons and Killing Noncombatants,” a pathbreaking survey of attitudes toward the laws of war published in the summer 2017 issue of International Security, Scott Sagan and Benjamin Valentino found that Americans are relatively insensitive to the targeting of civilian populations and to international norms and taboos against the
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Correspondence: Clandestine Capabilities and Technological Diffusion Risks International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2020-10-01 David M. Allison, Stephen Herzog, Brendan Rittenhouse Green, Austin Long
Brendan Green and Austin Long make a signiacant contribution with their theoretical framework for peacetime signaling of clandestine military capabilities.1 Examining U.S. anti-submarine warfare (ASW) during the Cold War, they argue that choices to disclose capabilities depend on uniqueness (replaceability) and anticipated countermeasures (pp. 59–60). Green and Long cannot fully account for many historical
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Does the Noncombatant Immunity Norm Have Stopping Power? A Debate International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2020-10-01 Scott D. Sagan, Benjamin A. Valentino, Charli Carpenter, Alexander H. Montgomery
Our 2015 survey experiment—reported in the 2017 International Security article “Revisiting Hiroshima in Iran”—asked a representative sample of Americans to choose between continuing a ground invasion of Iran that would kill an estimated 20,000 U.S. soldiers or launching a nuclear attack on an Iranian city that would kill an estimated 100,000 civilians.1 Fifty-six percent of the respondents preferred
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Death Dust: The Little-Known Story of U.S. and Soviet Pursuit of Radiological Weapons International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2020-10-01 Samuel Meyer, Sarah Bidgood, William C. Potter
Since September 11, 2001, most expert commentary on radiological weapons has focused on nonstate actors, to the neglect of state-level programs. In fact, numerous countries in the past have expressed interest in radiological weapons; a number have actively pursued them; and three tested them on multiple occasions before ultimately deciding not to deploy the weapons. Why is so little known about these
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Putin, Putinism, and the Domestic Determinants of Russian Foreign Policy International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2020-10-01 Michael McFaul
Why did Russia's relations with the West shift from cooperation a few decades ago to a new era of confrontation today? Some explanations focus narrowly on changes in the balance of power in the international system, or trace historic parallels and cultural continuities in Russian international behavior. For a complete understanding of Russian foreign policy today, individuals, ideas, and institutions—President
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Normalization by Other Means—Technological Infrastructure and Political Commitment in the North Korean Nuclear Crisis International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2020-07-01 Christopher Lawrence
The 1994 Agreed Framework called for North Korea to dismantle its plutonium-production complex in exchange for civilian light water reactors (LWRs) and the promise of political normalization with the United States. The accord succeeded at rolling back North Korea's nuclear program, but the regime secretly began enriching uranium when the LWR project fell behind schedule. Today, scholars look back at
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Cheater's Dilemma: Iraq, Weapons of Mass Destruction, and the Path to War International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2020-07-01 Målfrid Braut-Hegghammer
Between the 1991 Gulf War and the U.S.-led invasion in 2003, the Iraqi regime faced a cheater's dilemma: how much should it reveal of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction (WMD) capabilities when each additional revelation made it less likely that the country would be rewarded, while continued denial also prevented the lifting of sanctions. The Iraqi leadership struggled to resolve this dilemma, as elites
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Sadat and the Road to Jerusalem: Bold Gestures and Risk Acceptance in the Search for Peace International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2020-07-01 Shahin Berenji
On November 19, 1977, the world watched in disbelief as Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat visited Jerusalem. In one dramatic stroke, Sadat met with Israel's leaders, promised “no more war,” and offered Israel de facto recognition. Recently declassified archival sources provide new insight into why Sadat suddenly made all these concessions and why he chose to initiate conciliation through such a bold
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Partnership or Predation? How Rising States Contend with Declining Great Powers International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2020-07-01 Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson
International relations scholarship overwhelmingly expects that relatively rising states will threaten and challenge declining great powers. In practice, however, rising states can also cooperate with and support declining powers. What explains the rising state's choice of policy? When do rising states support or prey on declining great powers, and why do such strategies vary across time and space
