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Annual global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reached 34.2 gigatonnes (Gt) in 2019 as a result of extensive and unrestricted use of fossil fuels to fulfill ∼80% of society’s energy needs at the current level of ∼585 exajoules (EJ)/year. (1,2) Transportation that provides mobility to passengers and freight is responsible for approximately 25% of the overall CO2 emission. (3,4) Considering the current

More than 170 nations have signed The Paris Agreement so far, committing to fight climate change by cutting carbon emissions with the proposal of “carbon peak and neutrality” goals. Rechargeable batteries, as the representative technologies of energy storage, play a key role for decarbonization. After 30 years of development, Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have already walked into thousands of families, making

I verify that this form is completed accurately in agreement with all co-authors, to the best of my knowledge. Y ≡ the question is answered completely. Discuss any N or NA response in “Remarks”. Figure 1. Any theoretical analysis can be expressed as a function that offers predictions specific to the physicochemical context, i.e., ①–④. Any reliable prediction is independent of the numerical details

Figure 1. Schematic illustration of a redox flow battery. Anode and cathode materials are dissolved in solvents containing supporting electrolytes to form redox-active solutions called anolyte and catholyte, respectively. A membrane is incorporated between the two half-cells to impede crossover of ROMs, while allowing transport of ions from supporting electrolytes to maintain charge balance. Pumps

The chemomechanical breakdown of electrodes can interrupt the stable operation of batteries. (1−4) Particle cracking can take place in nearly all electrode materials. (3,5) In addition to the microstructural evolution of the active electrode, particle cracking can cause complex reactions with the electrolyte and instigate a rapid performance degradation. (6,7) Chemomechanical properties have also become

Defect absence─the high-energy radiation has no effect on the HaP. DT─the radiation creates defects, but these do not harm the HaP measurably. SH─the HaP is damaged, but the damage is rapidly self-repaired. aExcess defects (beyond those present at equilibrium), caused by radiation damage, are eliminated by SH and accumulated in the case of DT. The middle box corresponds to equilibrium, defects are