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The Political Power of Proxies: Why Nonstate Actors Use Local Surrogates International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2020-04-01 Assaf Moghadam, Michel Wyss
Studies of conflicts involving the use of surrogates focus largely on states, viewing the relationship between sponsors and proxies primarily as one in which states utilize nonstate actors as proxies. They have devoted far less attention to sponsor-proxy arrangements in which nonstate actors play super-ordinate roles as sponsors in their own right. Why and how do nonstate actors sponsor proxies? Unlike
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Selective Wilsonianism: Material Interests and the West's Support for Democracy International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2020-04-01 Arman Grigoryan
When a mass movement broke out in 2013 against the corrupt government of Viktor Yanukovich in Ukraine, the United States and its West European allies mobilized to support it. The policy was justified by the Wilsonian logic of promoting democracy and celebrated as such by liberals. Realists for the most part agreed with the liberal argument regarding the motive of that support, but criticized it as
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Paradoxes of Professionalism: Rethinking Civil-Military Relations in the United States International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2020-04-01 Risa Brooks
The U.S. military's prevailing norms of professionalism exhibit three paradoxes that render the organization poorly suited to meet contemporary challenges to its nonpartisan ethic, and that undermine its relations with civilian leaders. These norms, based on Samuel Huntington's objective civilian control model, argue that the military should operate in a sphere separate from the civilian domain of
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Presidents, Politics, and Military Strategy: Electoral Constraints during the Iraq War International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Andrew Payne
How do electoral politics affect presidential decisionmaking in war? As both commander in chief and elected officeholder, presidents must inevitably balance competing objectives of the national interest and political survival when assessing alternative military strategies in war. Yet, how and when electoral pressures influence decisionmaking during an ongoing conflict remains unclear. Drawn from the
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Deterring Wartime Atrocities: Hard Lessons from the Yugoslav Tribunal International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Jacqueline R. McAllister
Advocates of wartime international criminal tribunals (ICTs) hope that such tribunals can deter combatant atrocities against civilians. Yet, more than twenty-five years after the establishment of the first wartime ICT—the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)—wartime ICTs’ role in deterring such violence remains a matter of debate. Insights from criminology, as well as research
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Conceal or Reveal? Managing Clandestine Military Capabilities in Peacetime Competition International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Brendan Rittenhouse Green, Austin Long
International political outcomes are deeply shaped by the balance of power, but some military capabilities rely on secrecy to be effective. These “clandestine capabilities” pose problems for converting military advantages into political gains. If clandestine capabilities are revealed, adversaries may be able to take steps that attenuate the advantages they are supposed to provide. On the other hand
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Home, Again: Refugee Return and Post-Conflict Violence in Burundi International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2019-10-01 Stephanie Schwartz
Conflict between returning refugees and nonmigrant populations is a pervasive yet frequently overlooked security issue in post-conflict societies. Although scholars have demonstrated how out-migration can regionalize, prolong, and intensify civil war, the security consequences of return migration are undertheorized. An analysis of refugee return to Burundi after the country's 1993–2005 civil war corroborates
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The Domestic Politics of Nuclear Choices—A Review Essay International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2019-10-01 Elizabeth N. Saunders
When and how do domestic politics influence a state's nuclear choices? Recent scholarship on nuclear security develops many domestic-political explanations for different nuclear decisions. These explanations are partly the result of two welcome trends: first, scholars have expanded the nuclear timeline, examining state behavior before and after nuclear proliferation; and second, scholars have moved
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Correspondence: Measuring Power in International Relations International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2019-07-01 Caleb Pomeroy,Michael Beckley
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“We Have Captured Your Women”: Explaining Jihadist Norm Change International Security (IF 7.179) Pub Date : 2019-07-01 Aisha Ahmad
In recent years, jihadists across the world have transformed their gendered violence, shocking the world by breaking from prior taboos and even celebrating abuses that they had previously prohibited. This behavior is surprising because jihadists represent a class of insurgents that are deeply bound by rules and norms. For jihadists, deviating from established Islamist doctrines is no easy feat. What